JARI China Round Table 2008 JARI China Round Table 2008 Environment and Environment and Energy Energy Issues at City Level Issues at City Level Jan 19th Saturday Shanghai Galaxy Hotel 3F Jan 19th Saturday Shanghai Galaxy Hotel 3F Jan.19th Saturday , Shanghai Galaxy Hotel 3F Jan.19th Saturday , Shanghai Galaxy Hotel 3F Evolution of Automotive Technology Evolution of Automotive Technology and Fuel Quality and Fuel Quality and Fuel Quality and Fuel Quality for Environmental Improvement for Environmental Improvement Takashi Takashi NAGASHIMA NAGASHIMA Japan Automobile Manufactures Association Japan Automobile Manufactures Association Fuels & Lubricants Subcommittee Fuels & Lubricants Subcommittee 1 Japan Automobile Manufactures Association Japan Automobile Manufactures Association
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Evolution of Automotive Technology and Fuel …...Evolution of Automotive Technology and Fuel Qualityand Fuel Quality for Environmental Improvement TakashiTakashi NAGASHIMA NAGASHIMA
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JARI China Round Table 2008JARI China Round Table 2008Environment and Environment and Energy Energy Issues at City LevelIssues at City LevelJan 19th Saturday Shanghai Galaxy Hotel 3FJan 19th Saturday Shanghai Galaxy Hotel 3FJan.19th Saturday, Shanghai Galaxy Hotel 3FJan.19th Saturday, Shanghai Galaxy Hotel 3F
Evolution of Automotive TechnologyEvolution of Automotive Technologyand Fuel Qualityand Fuel Qualityand Fuel Qualityand Fuel Quality
for Environmental Improvementfor Environmental Improvement
Emission Control Systems for Achieving Lower Emission Control Systems for Achieving Lower Emission RegulationEmission RegulationEmission RegulationEmission Regulation
Combustion Air Fuel Ratio ControlAir Fuel Ratio ControlFiner spray atomization InjectorLean combustion
Timing retardVariable valve Timing
Combustion Air Fuel Ratio ControlAir Fuel Ratio Control
I ti t ll l lit f l• Incentive to sell low quality fuels– Fuel dilution can also “dilute” high tax on fuels
↓↓
Fuel quality should be regulated and monitored
22Source :Jan. 27, 2005 @ JakartaMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Japan
Regulations outlineRegulations outline
• “La for Q alit Control of Gasoline etc ”• “Law for Quality Control of Gasoline etc.”– Gas stations (GSs) are required to register to METI
Ab t 50 000 GS• About 50,000 GSs
– Quality standards (mandatory and voluntary) for gasoline, diesel oil and kerosenediesel oil, and kerosene
– GSs are required to check quality of gasoline once in:• 10 days10 days• a year (if supply chain is approved by METI)
– Check work can be outsourced to the 4 registered testing g gorganizations, including NPA
23Source :Jan. 27, 2005 @ JakartaMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Japan
Quality standard itemsfor gasoline and diesel oil
GasolineGasoline
Item
Lead ○
Sulfur ○
○
Level
No detection
<0.01%(100ppm)
<
<0.001%(10ppm)
Diesel Oil
Item Level
Sulfur <0.05% ○
Cetane index >45 ○
<0.001%(10ppm)
MTBE ○
Oxygen Content ○
Benzene ○
Kerosene ○
<1.3%
<7%
<1%
<4%
Distillation temperature 90% <360℃ ○
Flash point >45℃
Pour pointdepends on regions andmonth
Methanol ○
Ethanol ○
Gum ○
Color ○
<3%
No detection
<5㎎/100ml
Orange
Carbon residue of 10% bottom<0.1%
Kinematic viscosity >1.7㎜2/S
CFPPdepends on regions andmonth
Co o ○
Density
Distill
Octane
g
Regular >89
Premium >96
<0.783g/㎝3
* Circled items are mandatory
Distill
Copper corrosion
RVP
Oxidation stability
1以下
44~78kPa(㎏f/㎝2)
240min以上
24Source :Jan. 27, 2005 @ JakartaMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Japan
Fuel Quality InspectionsFuel Quality Inspections
• National Petroleum Association (non-profit org.)– visits each of the 50,000 GSs nationwide.– obtains samples of fuels– inspects fuels and report violation cases to METI
• Economy and Industry Bureaus (EIBs)i l b h f METI– regional branches of METI.
