Evidentials and Culture in Native America

7/24/2019 Evidentials and Culture in Native America

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@mst lj hiirbvmhtmlns

His hisl`utmvb

Hdd hddushtmvb

H' h'bnt

Hss hssufba

Hua huamtlr(

Hu' hu'fbnthtmvb

Hu) hu)m`mhr(

&hus dhushtmvb

&f*` dlf*`btmvb hs*bdt

&lf* dlf*hrhtmvb

&lf*` dlf*`btmvb

&lnn dlnnbdtlr

&l* dl*u`h

Aht ahtmvb

Ab+ ab,nmtb

Amf amfmnutmvb

Amr%bv amrbdt bvmabndb

Aui auimthtmvb

Br' br'htmvb

B)d`hf b)d`hfhtmln

B)*bdt b)*bdthtmlnh`

"ld%h-s +ldh`m.br sui/bdt dhsb

s gbhrsh(

f*+ mf*br+bdtmvb

n+ mn,nmtmvb

n mn+brbntmh`

n+br mn+brrba

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n+%bv mn+brbntmh` bvmabntmh`

nt mntbntmvb

ntr mntrhnsmtmvb

Nlf nlfmnhtmvb

N+ nln+bfmnmnb

Nln,rstg nln,rstghna

Nlnvms nlnvmsuh`

1i/ li/bdt

2 *brsln

2*9 dlf*`btmvb *hrtmdm*`b

2rbs%nlnvms *rbsbnt nlnvmsuh`

2rbs%vms *rbsbnt vmsuh`

2rl) *rl)mfhtb

2ssst *rbvmlus bvbnt shfb sui/bdt trhnsmtmvb fhtrm) d`husb

:ult ;ulthtmvb

#bh` rbh`ms

#bd%* rbdbnt *hst

#bf%* rbfltb *hst

#b` rb`htmvb

#b* rb*lrtba

Tbns%bv sbnslr( bvmabntmh`

Tb; sb;ubntmh`

Tmn' smn'u`hr

Tssm smfu`thnblus bvbnt shfb sui/bdt mntrhnsmtmvb fhtrm) d`husb

Tsst smfu`thnblus bvbnt shfb sui/bdt trhnsmtmvb fhtrm) d`husb

Tui sui/bdt

rt trhnsmtmvb

l* tl*md

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l*%nln%h-s tl*mdh` nlnsui/bdt

l*%nln%h-s tl*mdh` nlnsui/bdt dhsb

Zms vmsuh`

Zld vldhtmvb

2ssst Tssm hna Tst +l``l Hmgbnvh`a5s dlnvbntmlns Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?66>%

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Dlntbnts

8% ntrlaudtmln%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ghvb rhmsba fhn( ;ubstmlns hilut *ltbntmh`

rb`htmlnsgm*s ibtbbn `hn'uh'b hna tgb tglu'gts hna `mvbs l+ s*bhbrs%

gbsb mssubs ghvb lrmbntba tgb mntbrbst l+ fhn( sdgl`hrs tlhras tgb stua(

l+ `hn'uh'bs hs tgb( hrb sbbn hs h Gb( tl tgb fmnaM Aurhntm 0933!?848>%

gm`b b m`` *rlihi`( ib unhi`b tl sbb fbnth` dhtb'lrmbs hna strudturbs

amrbdt`( tgb +hdt tght tgb( hrb *brdb*tmi`b mn `hn'uh'bs fm'gt irmn' slfb

rbbdtmln u*ln tgbf Grbvbh`mn' iltg unmvbrsh` gufhn dl'nmtmvb strudturbs

hna hrbhs l+ *lssmi`b vhrmhtmln hdrlss du`turbsM Aurhntm 0933!?848>% 1tgbr

sdgl`hrs dlndbrnba mtg hdhabfmd mntb'rmt( gha *rbvmlus`( dlnsmabrba tgb

mnvbstm'htmln l+ rb`htmlns hfln' `hn'uh'b tglu'gt hna du`turb unsdmbntm,d

hna unlrtg( l+ mnvbstm'htmln lr stua(? smndb b hrb mndh*hi`b l+ lisbrvmn'

tglu'gt mt ms mf*lssmi`b tl abflnstrhtb dlrrb`htmlns ibtbbn `mn'umstmd hna

fbnth` strudturbs% lbvbr bvbn m+ tgbsb dlrrb`htmlns brb vmsmi`b mt lu`a

ib mf*lssmi`b hddlramn' tl Aurhntm 0933!?848> tl bsthi`msg mn gmdg

amrbdtmln tgb( lu`a 'l gbtgbr +rlf fmna tl `hn'uh'b lr +rlf `hn'uh'b tl


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fmna% + tgbrb hrb amIbrbndbs hfln' `hn'uh'bs hrb tgbsb amIbrbndbs aub tl

du`turb lr ms tgb `hn'uh'b drbhtba h du`turb mn mtsb`+ Aurhntm trmbs tl 'mvb

hn hnsbr?

G1nb *lssmi`b mn+brbndb +rlf tgbsb lisbrvhtmlns ln `mn'umstmd amvbrsmt( hstght `hn'uh'bs hrb hrimtrhr( s(stbfs hna lnb dhnnlt *rbamdt gl tgb( m``

d`hssm+( tgb lrà 0`mn'umstmd rb`htmvmsf>% Hnltgbr mn+brbndb hs tght

`hn'uh'bs luà abvb`l* amstmndtmlns hna dhtb'lrmbs tght hrb nbbaba tl abh`

mtg tgb rbh`mt( surrlunamn' tgb *bl*`b gl s*bh tgbf 0 mn'umstmd

+undtmlnh`msf>% H tgmra mn+brbndb hs tght tgb amIbrbnt dlndb*tuh` s(stbfs

rb*rbsbntba mn amIbrbnt `hn'uh'bs luà amrbdt tgbmr s*bhbrs tl *h(

httbntmln tl amIbrbnt hs*bdts l+ rbh`mt( gbndb `hn'uh'b dluà dlnamtmln

tgmnmn'%MAurhntm 0933!?848>

H+tbr dlnsmabrmn' h`` tgbsb sthtbfbnts ln `hn'uh'b hna tglu'gt b

sgluà hs lursb`vbs m+ tgbrb ms hn( `mn ibtbbn tgb usb l+ bvmabntmh`s hna

du`turb% ght gh**bns gbn s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s `bhrn h

`hn'uh'b mtglut bvmabntmh`s hrafhn 08=7?84944> b)*`hmns tght hn

H(fhrh *rlvbri usba tl tbhdg dgmàrbn tgb dlrrbdt usb l+ bvmabntmh`s sh(s?

