Evolution of the development architecture Gabriele Köhler Development economist, Munich Visiting Fellow, IDS, Sussex [email protected] [email protected].

 Evolution of the „development architecture“

Gabriele KöhlerDevelopment economist, MunichVisiting Fellow, IDS, [email protected]@ids.ac.ukwww.gabrielekoehler.net

Ludwig Maximilians UniversityPhD-Program International HealthModule I

Munich, 12 December 2011

Overview: 1) Human development and poverty

2) Evolution of the development cooperation architecture

3) The case for a bold vision:rights-based, universalist, transformative

1) Human development & poverty

Human development at aggregate level:

slow but steady improvement

Human Development Index, trends 1970-2010

Working poverty

Malnutrition

Economic, fiscal, climate crises

at least 100 million more people hungry and undernourished an estimated 64 million more people in income poverty 205 million people unemployed at least 55,000 more children likely to die each year from 2009 to 2015 175 million children affected by climate change

Reducing child mortality – a moral and environmental imperative

Hans Rosling Tedtalk

http://www.gapminder.org/videos/reducing-child-mortality-a-moral-and-environmental-imperative/

2.) Evolution of development architecturePhase I: Colonial administration(1900s – 1950s)

Predominant ideology:• Spreading „progress“ and „civilisation“

Driving forces:• Colonial regimes for economic gain

• Colonial regimes for resources

• Colonial regimes for power

2.) Evolution of development architecturePhase II: Independence movements & „development aid“ (1960-1980)

Predominant ideology: Transfer capital and technology to the capital-

deficient South – economistic approach to development

Keynesian economics State led growth

Driving forces: • independence movements in the South

• post-war recovery, affluence, guilt in the North –

• Re- nascent globalisation

2.) Evolution of development architecturePhase III: structural adjustment(1980s – 1989/1990 and beyond)

Predominant ideology:• Overstating role of marktes, downplaying the

role of the state, intervening in developing country governments‘ policy space

Driving forces:• Economic and political strength of the

developed countries

• Interest in „South“ for markets, production – global value chains

• Debt crisis in the South

2.) Evolution of development architecturePhase IV: Cooperation as “partnerships” (1990s – 2000)

Predominant ideology: End of the „cold war“ : rebalancing of

power

• Seeming collapse of state-led development

• Series of UN global summits -• Social development theme

Driving forces: • greater economic dependence of the North

on the South

• Emerging South North trade and investment

2.) Evolution of development architecturePhase V: MDGs; Aid Effectiveness (2000 – 2008)

• Predominant ideologies:

• push for human development

• focus on social development – different from economistic approaches of the 1960s

• development onus on the South

• the „bad governance“ discourse

Driving forces: economic & political polarisation • Stalled progress on human development; • Slow economic growth – or jobless growth; • Multiple social exclusions; • Accelerating domestic conflicts;• Climate change and accelerating frequency of disasters

2.) Evolution of development architecturePhase VI: Multi-polar development since 2008

Drivers G-20, pushing „G-192“ aside Emerging economies: BRIC(S) and BASIC with export

success, outward investment, sovereign funds New bilateral donors changing the donor landscape Private foundations - more grants available

Predominant ideologies•“Pluri-pragmatism”

•One size fits all versus national ownership & policy space•Growth and human development• Overemphasis on evidence based policy-makingversus grand design and visions of social justice

The new geography of growth and poverty

Source: Authors' elaboration based on World Bank (2011), World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington, DC

The new geography of growth and poverty

Source: Authors' elaboration based on World Bank (2011), World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington, DC

s

Countries of the worldestimated GDP in purchasing power parity, 2010

G 20 countries:

Circa 90 per cent of global GNP 80 per cent of world trade Two-thirds of the world's population. ( Source: http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx

Source: www.bbc.co.uk

G20 Seoul development consensus action points

1) infrastructure, 2) private investment and job creation, 3) human resource development, 4) trade, 5) financial inclusion, 6) growth with resilience, 7) food security, 8) domestic resource mobilization,9) knowledge sharingPrinciples: highlight human rights but reliance on economic growth

Country level innovations:

• Progressive, rights-based, universalistic policies

• Rights to education, health, school meals, food, • Right to work – employment – decent work• Right to information• Right to social protection

• Rediscovery of the role of the state

Direct food transfers

Social Assistance

Job Creation

Affirmative action

Human rights

Cooked school meals (IND)

Subsidized PDS (IND, NPL, BGD)

Subsidized grain prices

Universal old age pension (NPL)

Benazir Income Support Program (PAK)

Child benefit (NPL)

Unorganized sector health insurance (IND)

National Rural EmploymentGuarantee (IND)

Employment Generation for hard core poor (BGD)

Karnali Employment Program (NPL)

Employment generation for rural unskilled workers (PAK)

Secondary school stipend for girls (BGD)

Education for all (NPL)