– visit GSs, according to the NPA report, and inspect the fuel qualityquality,
– cooperate with METI HQ, police dept., and fire dept.
25Source :Jan. 27, 2005 @ JakartaMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Japan
4 Quality of Chinese Fuels4.Quality of Chinese Fuels
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The status of introduction of bio fuels
Europe (material: rapeseed, sunflower)•EU: Biofuels Directive •Germany: B5, B100 commercially available
United States (material: soybean, waste cooking oil)•Mandatory biofuel addition 28.5 million kl (2012)•In some areas, B25-fueld cars and B100-fueld cars are commercially available
Europe (material: rapeseed, sunflower)•EU: Biofuels Directive •Germany: B5, B100 commercially available
United States (material: soybean, waste cooking oil)•Mandatory biofuel addition 28.5 million kl (2012)•In some areas, B25-fueld cars and B100-fueld cars are commercially available
•France:B5, B30, Some official cars are B30-fueled.•Italy : B5, B30, B30-fueld cars commercially available
Japan•Up to B5 addition possible•B5 provisions in Quality Assurance Regulation, Neat FAME spec in JASOIndia (material : jatropha)
•65 processing plants in operation in 2006, Production amount : 350k kl (2006)
•France:B5, B30, Some official cars are B30-fueled.•Italy : B5, B30, B30-fueld cars commercially available
Japan•Up to B5 addition possible•B5 provisions in Quality Assurance Regulation, Neat FAME spec in JASOIndia (material : jatropha)
•65 processing plants in operation in 2006, Production amount : 350k kl (2006)
g p•B5 trials from 2005 to 2007, market development from 2007 to 2010, and the national enforcement of B5 targeted for 2012 Thailand (material : palm)
•Target is B2 enforcement by 2006 and B3 enforcement by 2011
Philippines ( material :coconuts)•B1-fueld cars mandatory for official government cars
g p•B5 trials from 2005 to 2007, market development from 2007 to 2010, and the national enforcement of B5 targeted for 2012 Thailand (material : palm)
•Target is B2 enforcement by 2006 and B3 enforcement by 2011
Philippines ( material :coconuts)•B1-fueld cars mandatory for official government cars
Ethanol Blended Gasoline
Malaysia (material :palm)•National biofuel policy studied since 2005
Indonesia ( material : palm)•BDF target : 4.70 million kl by 2025
Brazil (material: soybean)•BDF addition to diesel oil mandatory ( B2 by 2008, B5 by 2013)
Europe (material: beets, wheat, barley)•EU: Biofuels Directive •E5, E10:Sweden, Poland•ETBE: Germany, France, Spain•Production amount: 0 9 million kl (EU 2005)
China (material: maize, rice)•E10 trials in 9 provinces•Production amount: 3.9 million kl (2006)
Canada (material: cereal)•E5 mandatory by 2010
Europe (material: beets, wheat, barley)•EU: Biofuels Directive •E5, E10:Sweden, Poland•ETBE: Germany, France, Spain•Production amount: 0 9 million kl (EU 2005)
China (material: maize, rice)•E10 trials in 9 provinces•Production amount: 3.9 million kl (2006)
Canada (material: cereal)•E5 mandatory by 2010
yy
FAME Blended Diesel Fuel Production amount: 0,9 million kl (EU, 2005)
India (material: molasses)•E10 mandatory in 9 states by 2010(currently on trial) J ( t i l l
United States (material: maize)•Compulsory addition of biofuel 28.5
million kl (2012)
•Production amount: 19.2 million kl (2006)•Import amount : 2.5 million kl (2006)
Alternative fuel usage target of 35 billion gallon (132 million kl) by 2017 stated in the State of the Nation Address in January 2007
Production amount: 0,9 million kl (EU, 2005)
India (material: molasses)•E10 mandatory in 9 states by 2010(currently on trial) J ( t i l l
United States (material: maize)•Compulsory addition of biofuel 28.5
million kl (2012)
•Production amount: 19.2 million kl (2006)•Import amount : 2.5 million kl (2006)