fusg hrfh, msg m``sguq ohn hrthtxm 0Tbbmn' lnb dhn sh( ghvb sbbn5

mtglut sbbmn' lnb fust nlt sh( ghvb sbbn5>% ght ms tgb sldmh`

mf*`mdhtmln ibgmna tgms *rlvbri ght al tgb H(fhrh hdtuh` ( hnt tl

tbhdg gb *rl*br flr*gls(nth) l+ bvmabntmh`s lr tgb du`turh` nuhndb

ibgmna tgbf 2bl*`b gl al nlt usb bvmabntmh`s *rl*br`( hrb sbbn hs

mndlf*btbnt unlrtg( hna +rlf h `mn'umstmd *lmnt l+ vmb tgb( hrb nlt

dlnstrudtmn' *rl*br 'rhffhtmdh` sbntbndbs% 2bl*`b gl s*bh `hn'uh'bs

mtglut bvmabntmh`s hrb sbbn hs `mhrs% Tl ght hrb tgb( rbh``( tbhdgmn' Nlt

tl ib h `mhr tl ib trustlrtg(

gb hmf l+ tgms tgbsms ms tl absdrmib hna bùdmahtb tgb *rbfmsbsunabr (mn' tgb usb l+ bvmabntmh`s Ehna tgbmr du`turh` mf*`mdhtmlns mn Nhtmvb

Hfbrmdh +ldusmn' ln Tlutg Hfbrmdh% n haamtmln tgb dlnsb;ubndbs +lr

bvmabntmh` s(stbfs mn `hn'uh'b dlnthdt smtuhtmlns mtg dl`lnmh` `hn'uh'bs

m`` ib mabntm,ba%

gb tgbsms ms amvmaba mntl tgrbb *hrts% gb ,rst *hrt 'lbs +rlf dgh*tbr 9

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`hn'uh'b dlnthdt m`` `bha us tl tgb tgmra *hrt dgh*tbr C gmdg trmbs tl

'mvb hn hntgrl*l`l'mdh` vmb l+ tgb Hfh.lnmhn sldmbtmbs mn tgb hs*bdts l+

trutg hna tgb mf*lrthndb l+ vmsuh` mn+lrfhtmln%

B)hf*`bs hna rb`bvhnt imi`ml'rh*g( hilut bvmabntmh mt( mn &bntrh`Hfbrmdh5s Nhtmvb `hn'uh'bs ghvb nlt ibbn +luna@ tgbrb+lrb tgms *hrt l+ tgb

dlntmnbnt ms `b+t lut ln *ur*lsb%

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9. Qgb fbhnmnk lj bvmabntmh`

H 'lla h( tl sthrt tgms tgbsms ms i( tr(mn' tl ab,nb ght bvmabntmh`s hrb%Bvmabntmh`s hrb h 'rhffhtmdh` dhtb'lr( b)*rbssba i( h fhr ln h vbri 0hn

hK) lr h d`mtmd> tght rb+brs tl tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln gmdg slfblnb ms

sthtmn'% Bvmabntmh`s hrb flr*gbfbs hna tgb( rb'u`hr`( h`ùab tl tgmn's lnb

gbhrs sbbs mn+brs lr hssufbs% l ib rbdl'nm.ba hs hn bvmabntmh` h

flr*gbfb nbbas tl ghvb tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln hs mts dbntrh` fbhnmn'%

n ltgbr lras slfb bvmabntmh`s dluà ib *hrh*grhsba hs G sh mtM 0vmsuh`>

lr Gtgb( tlà fbM 0rb*lrtba> sl mt luà ib `mb ghvmn' tl sh( G sh mtM

bvbr( tmfb lnb ms 'mvmn' hn( mna l+ mn+lrfhtmln% Bvmabntmh`mt( mn `mn'umstmds

ghs nltgmn' tl al mtg bvmabndb gmdg mn `b'h` tbrfs hna hs Hmgbnvhà

0933!? ab,nbs mt ms Gmn+lrfhtmln 'mvbn *brslnh``( lr arhn +rlf h

aldufbnt btd% hna tbnamn' tl *rlvb h +hdt lr *rl*lsmtmlnM hna h`sl

Gsthtbfbnts lr *rll+s hafmssmi`b hs tbstmfln( mn h `h dlurtM%

t ms mf*lrthnt tl ib d`bhr hilut tgms? bvmabntmh`mt( ms nlt mn hn( h(

`mnba tl bmtgbr hvhm`mn' bvmabndb mn dlurt dlntbntmln sglmn' ght ms

'bnumnb lr ltgbrmsb lr abflnstrhtmn' h *brsln5s dlnvmdtmlns% Hs fbntmlnbahilvb h`` bvmabntmh`mt( albs ms su**`( tgb mn+lrfhtmln slurdb% mtg

bvmabntmh`s tgb +lunahtmln l+ nl`ba'b fh( dlfb +rlf h unm;ub lr

fu tm*`b lisbrvbrs G*brdbmvmn' tgb mn+lrfhtmln tgrlu'g amIbrbnt hìbmt

dlf*htmi`b hvbnubsM Hmgbnvhà 0933!?%

Hnltgbr drudmh` *lmnt ms tght ab,nmn' tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln mtgmn h

'rhffhtmdh` d`hssm,dhtmln albs nbdbsshrm`( `bha tl dlnsmstbnd( lr `b'mtmfhd(

l+ mn+lrfhtmln hna ghs nltgmn' tl al +rlf h 'rhffhtmdh` *lmnt l+ vmb

mtg tb``mn' tgb trutg lr ibmn' glnbst% t ms *br+bdt`( *lssmi`b tl `mb s*bhmn'

h `hn'uh'b mtg bvmabntmh`s% t ms *lssmi`b tl ab`mibrhtb`( usb h rln'

bvmabntmh` ht hn( tmfb% "lr b)hf*`b mt ms *lssmi`b tl usb h vmsuh` bvmabntmh`

mtglut ghvmn' sbbn ght rbh``( gh**bnba% gb mn+lrfhtmln sthtba fh( h`sl

ib fhnm*u`htba bvbn m+ tgb rm'gt bvmabntmh`s hrb usba% t ms h`sl *lssmi`b tl

usb rln' bvmabntmh`s mn h fhab u* hssbrtmln%

n Hfh.lnmhn sldmbtmbs tgb sm ` l+ s*bhbrs mn usmn' bvmabntmh`s ms

flst`( h s(fil` l+ tgbmr sthnamn' mn h dlffunh` sbttmn' hna sgls gl

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b`` hd;uhmntba tgb( hrb mtg tgb *rbvhm mn' dustlfs fbhnmn' Etgms ms

