Evolution

Evolution

by

Carl T. Bergstrom and Lee Alan Dugatkin

Norton Media Library

1st Edition

Norton Media Library

Chapter 4

Phylogeny and Evolutionary History

Carl T. Bergstrom and Lee Alan Dugatkin

Evolution, 1st EditionCopyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 4.1 An artist’s view of biodiversity Evolution, 1st EditionCopyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company


Figure 4.2 Phylogenies at different scales


Figure 4.3 Pedigrees


Figure 4.4 Traits and trees


Figure 4.5 Two equivalent ways of drawing a phylogeny


Figure 4.6 Interior nodes represent common ancestors


Figure 4.7 Rotating around any node leaves a phylogeny unchanged


Figure 4.8 Rotating phylogenetic trees


Figure 4.9 Polytomies represent uncertainty about phylogenetic relationships


Figure 4.10 Clades and descent from common ancestor


Figure 4.11 Monophyletic clades of mammals


Figure 4.12 Phylogenetic tree of the vertebrates


Figure 4.13 Unrooted tree of proteobacteria


Figure 4.14 Rooted trees from unrooted trees


Figure 4.15 Cladograms and phylograms


Figure 4.16 A chronogram indicates the timing of evolutionary events


Figure 4.17 The rate of evolution in short and long lived plants


Figure 4.18 Different ways to depict phylogenetic relationships


Figure 4.19 Spectral sensitivity of the human cone opsins


Figure 4.20 Evolution of tetrapod visual opsins


Figure 4.21 Homologous and analogous traits


Figure 4.22 Convergent evolution for coloration


Figure 4.23 Convergent evolution in body forms


Figure 4.24 Derived traits


Figure 4.25 An example of homoplasy


Figure 4.26 Derived traits and symplesiomorphy


Figure 4.27 Using outgroups to infer the ancestral state


Figure 4.28 Case 1: The outgroups help resolve the polytomy


Figure 4.29 Case 2: The outgroups do not help resolve the polytomy


Figure 4.30 Synapomorphies at different levels


Figure 4.31 Snake fangs and venom


Figure 4.32 Phylogeny of advanced snakes (Caenophidia)


Figure 4.33 Venomousness as a homologous trait between snakes and Gila monsters


Figure 4.34 Deep homology has been seen in lipid droplets


Figure 4.35 Phylogeny based on the FIT2 gene


Figure 4.36 The nictitating membrane


Figure 4.37 Vestigial limblessness in snakes


Figure 4.38 Common ancestry predicts where we should find vestigial limbs


Review Question 4.1


Review Question 4.2


Review Question 4.3


Review Question 4.4


Review Question 4.5


Review Question 4.6


Review Question 4.8


Review Question 4.9


Review Question 4.10


Review Question 4.11

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convergent evolution

rate of evolution

phylogeny unchangedevolution

unrooted treesevolution