Alternative fuel usage target of 35 billion gallon (132 million kl) by 2017 stated in the State of the Nation Address in January 20072010(currently on trial) Japan (material: molasses,
wheat, etc.)•Up to E3 possible.•Addition of ETBE: 840k kl in 2010 (ethanol 360k kl)
Nation Address in January 2007
Thailand (material: cassava, molasses)•Decision to make E10 mandatory in 2007
Philippines (material : molasses)•Decision to make E5 mandatory by 2009
2010(currently on trial) Japan (material: molasses, wheat, etc.)•Up to E3 possible.•Addition of ETBE: 840k kl in 2010 (ethanol 360k kl)
Nation Address in January 2007
Thailand (material: cassava, molasses)•Decision to make E10 mandatory in 2007
Philippines (material : molasses)•Decision to make E5 mandatory by 2009
27Source :Mar. 28, 2007
MITSUI & CO.,LTDBrazil (material: sugar cane)•Nationally, E20 to E25, E100 (for EFV) •Production amount: 16.7 million kl(2006)•Export amount : 3.0 million kl (2006)
●Reduce the petrol dependency from 50% to 40% by 2030■Improve energy efficiency by 30%■Improve energy efficiency by 30%
■Replace 20% of transport fuel with alternative fuel■Introduce new energy source, such as solar system■40% of electric power from nuclear generation■40% of electric power from nuclear generation
Ethanol introduction target2010 Target
■Target ethanol usage:Equivalent of 210k kl of petroleum・0.3% of 60 million kl total gasoline consumption g p
・Convert to ETBE and blend it to 20% of the total gasoline usage at 7% content percentage
2030 Target2030 Target■ Target ethanol usage:Equivalent of 6million kl of petroleum
・10% of 60 million kl total gasoline consumption ・Ethanol demand 100% sourced in Japan
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・Ethanol demand 100% sourced in Japan ・Innovation in cellulosic ethanol processing technology
Example of Safety Issues in Alcohol FuelExample of Safety Issues in Alcohol Fuel
Trouble caused by high content alcohol fuel in Japan
Fuel leakage caused by corrosion of aluminum parts happened in short term after being fueled.This kind of trouble may happen during vehicle life ifThis kind of trouble may happen during vehicle life if inadequate fuel or fuels that is not adapted was used.
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Ethanol Blended Gasoline in JapanEthanol Blended Gasoline in JapanConformity tests were conducted for vehicles that has already been released in the market.
-- Conformity Tests -- Key Issues
Metal Corrosion,D d ti f R bb d Pl ti
Safety Materials Compatibility
Degradation of Rubbers and Plastics
Environment
(High Water Absorbent)
Effect for EmissionEnvironment
(Increase of Vapor Pressure )Exhaust Emission, Evaporative Emission
Effect for Emission
Performance
(Increase of Vapor Pressure )
Effect for Performance
30Drivability, Fuel Economy
Fuel Regulation of GasolineFuel Regulation of Gasolinet i i Eth l i Jt i i Eth l i Jcontaining Ethanol in Japancontaining Ethanol in Japan
For vehicle safety and environment, fuel regulationof gasoline containing ethanol is enforced at 2003.The maximum content of ethanol is 3% (oxygen content 1.3%) in order to protect the vehicles on the market.Japan has now started to discuss E10 for gasoline.
Some vehicles in the market are not applicable for E10E10. JAMA requires the lead time and/or labeling for E10 vehicles and pumps.
compound Properties of BDF product are determined by the quality of FAME and base diesel Fuel befo e blendingbefore blending.
FeaturesEffects from material:Easily oxidizable, prone to produce sludge,
32prone to be waxy
Effects from refining :Impurity mixture
Examples of Problems by Bio Diesel
33Ford presentation in World Fuels Conference, Sydney @Oct. 27, 2003
FAME Blended Diesel Fuel in JapanFAME Blended Diesel Fuel in Japan
Conformity tests were also conducted for vehicles that has already b l d i th k t
FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters)
been released in the market.