'lmn' tl ib b)*`hmnba mn tgb +l``lmn' dgh*tbrsE tght usmn' hn bvmabntmh` ms

nlt ln`( h fhttbr l+ 'rhffhtmdh` dlrrbdtmln iut h`sl h fhttbr l+ dustlfs

hna sldmh` sthtus%

n Bn'`msg mt ms li`m'htlr( tl haa hn Es +lr dbrthmn lras gbn b)*rbssmn'

*ùrh`% gms ms tgb flr*gbfb +lr tgb *ùrh` b%'% al' F al's% n tgb shfb

h( mt ms 'rhffhtmdh` Ehna li`m'htlr(E tl usb bvmabntmh`s gbn rb*lrtmn'%

gus h sbntbndb `mb? Gtgbsb al' hrb fmnbM mt ms nlt 'rhffhtmdh`% t ms

mf*lrthnt tl unabrsthna tght nlt usmn' hn bvmabntmh` tl sthtb tgb slurdb l+

mn+lrfhtmln gbn rb;umrba ms h`sl un'rhffhtmdh`%

Dhn'uh'bs mtg nl bvmabntmh`s dhn dbrthmn`( b)*rbss gl tgb mn+lrfhtmln

ms hd;umrba% 1nb l+ tgb h(s ms i( /ust sh(mn' strhm'gt+lrhra? G ghvb sbbn

Olgn `bhvmn' +lr DbmabnM gbrb G ghvb sbbnM ms sthtmn' gl nl Olgn ms

`bhvmn' +lr Dbmabn nhfb`( ibdhusb sh gmf f(sb`+% Hnltgbr h( ms Gtgb

mngbrbnt fbhnmn' l+ unfhrba mnamdhtmvb sbntbndbs mn h nufibr l+

`hn'uh'bs ms tl b)*rbss ght tgb s*bhbr hnts tl dlnvb( hs trutg5M

Hmgbnvhà 0933!?>% H`sl hna lndb flrb hddlramn' tl Hmgbnvhà

0933!?> vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s mn fhn( `hn'uh'bs iut nlt mn h`` hrb tglsb mtg

nl lvbrt flr*gl`l'( ht h``% gb +l``lmn' ms hn b)hf*`b mn Bn'`msg hna mn&bntrh` 2lfl h 2lflhn `hn'uh'b +rlf &h`m+lrnmh?

08> Olgn tlà fb tght mt rhmnba%(9) Dfu`6yhmt rhmnba5 0yh L vmsuh` bvmabntmh`> Jmtgun 08==?878>%

n tgb Bn'`msg b)hf*`b mt ms d`bhr tght tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln ms Olgn%

lbvbr mn Bn'`msg hs b`` hs mn fhn( ltgbr `hn'uh'bs usmn' Olgn hs h

sui/bdt mn lrabr tl sthtb tght mt rhmnba ms nlt li`m'htlr(% lbvbr mn &bntrh`

2lfl tgb usb l+ tgb flr*gbfbyh ms fhnahtlr(@ mt ms un'rhffhtmdh` tl /ustsh(? Gdfu`M 0mt rhmnba> smndb tgb s*bhbr fust sthtb gl gb nls tght mt

rhmnba bmtgbr ibdhusb gb dhn sbb mt gmfsb`+ lr ibdhusb gb hs tlà%

gb fh/lr Burl*bhn `hn'uh'bs al nlt ghvb 'rhffhtmdh` bvmabntmh`mt(

hna tgb +hdt tght fhn( `mn'umsts hrb s*bhbrs l+ tgbsb `hn'uh'bs b)*`hmns

g( tgbrb ghs ibbn slfb dlntrlvbrs( mn d`hssm+(mn' bvmabntmh`s lr bvbn mn

'mvmn' tgbf h dhtb'lr( l+ tgbmr ln% n tgb *hst fhn( sdgl`hrs ghvb trbhtba

bvmabntmh`s hs flah`s h`tglu'g mt ms durrbnt`( b``hddb*tba tght bvmabntmh`s

+lrf h 'rhffhtmdh` dhtb'lr( ln tgbmr ln%

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l ms bvmabntmh`mt( b)*rbssba gb h( tl b)*rbss bvmabntmh`mt( vhrmbs

hfln' `hn'uh'bs glbvbr tgb flst dlffln h(s hrb hK)bs hna d`mtmds

hs bvmabntmh`s al nlt stmd tl hn( *hrtmdu`hr `hn'uh'b t(*l`l'(% Hn(

`hn'uh'b fh( dlnthmn bvmabntmh`s gbtgbr tgb( hrb +usmlnh` lr msl`htmn' hna

hs +hr hs b nl tgbrb hrb nl sm'n `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s Hmgbnvhà

0933!?7>% Tlfb `hn'uh'bs usb bvmabntmh`s mn tgb *hst hna slfb mn tgb

+uturb Hmgbnvhà 0933!?=>%

Tlfbtmfbs tgb dglmdb l+ hn bvmabntmh` ghs tl al mtg tgb *brsln% gms

fh( sbbf ;umtb `l'mdh` hna slfb bvmabntmh`s fh( nlt h**bhr mn h ,rst

*brsln dlntb)t% gb mabh l+ usmn' rb*lrtba lr mn+brrba bvmabntmh`s gbn

th`mn' hilut lnbsb`+ fhbs nl sbnsb@ nlila( luà sh(? G5f tlà tght 5f

mn DbmabnM un`bss tgms *brsln ms rbh``( `lst amslrmbntba lr smd% lbvbr

Hmgbnvhà 0933!?=> slfbgl dlntrhamdts tgms sthtbfbnt@ usmn' bvmabntmh`s

mn ,rst *brsln fm'gt ghvb sbfhntmd mntbntmlns@ tgbrb+lrb mt ms *lssmi`b tl al

sl unabr slfb dmrdufsthndbs% n tgms dhsb Hmgbnvhà 0933!?=> b)*`hmns

tght Ghn mn+brbntmh` lr h rb*lrtba bvmabntmh` fh( absdrmib slfbtgmn' tgb

s*bhbr dhnnlt rbfbfibr lr albs nlt hnt tl thb rbs*lnsmim`mt( +lr lr ama

mnhavbrtbnt`(M%

Tuffhrm.mn' h`` tgb `hn'uh'bs mn tgb lrà ghvb tgbmr ln h( l+b)*rbssmn' tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln glbvbr slfb sthtb G ghvb sbbnM lr