Child grants for girls (IND)

Rural development and community based interventions (IND)

Right to food/National Food Security Act (IND)

Mid-day meal (IND)

Right to education (all)

Right to work (IND)

Right to health services (all)

Right to information (IND, BGD, NPL)

Some South Asian policy responsesSome South Asian policy responses

Social protection policy environment

Social protection policy environment

27

New economic realities – poverty and vulnerability in South and North

Losers of globalisation – the informal economy, the poor, migrants, the socially excluded, children, women, people with disabilities

Winners: high growth economies, successful private sector, emerging economies, private donors taking on the development agenda

New colonialism

MICs – landgrab, collusion with corrupt governments – social and environmental sell-outs, ODA driven by security or commercial interests

G20 replacing “G192”, undermining the UN

Converging North and South

MDG outcomes worst among socially excluded groups – in North and South

Income gap widening Human development gap

widening within countries

3. The case for a bold vision

Development decades

Development decades

The case for a bold vision

Improve – enhance - transform - human development outcomes

o Social justice –o Equitable inclusive human

development

Deep

enin

g

the M

DG

ag

end

a

clearer conceptual basis

more explicitly policy-oriented

bolder, more openly progressive policy stance

Beyond 2015: deepening the MDGs

human rights dimensions, human dignity, and choice

income and and wealth inequalities social exclusion and poverty in

multidimensional mode applicable to all societies all MDGs– food, employment, poverty,

education, child & maternal health, HIV-Aids etc, gender equality, environment

violence and conflict ecological destruction and climate change subjective perceptions political and personal security “bottom up” participatory decision making

employment/decent work and asset access/social protection

policy focus+ : ”heterodox”; from the South good governance solidarity universalism/social contracts domestic resource mobilisation

Universality and inclusiveness

Building resilience and reducing vulnerability

Building national economies/subnational/national/global coherence

The case for a bold vision: Next steps?

Normative umbrella of international development cooperation: Universal Declaration of Human Rights Recapture UN’s lead role in advocating for

universal human rights and social justice Influence the discussions on “post 2015”

The 99% movement

References 

Jonnathan Glennie, 2011, The OECD should give up control of the aid agenda. Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/apr/29/oecd-control-aid-agenda. 28 April 2011

Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, Thomas Weiss 2001, Ahead of the Curve? UN ideas and global challenges. Indiana University Press

Joseph Hanlon, Armando Barrientos, David Hulme, 2010, Just give money to the poor. The development revolution from the global South. Kumarian Press

Naila Kabeer, Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice. The challenge of intersecting inequalities. IDS and UN MDG Achievement Fund. 2010. www.ids.ac.uk

Gabriele Köhler, Development interventions: A parade of paradigms. In: Gabriele Köhler, Charles Gore et al, Questioning development. Essays in the theory, policies and practice of development interventions. Metropolis Verlag: Marburg 1996

Gabriele Köhler, Policies towards social inclusion. Global Social Policy. April 2009: pp. 24-29, Sage publicationsRobert Marten, Jan Martin Witte 2008, Transforming Development? The role of philanthropic foundations in

international development cooperation. Global Public Policy Institute. GPPi Research Paper Series No. 10 (2008) www.gppi.net. Accessed 25 Nov 2010

Dane Rowlands 2008. Emerging Donors in International Development Assistance: A Synthesis Report. Norman Paterson School of International Affairs. Carleton University. http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/12447280141Synthesis_Report.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2010

Andy Sumner 2010. GLOBAL POVERTY AND THE NEW BOTTOM BILLION: WHAT IF THREE-Quarters of the poor live in MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES? WORKING PAPERIDS. www.ids.ac.uk

References

Gabriele Köhler, Development interventions: A parade of paradigms. In: Gabriele Köhler, Charles Gore et al, Questioning development. Essays in the theory, policies and practice of development interventions. Metropolis Verlag: Marburg 1996 (for period up to 1995) (can be made available as a pdf)

UN General Assembly, 2010, Outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the 65 th session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals. September 2010. A/64/L-72. www.un.org/MDGs

Jens Martens, 2011, Thinking ahead. Development Models and Indicators of Well-being Beyond the MDGs. Friedrich Ebert Foundation and Global Policy Forum Europe.www.fes-globalization.

UNDP. Human Development Report 2010. www.undp.orgUNRISD, Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics 2010.

http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/BBA20D83E347DBAFC125778200440AA7?OpenDocument

UN General Assembly, Outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the 65 th session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals. September 2010. A/64/L-72. www.un.org/MDGs

WHO, World Health Report 2008. Primary health care, now more than ever. www.who.int/whr/en

http://geography.about.com/od/lists/a/independenceday.htm, accessed 22 Nov 2010

www.worldmapper.org/posters/worldmapper_map213_ver5.pd, accessed 22 Nov 2010

http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx, accessd 23 Nov 2010