-- Conformity Tests -- Key Issues
Metal CorrosionSafety Materials Compatibility
(Oxidation Stability)
Key Issues
Metal Corrosion,Degradation of Rubbers and Plastics
(Oxidation Stability)
Fuel System Durability
Environment Effect for Emission(Sludge Formation)Wear in Injectors
PerformanceExhaust Emission
Effect for Performance34
Performance Effect for PerformanceDrivability,Startability
Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion
Through the tests of FAME blended diesel fuel, some important matter are reviewed.p
FAME shows low oxidation stability, because it has double bonds in its moleculedouble bonds in its molecule.Base diesel fuels affect oxidation stability of the FAME.These properties cause troubles in Fuel Tank and Fuel Injection System.
Specification of oxidation stability must be added.Quality of diesel fuels after blending FAME must b l t d d it d
35be regulated and monitored.
Specification of Diesel Fuel in JapanSpecification of Diesel Fuel in Japan
Items LevelSulfurCetane Index
10 ppm max 45 min
T90FAME content FAME content (1)(1)
360 deg.C max5 mass% max5 mass% max
Methanol Methanol (1)(1)
Trigriceride Trigriceride (1)(1)
0.01 mass% max0.01 mass% max0.01 mass% max0.01 mass% max
0.13 mgKOH/g max0.13 mgKOH/g max30 ppm max 30 ppm max (2)(2)
Oxi. Stability (Acid) Oxi. Stability (Acid) (1)(1) 0.12 mgKOH/g max Increase0.12 mgKOH/g max Increase
Note (1) Added by amended regulation
36
Note (1) Added by amended regulation(2) Total of Formic, Acetic and Propionic acids
Requirement from AutomobileRequirement from Automobilefor Bio Fuels infor Bio Fuels in ChinaChina
Bio fuel quality is important for vehicle safety and
for Bio Fuels infor Bio Fuels in ChinaChina
Bio fuel quality is important for vehicle safety and environment.When bio fuels are introduced, JAMA requires the qfollowing conditions are met:
Adequate specifications•Adequate specificationsfor bio fuel blended gasoline / diesel and for the bio fuel (ethanol / FAME) as blending stockfor the bio fuel (ethanol / FAME) as blending stock
•Good house keepingquality control in distribution system is importantquality control in distribution system is important(Ethanol easily adsorbs water, FAME easily oxidize)
•Fuel Quality Monitoring System37
to ensure the quality of the fuel at pump
The 4th Edition of WWFCThe 4th Edition of WWFC
WWFCWWFC Th bj tiTh bj ti
(WWFC: World Wide Fuel Charter)
WWFC WWFC --The objectiveThe objectiveThe objective of the global fuels harmonization effort is to develop common world-wideeffort is to develop common, world wide recommendations for ‘quality fuels’, taking into consideration customer requirements and vehicle emission technologies.
The 4th edition WWFC is The 4th edition WWFC is
g
available in following sites.available in following sites.www.autoalliance.org
bwww.acea.be
www.jama-english.jpwww.enginemanufacturers.org
38
Outline of the Categories in WWFCOutline of the Categories in WWFC
Category 5?Category 5?Fuels needed to achieve future emission levels andFuels needed to achieve future emission levels and emission control
Category 4: EURO4Category 4: EURO4g yg yFuels for markets with further advanced requirements for emission control, to enable sophisticated NOx and PM after-treatment technologies
Category 3: EURO3Category 3: EURO3--44Fuels for markets with advanced requirements for
g
Category 2: EURO1Category 2: EURO1--22Fuels for markets with stringent requirements for
qemission control
Category 1:Category 1:
Fuels for markets with stringent requirements for emission control
39
g yg yFuels for markets with minimal requirements for emission control
Bio Fuels in WWFCBio Fuels in WWFC
G li Bi th l t 10 % E10WWFC allows bio fuels,
Gasoline : Bio-ethanol up to 10v% ; E10(Oxygen content up to 2.7w%)
Diesel fuel : FAME content up to 5v% ; B5Diesel fuel : FAME content up to 5v% ; B5as far as the following conditions are met:
Adequate specification and regulation are existingAdequate specification and regulation are existingBlended fuel must meet WWFC requirementsGood house keeping for fuel qualityp g q y
WWFC Committee is now discussing bio fuelWWFC Committee is now discussing bio fuel specifications to harmonize fuel quality worldwide. It will be available for implementation of bio fuels.