G ghvb ibbn tlà tghtM hna slfb ltgbrs al mt tgrlu'g flr*gbfbs dh``ba

bvmabntmh`s%

Bvmabntmh` s(stbfs rhn'b +rlf tl dglmdb s(stbfs tl ,vb dglmdb s(stbfs

lr flrb% t ms nbdbsshr( tl absdrmib tgbf mn lrabr tl unabrsthna ght tgb(

hrb hilut%

9.8. Bvmabntmh`mty systbfs wmtg twl dglmdbs

Nlt h`` `hn'uh'bs mtg h tl dglmdb s(stbf +undtmln mn tgb shfb h( nlt

h`` l+ tgbf ghvb tgb shfb sbt l+ bvmabntmh`s% Dhn'uh'bs ghvb lnb l+ tgb

l*tmlns `mstba ib`l% "lr b)hf*`b m+ h `hn'uh'b ghs h ,rstghna bvmabntmh` mt

h`sl ghs h nln,rstghna bvmabntmh` iut mt dhnnlt ghvb h ,rstghna bvmabntmh`

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ghvmn' ,vb lr flrb dglmdbs hna stm`` nl nlt h`` l+ tgbf ghvb ibbn *rl*br`(

hnh`(.ba% lbvbr mn tgms dhsb nb +lrfs l+ bvmabntmh`mt( sgl u* sudg hs

*br+lfhtmvb gbrb tgb s*bhbr nls tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln ibdhusb gb

ms *br+lrfmn' mt h *brslnh` b)*brmbndb bvmabntmh` hna h *brslnh` hIbdt

bvmabntmh`% gbsb `hst bvmabntmh`s hrb +luna mn Nlrtg Hfbrmdhn `hn'uh'bs

sudg hs mntu hna &bntrh` 2lfl%

4. Bvmabntmh`s mn tgb wlrà!s `hnkuhkbs

Hmgbnvhà 0933!?8> d`hmfs tght? Gn hilut h ;uhrtbr l+ tgb lr a5s

`hn'uh'bs bvbr( sthtbfbnt fust s*bdm+( tgb t(*b l+ slurdb ln gmdg mt ms

ihsba E+lr b)hf*`b gbtgbr tgb s*bhbr sh mt lr gbhra mt lr mn+brrba mt

+rlf mnamrbdt bvmabndb lr `bhrnt mt +rlf slfblnb b`sbM% Hddlramn' tl tgb

Btgnl`l'ub8tgbrb hrb C83< `hn'uh'bs mn tgb lrà@ sl m+ h ;uhrtbr l+ tgbf

ghvb bvmabntmh`s tght 'mvbs us h ,'urb l+ 8CC `hn'uh'bs% gms ms i( nl

fbhns h sfh`` nufibr l+ `hn'uh'bs%

gb 'rbhtbst dlndbntrhtmln l+ `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbfs ms mn

tgb Hfbrmdhs% n Nlrtg Hfbrmdh bvmabntmh mt( s(stbfs hrb +luna mn

`hn'uh'bs +rlf tgb 2lflhn Sufhn hhsghn mntuhn hna rl;ulmhn

+hfm`mbs% n Tlutg Hfbrmdh mn tgb Hnabs rb'mln tgb( h**bhr mn `hn'uh'bs

+rlf tgb :ubdguh hna H(fhrh +hfm`mbs% lbvbr tgb vhst fh/lrmt( l+

bvmabntmh`s hrb +luna mn tgb Hfh.ln $hsmn-Hfh.lnmh%

gb lrà Ht`hs l+ Dhn'uh'b Ttrudturbs9 sgls tght bvmabntmh`s hrb

h`flst dlf*`btb`( hisbnt mn H+rmdh% n Burl*b tgbrb hrb `hn'uh'bs tght ln`(

ghvb mnamrbdt bvmabntmh`s 0slfb Xbrfhnmd `hn'uh'bs tglu'g nlt Bn'`msg>@

slfb $h`hn `hn'uh'bs 0b%'% $u`'hrmhn Jhdbalnmhn hna Hìhnmhn>% Hfln'

tgb Yrh`md `hn'uh'bs Bstlnmhn ghs h s*bdmh` vbrih` +lrf usba tl rb+br tl h

rb*lrtba hdtmln% Dhn'uh'bs l+ tgb 2brfmd sui'rlu* l+ Yrh`md ghvb h s(stbf

l+ vmsuh`-nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh`s mn *hst tbnsb% n Hsmh d`hssmdh` Oh*hnbsb gha

hn bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbf gmdg ghs ibbn `lst mn flabrn Oh*hnbsb h`tglu'g

8 gtt*?--%btgnl`l'ub%dlf-sthtmstmds

9 gtt*?--h`s%mn+l-dgh*tbr-CC

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slfb trhdbs rbfhmn% n tgb rb'mln l+ tgb &hudhsus mt ms *lssmi`b tl ,na

slfb `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s hs b`` hs mn tgb mfh`h(hs hna ha/hdbnt

hrbhs 0slfb mibtl$urfhn `hn'uh'bs sudg hs Tgbr*h mibthn hna Hgh>%

Arhvmamhn `hn'uh'bs mn namh h`sl *lssbss bvmabntmh`s%

n tgb 2hdm,d hrbh bvmabntmh`s hrb nlt +luna mn tgb 2l`(nbsmhn `hn'uh'bs

nlr lutsmab tgb Hustrh`mh-Nb Xumnbh rb'mln%

"bramnhna hhn mn gb lr`a Ht`hs l+ Dhn'uh'b Ttrudturbs4 sgls h

ahthihsb l+ slfb !87 `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s lr`amab%

1. Bvmabntmh`s mn tgb `hnkuhkbs lj "htmvb #fbrmdh

n lrabr tl unabrsthna gl bvmabntmh`s lr hna tl sbb gl tgb( rb`htb

tl du`turb mt ms mf*lrthnt mn tgb ,rst *`hdb tl thb h `ll ht tgbmr strudturb

tgbmr 'rhffhtmdh` usb%

1.8. B$hf%`bs lj usb mn "lrtg #fbrmdh

n &bntrh` 2lfl b)hf*`b 09> tgb s*bhbrs fust sthtb tgb slurdb l+

mn+lrfhtmln% n tgms `hn'uh'b dbfu` fh( ib trhns`htba hs Gmt rhmnbaM

tglu'g mt `mtbrh``( fbhns Grhmn +h``M Jmtgun 08===?878>% gbrb ms nl h( tl

smf*`( sh( Gmt rhmnsM mtglut s*bdm+(mn' gl tgms ms nln% gus s*bhbrs l+

&bntrh` 2lfl fust usb hn bvmabntmh` mtg tgms vbri mn lrabr tl fhb h

'rhffhtmdh` sthtbfbnt lr mn ltgbr lras sl tght tgb sbntbndb ms

'rhffhtmdh``( dlrrbdt% n tgms dhsb bvmabntmh`s mn &bntrh` 2lfl hrb

b)*rbssba hs bnd`mtmds Jmtgun 08===?878> gmdg ghvb tgb +l``lmn' +lrfs?

6fh+lr 'bnbrh` nl`ba'b@ 6yh+lr ,rstghna *brslnh` b)*brmbndb usuh``( vmsuh`@ 6alfh/6al+lr gbhrsh( bvmabndb@ nfb+lr huamtlr( bvmabndb@ 6eh+lr mn+brbndb@

4 gtt*?--h`s%mn+l-+bhturb-CCH9-8%-8!=%

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6`h+lr tgb *brslnh` b)*brmbndb l+ lnbQs ln hdtmln@ 6wmyh+lr *brslnh` hIbdt%

gb +l``lmn' hrb slfb b)hf*`bs l+ tgbmr usb Jmtgun 08===?878>?

04> Dfu`6fh mt rhmnba5 0bsthi`msgba +hdt>@0!> Dfu`6yh mt rhmnba5 0vmsuh` ,rstghna>@0 Dfu`6al mt rhmnba5 0nlnvmsuh` hs tlà>@0> Dfu`6nfb mt rhmnba5 0huamtlr( bvmabndb gbhr mt>@0C> Dfu`6eh mt rhmnba5 0mn+brbndb bvbr(tgmn' ms bt tgbrb+lrb mt

rhmnba>%

Hddlramn' tl Jmtgun 08===?879> tgms s(stbfhtmd s*bdm,dhtmln l+ tgb

mn+lrfhtmln slurdb 0bvmabntmh`mt(> ms dlffln mn Nlrtg Hfbrmdhn `hn'uh'bs%

gb *rbvmlus b)hf*`bs d`bhr`( abflnstrhtb gl bvbr( tmfb h &bntrh` 2lfl

s*bhbr hnts tl sh(? Gmt rhmnbaM gb fust s*bdm+( gl tgb mn+lrfhtmln hshd;umrba% "rlf lur *lmnt l+ vmb tgms fh( sbbf dlf*`mdhtba lr bvbn

unnbdbsshr(% g( dhn5t b /ust sh(? Gmt rhmnbaM Albs mt rbh``( fhttbr gl

b +luna lut s tgbrb +lr &bntrh` 2lfl s*bhbrs slfbtgmn' b`sb ibsmabs h

'rhffhtmdh` nbba

Tlfbtmfbs bvmabntmh`mt( ms amssl`vba mntl tgb s(nth) mtg ltgbr fhrbrs

l+ b*mstbfmd flah`mt(% :ultmn' "rhdgtbnibr' 08=99> Jmtgun 08==9?879>

absdrmibs hnms h &lls `hn'uh'b l+ tgb 1rb'ln dlhst `mstmn' h dl``bdtmln l+fhrbrs tght su''bst amIbrbnt ab'rbbs l+ nl`ba'b% gbsb fhrbrs dluà

ib mntbr*rbtba hs bvmabntmh`mt( fhrbrs%

07> ewh mt sbbfs hs m+ `mb mna l+@0=>ymeu, ew fh(ib *brgh*s 'ubss@083> ghewh`, ewh` mt sbbfs hs m+@088> qbn sus*mdmln@089> qhmeu su**lsmtmln@084> qhmnm suaabn rbdl``bdtmln@08!> nhtsm aluit@08 gbn gbhrsh( hs tlà mt ms shma@08> m` surb`( dbrthmn`(@08C> deu nl`ba'b i( bvmabndb%

2hnbb h &haalhn `hn'uh'b nl s*lbn mn 1`hglfh sgls

bvmabntmh`mt( mtg h +lur dglmdb s(stbf% Hs rmttbn i( Jmtgun 08==9?879> h``

vbri +lrfs fust ib mnbdtba i( flab% Bvmabntmh`mt( mn 2hnbb ms b)*rbssba

mtg *rb,)bs% Jmtgun 08===?874> 'mvbs tgb +l``lmn' `mst?

087> h gbhrsh( wm-@08=> hn mn+brbntmh` tmr-@

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093> h *rb,) hr-mnamdhtmn' tght tgb s*bhbr hs nlt hn b(bmtnbss@098> h auimthtmvb eur-eurug- mnamdhtmn' tght tgb s*bhbr ama nlt

hdtuh``( sbb mt hna tgbrb ms slfb aluit hilut mt%

Dllmn' ht tgb b)hf*`bs +rlf Jmtgun 08===?874> mt ms *lssmi`b tl dbrtm+(

tght tgb gbhrsh( bvmabntmh` wm- thbs *`hdb mtg tgb mnamdhtmvb flab tgb

mn+brbntmh` tmr-hna tgb auimthtmvb eur-h**bhr mtg tgb hisl`utmvb flab hna

tgb auimthtmvb eurug-ln`( sgls u* mtg tgb dlntmn'bnt flab% b dhn h`sl

sbb tght tgb bvmabntmh` hr *rbdbabs lr +l``ls tgb dlntmn'bnt hna hisl`utmvb

flabs gm`b mt fust +l``l mn h`` ltgbr flabs% gbn mt *rbdbabs tgbf mt

fhrs h *hst hdtmvmt( lr lnb tght ms durrbnt`( thmn' *`hdb% gbn mt +l``ls mt

b)*rbssbs hn hdtmvmt( tght ama nlt lddur%

grlu'glut Jmtgun5s ill h fust tl ib hd;uhmntba mtg NlrtgHfbrmdhn

`hn'uh'bs mt ms *lssmi`b tl sbb gl bvmabntmh` s(stbfs smfm`hr tl tglsb l+

&bntrh` 2lrnl hna 2hnbb h`sl sgl u* mn fhn( ltgbr `hn'uh'bs% mntu h

mntun `hn'uh'b l+ Nlrtgbrn &h`m+lrnmh ghs h +lurh( bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbf

tght ms b)*rbssba i( suK)bs% t ms mntbrbstmn' tl sbb gl mt lrs% t ghs E

ntgb, h flr*gbfb usba +lr nlnvmsuh` sbnslrmh` bvmabndb 0tludg thstb sfb``

hna gbhrmn'> gmdg mn tgms dhsb ghs h mab hna amssbfmnhtba fbhnmn'

smndb mt ln`( s*bdm,bs nlnvmsuh`mt(% lbvbr lndb b nl mt ms nlnvmsuh`

b al nlt nl gl tgb mn+lrfhtmln ms b)hdt`( hd;umrba% 2brgh*s +lr tgb

mntu tgbrb ms nl nbba tl 'l +urtgbr% gms flr*gbfb ms h`sl usba tl s*bh

hilut tgb su*brnhturh` hna *rl*gbdmbs tght ms tl *rbamdt +uturb bvbnts%

brb ms h `mst l+ tgrbb b)hf*`bs +lr nlnvmsuh` bvmabndb Jmtgun 08===?874>?

(99) gbebt wmrh whh-!m-ntgb-fTlfblnb dlfb dr(f*sbns%bvauiTlfblnb ms dlfmn' dr(mn'5 0 gbhr mt>%

(9") qltmsh-!m-ntgbrb-sebnstrln'mf*sbns%bv(luSlu hrb strln'R5 0 +bb` mt>%

(9#) $lf yb`-gurhwm-ntgb-fbhrtg abstrl(sb;sbns%bvauigb bhrtg m`` ib abstrl(ba5 0 nl mt>%

n b)hf*`b 099> tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln ms huamtlr(% n b)hf*`b 094>

mn+lrfhtmln ms hd;umrba tgrlu'glut *brdb*tmln hna mn b)hf*`b 09!> tgb

slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln ms lnb5s ln nl`ba'b%

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mntu h`sl ghs h gbhrsh( suK) Eebhna hn mn+brbntmh` Erb, Jmtgun08===?87!>?

(9%) em`b$fh euyh-!m-eb fm"rm'gt+u``( smdmf*gs (lu"rm'gt+u``( smd (lu hrb5 0 gbhr mt>%

(9&) gmah ehysh-rb yl`vbr( gurr(mn+%bv b)d`hfb fust ib mn h 'rbht gurr(R5 0 sbb gmf run>%

gb +lurtg bvmabntmh` b- Ehn b)*bdthtmlnh` bvmabntmhÈ b)*rbssbs tght

tgb s*bhbr ib`mbvbs gms *rl*lsmtmln tl ib trub ibdhusb l+ gms b)*brmbndb

Jmtgun 08===?87!>?

(9') tmfh fmnb`-b` $mrh-b`dlà ambb)*bdt sthrvbb)*bdtb fm'gt +rbb.b tl abhtg gb fm'gt sthrvb5 0hs mt ms dlà gb ms h`lnbgb`*`bss smd>%

2rlihi`( tgb flst dlffln bvmabntmh`s hrb gbhrsh( fhrbrs `mb tgb

&bntrh` 2lfl 6al hnms gn hna mntu EebGtgb( sh(M Gmt ms shmaM G5vb

gbhraM%

bhrsh( bvmabntmh`s fh( dlntrhst mtg huamtlr( bvmabntmh`s mnamdhtmn'

bvmabndb l+ h nlnvbrih` nhturb `mb tgb &bntrh` 2lfl 6nfb usba +lrb)hf*`b m+ lnb gbhrs h dhr dlfmn'%

bhrsh( ;ulthtmln hna-lr huamtlr( bvmabndb hrb b)*rbssba mtg tgb

shfb lr rb`htba +lrfs mn slfb `hn'uh'bs% [lhshtm h Jusl'bhn `hn'uh'b

s*lbn mn Dlumsmhnh hna b)hs ghs sbvbrh` vbrih` suK)bs gmdg fh( lr

hs bvmabntmh`s% gb +l``lmn' b)hf*`bs lr mn h smfm`hr h( hs tgb *rbvmlus

lnbs hna tgb( ib`ln' tl [lhshtm gbhrsh(-;ulthtmvb -f$h- hna huamtlr(

gh(wh> Jmtgun 08===?87!>?

(9) dle*h+`mgmè-n mf-ffeh-`-+gm-f$rhiimt%stlr(li/ 4smn'Ahttb``8smn'H'mnt;ultb sh(s tght sgluà tb`` gmf h trhamtmlnh` nhrrhtmvb5%

(9.) wyeh-t nheh``h-tlgl-3`m-f$h-e dl$lemnmte-e(%smn'dlnn 'l%lI%smn'rbh`mn*hst guffmn'imrasui

uffmn'imra 0fust ghvb> ln lI 0sl mt ms shma>5%

("8) nm$-e hesgeh-ghfbhtsui dghrhua0mt slunas `mb> tgb fbht ms dghrrmn'5%

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[lhshtm h`sl mndùabs hn mn+brbntmh` ?`m h auimthtmvb l+ lisbrvhtmln f3s

0gb tgbhtbr *`h( ms *brgh*s ,nmsgba s*bhmn' gm`b htdgmn' mt>%

Xrhffhtmdh` dhtb'lrmbs hrb h`mb mn hn( `hn'uh'b fbhnmn' tght m+ b

th` hilut vbris b hrb rb+brrmn' tl tgb shfb dlnstmtubnt mn hn( `hn'uh'b%ght sgluà h**`( tl bvmabntmh`s mn tgb sbnsb tght m+ b rb+br tl gbhrsh(

bvmabntmh`s +lr b)hf*`b b hrb th`mn' hilut tgb shfb mna l+ bvmabntmh

mtg tgb shfb fbhnmn'% lbvbr tgb mf*`mdhtmlns l+ bvmabntmh`s fh(

dghn'b +rlf `hn'uh'b tl `hn'uh'b% Jmtgun 08===?87 s*bhmn' l+ gbhrsh(

bvmabntmh`s mn &bntrh` H`hshn Su*Qm *lmnts lut tght tgb Su*Qm gbhrsh(

Luq, l+tbn haas drbamim mt( tl ght ms ibmn' hssbrtba@ tgb s*bhbr ms

mnamdhtmn' tght tgb mn+lrfhtmln ms nlt ln`( gms ln mnvbntmln% Tgb h`sl

fbntmlns tght tgb Jlgh gbhrsh( bvmabntmh` m3ebndhn ghvb tgb l**lsmtbbIbdt amsthndmn' tgb s*bhbr +rlf hn( rbs*lnsmim`mt( hilut tgb vbrhdmt( l+

tgb mn+lrfhtmln Jmtgun 08===?87% gbrb+lrb hfln' bvmabntmh`s

*rh'fhtmds *`h(s hn mf*lrthnt rl`b gmdg h`sl gb`*s tl abtbrfmnb tgb

fbhnmn' l+ h s*bdm,d bvmabntmh`%

t ms mntbrbstmn' tl sbb gbrb slfb bvmabntmh`s dlfb +rlf ght hs tgbmr

lrm'mnh` fbhnmn' hna tgbmr bt(fl`l'(% Jmtgun 08===?87 *rlvmabs h

dlf*`b) amsdussmln l+ tgb amhdgrlnmd abvb`l*fbnt l+ tgb hhsghn`hn'uh'b bvmabntmh`s mn tgb 2hdm,d Nlrtgbst sthrtmn' lI mtg h `hn'uh'b l+

tgb Tlutgbrn irhndg Jhhg s*lbn ln tgb nlrtgbst tm* l+ tgb 1`(f*md

2bnmnsu`h mn hsgmn'tln Tthtb% Jmtgun 08===?87> trhdbs tgb Jhhg gbhrsh(

suK) wh3t tl h vbri whGsh(M mtg *hssmvb suK) -mt(mbàmn' h +lrf h`ln'

tgb `mnbs l+ G hf tlàM% t ghs dl'nhtbs mn ltgbr Tlutgbrn `hn'uh'bs sudg hs

Nllth hna Nmtmnht% Thabsg ;ultba i( Jmtgun 08===?87> dlf*hrbs tgb

gbhrsh( suK) l+ [h[h`h h Nlrtgbrn `hn'uh'b tl tgb lra `hqwh`h Gtl

sglutM hna tgb suK) E`hqwh`hGtl th` hilutM% H`` tgbsb b)hf*`bs fhb

sbnsb m+ b ibhr mn fmna tght tgbsb bvmabntmh`s dluà ib *hrh*grhsba hs G

hf tlà tghtM hna tght lrm'mnh``( tgbsb `hn'uh'bs brb *rlihi`( usmn' G sh(

tghtWM h`` tgb tmfb% gb bdlnlf( l+ `hn'uh'b sglrtbnba hna trhns+lrfba

tgbsb sbntbndbs mntl lras tl tgb b)tbnt tght tgb( `lst trhns*hrbnd(%

gbrb+lrb tgbmr lrm'mnh` fbhnmn' hs `lst rbfhmnmn' lr ibmn' dlnvbrtba

mntl flr*gbfbs%

Jmtgun 08===?8=3> h`sl rb`htbs tgb huamtlr( qham gmdg ms usba +lr ltgbrnlnvmsuh` sbnsbs tl suK)bs dlnvb(mn' nhfbs l+ slunas lr tgb fhmn' l+

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tgbf mn h` l+ tgb Tlutgbrn `hn'uh'bs? Jhhg ememqha Gh s;ubhmn'

slunaM Nmtmnht gmgma4haGnlmsb l+ al's 'rl`mn'M Nllth iuduiu)h;bma Gh

ibhr ms fhmn' nlmsbM% Tgb dlf*hrbs tgb Jhhg undbrthmn vmsuh` bvmabntmh`

dhqm) tl tgb Nllth suK) Edhq 1$hymn httbntmln2 *ùs tgb bbtmn' hs*bdt

fhrbr mx% t sbbfs tght h *lssmi`b slurdb +lr tgb *g(smdh` mn+brbntmh` -$m3tms

tgb *hssmvb l+ h stbf $m Qtl lisbrvbQ% Hddlramn' tl Jmtgun tgb nbba +lr

tgbsb s*bhbrs tl dlnsthnt`( *rlvmab tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln l+ bvbr(

smn'`b sthtbfbnt `bha tl tgb h**bhrhndb l+ flr*gbfbs%

Hs Jmtgun 08===?87> nltbs tgb h**bhrhndb l+ bvmabntmh`s +rlf `b)mdh`

suK)bs mndùabs h +lrf l+ sbfhntmd suilramnhtmln gbrb tgb +ldus l+ tgb

*rbamdhtmln flvbs +rlf tgb suK) tl tgb stbf mtg tgb hmf l+ 'mvmn' h +lrf

l+ b*mstbfl`l'mdh` hrrhn'bfbnt% t ms tgms him`mt( tl slfbgl Gihd'rlunaM

tgb s*bdm,dhtmln l+ tgb bvmabndb tght amIbrbntmhtbs `hn'uh'bs mtg

'rhffhtmdh` bvmabntmh`s +rlf ltgbrs%

1.9. B$hf%`bs lj usb mn &lutg #fbrmdh

gb lrà5s `bhamn' *`hdb mn tbrfs l+ bvmabntmh`mt( ms Tlutg Hfbrmdhibmn' tgb Hfh.lnmhn rb'mln tgb *`hdb gbrb flst l+ tgbsb `hn'uh'bs hrb

+luna% 1utsmab l+ tgb Hfh.lnmhn rb'mln b dhn ,na b``nln `hn'uh'bs

sudg hs :ubdguh H(fhrh lr bvbn Jh*uaun'un fhmn`( s*lbn mn &gm`b%

!%9%8% Bvmabntmh`s mn slutgbrn Hfh.lnmh

Bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbfs mn tgms hrbh hrb smf*`b +lr tgb flst *hrt mtg

vmsuh` hna rb*lrtba bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbfs% Hddlramn' tl Hmgbnvhà hna

Am)ln 08==7?9! tgrbb mnas l+ s(stbfs hrb +luna mn sbvbrh``hn'uh'bs?

0h> H rb*lrtba-nlnrb*lrtba s(stbf ms +luna mn h nufibr l+ Tlutg Hrhh

`hn'uh'bs sudg hs br]nh 'nhdmhnl hur_ 2hrbdm hna 2mrl lr mn

`hn'uh'bs +rlf tgb 2hnlhn +hfm`(% Tlfb u*mXuhrhnm `hn'uh'bs sudg

hs [hfhmur_ s*lbn ln tgb Y**br 6mn'u #mvbr amstmn'umsg rb*lrtba

hna nlnrb*lrtba mn tgb *hst tbnsb%

0i> Zmsuh`-nlnvmsuh` s(stbf ms +luna mn /ust lnb `hn'uh'b Jham +rlf tgbHrh_ +hfm`(%

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0d> gb flst dlf*`b) s(stbf mn slutgbrn Hfh.lnmh u* tl ahtb ms tgb

lnb +rlf tgb Nhfimhrh +hfm`(% gms `hn'uh'b usbs tl sb*hrhtb

*hrham'fs l+ +lur bvmabntmh`s bhdg 0vmsuh` mn+brrba rb*lrtba 'bnbrh`

nl`ba'b> tgb dglmdb l+ tgbsb *hrham'fs ibmn' ab*bnabnt lngbtgbr tgb mn+lrfhtmln ms hvhm`hi`b /ust tl tgb s*bhbr lr tl tgb

s*bhbr hna tl tgb `mstbnbr Bibrghra 0933=?!%

!%9%9% Bvmabntmh`s mn nlrtgbrn Hfh.lnmh

gb flst dlf*`b) s(stbfs hrb +luna mn tgb nlrtgbrn rb'mln hrluna tgb

Zhu*bs #mvbr ihsmn ln tgb $rh.m` hna &l`lfimh ilrabr% gb `hn'uh'bs tght

dlnthmn bvmabntmh`s fh( ghvb u* tl +lur lr ,vb dglmdbs% gbrb hrb sfh``br

s(stbfs mtg /ust tl lr tgrbb bvmabntmh`mt( dglmdbs mn `hn'uh'bs ln tgbnlrtgbrn rb'mln strm* d`lsb tl Zbnb.ub`h bhst l+ Bduhalr hna ilrabrmn' mn

tgb slutgbst mtg 2bru Hmgbnvhà U Am)ln 08==7?9!>%

t ms mf*lrthnt tl nltmdb tght bvbn tglu'g tgms ms hn hrbh mtg dlf*`b)

s(stbfs l+ bvmabntmh`mt( nlt h`` tgb `hn'uh'bs ams*`h( tgms dlf*`b)mt(% gb

dglmdbs tght dhn ib +luna hrb tgb +l``lmn'?

0h> H tltbrf s(stbf l+ rb*lrtba-nlnrb*lrtba ms +luna mn h nufibr l+

Nlrtg Hrhh `hn'uh'bs? #bsm'hrl 0ln tgb ilrabr ibtbbn 2bru hna

&l`lfimh> 2mh*ldl 0mn &l`lfimh> $hnmh l+ Phnh 0ln tgb ilrabr

ibtbbn $rh.m` &l`lfimh hna Zbnb.ub`h> hna Hdgh'uh 0ln tgb ilrabr

ibtbbn &l`lfimh hna Zbnb.ub`h> Hmgbnvhà U Am)ln 08==7?9!>%

gb bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbfs l+ tgbsb `hn'uh'bs hrb mabntm,ba i( tgb d`mtmds

htthdgba tl tgb vbri bvbn tglu'g mn Hdgh'uh tgb d`mtmd fmnhh tght usba tl

fhr rb*lrtba lr hssufba hdtmln fh( mnstbha ibdlfb h tl*mdh`m.ba

dlnstmtubnt Hmgbnvhà U Am)ln 08==7?9!>%

H s(stbf l+ rb*lrtba-nlnrb*lrtba ms h`sl +luna mn Hrhib`h +rlf tgb

Vh*hrlhn +hfm`( mn nlrtgbhst 2bru%

0i> Hnltgbr tltbrf s(stbf l+ vmsuh`-nlnvmsuh` ms +luna mn [lrb'uh/b

hna Tbdl(h tl `hn'uh'bs l+ tgb bst udhnlhn sui'rlu* s*lbn mn

&l`lfimh hna Bduhalr Hmgbnvhà U Am)ln 08==7?9!C>%0d> Hs +lr tgb mtltlhn +hfm ( mn $lrh nlrtgbhst 2bru tgbrb ms h

s*bdm,dhtmln l+ vmsuh` 0mtg nl fhrmn'> vbrsus nlnvmsuh` 0fhrba i(suK) goh>% mtgmn nlnvmsuh` tgbrb ms h +urtgbr dlntrhst ibtbbn

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rb*lrtba 0fhrba i( :h,gmdg *rbdbabs goh> hna nlnrb*lrtba 0mtg

nl fhrmn'> Hmgbnvhà U Am)ln 08==7?9!>%0a> H tgrbbtbrf s(stbf l+ rb*lrtba mn+brrba hna unfhrba hs usba mn

$hghnh h Nlrtg Hrhh `hn'uh'b s*lbn mn tgb Jmaa`b #ml Nb'rl mn

$rh.m` Hmgbnvhà U Am)ln 08==7?9!>%0b> t h**bhrs tght `hn'uh'bs l+ tgb Shnlfhfm +hfm`( ghvb fhrbrs l+

bvmabntmh`mt( gmdg hrb nlt d`mtmds iut rhtgbr hK)bs tl tgb vbri hna

ltgbr *hrtmd`bs% Hmgbnvhà U Am)ln 08==7?9!> rbdl'nm.b +lur

bvmabntmh` fhrbrs? vmsuh` nlnvmsuh` mn+brrba hna rb*lrtba%0+> gb flst dlf*`b) bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbfs lràmab hrb +luna mn

`hn'uh'bs +rlf tgb Bhst udhnl sui'rlu* s*lbn mn tgb Zhu*bs #mvbr

rb'mln l+ $rh.m`-&l`lfimh? mn $hrh &hrh*hnh Tmrmhnl htu(l Abshnl

u(udh udhnl hnhnl2mrhth*u(l $hrhshnl hna Jhdunh

Hmgbnvhà U Am)ln 08==7?9!>%

hmn' sbvbrh` b)hf*`bs l+ tgb flst dlf*`b) s(stbfs tght ib`ln' tl tgb

udhnlhn `hn'uh'bs hddlramn' tl Hmgbnvhà 0933! 9389> b dhn lisbrvb

tgb +l``lmn' +bhturbs?

gb( ghvb h +lur lr ,vbdglmdb bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbf mn hKrfhtmvb

flla@ n tgb rbfltb *hst tbnsb tgbrb ms hn l**lsmtmln ibtbbn vmsuh` hna

nlnvmsuh` gmdg b)*rbssbs sbdlnaghna hna hssufba@ n *rbsbnt tbnsb tgbrb ms h dlntrhst ibtbbn vmsuh` bvmabntmh`mt( hna

tgb rbst%

$bhrmn' tgbsb b)hf*`bs mn fmna mt ms mntbrbstmn' tl +ldus flrb *rbdmsb`(

ln lnb `hn'uh'b% l tgms bna Hmgbnvhà ms gb`*+u` smndb gb ghs b``

absdrmiba hrmhnh tgb ln`( `hn'uh'b l+ tgb Nlrtg Hrhh sui'rlu* s*lbn

hfln' tgb Bhst hna &bntrh` udhnlhn `hn'uh'bs mn tgb Zhu*bs rb'mln%

hrmhnh ghs ,vb bvmabntmh` dglmdbs?

8 Zmsuh`@9 Nlnvmsuh`@4 n+brrba@! Hssufba@


22/55

(";) 7usb mrmah am-fhnmeh-ehOls^ +lltih`` 4*` *`h(rbd%*%vmsOls^ *`h(ba +lltih`` 0 sh mt>5%

+ h hrmhnh s*bhbr gbhra tgb nlmsb l+ h +lltih`` 'hfb iut dluà nlt sbb

mt gb luà sh(?

("9) 7usb mrmah am-fhnmeh-fhgehOls^ +lltih`` 4*` *`h(rbd%*%nlnvmsOls^ *`h(ba +lltih`` 0 gbhra mt>5%

+ h hrmhnh s*bhbr sbbs tght tgb ih`` ms nlt mn mts usuh` *`hdb mn tgb

glusb tght Ols^ hna gms +lltih`` illts hrb 'lnb hna tght tgbrb hrb

gunarbas Eb)h''brhtmn'E l+ *bl*`b 'lmn' tl tgb +lltih`` 'hfb@ tgbrb ms

bnlu'g mn+lrfhtmln tl mn+br tght Ols^ ms *`h(mn' +lltih``?

("") 7usb mrmah am-fhnmeh-nmgehOls^ +lltih`` 4*`*`h(rbd%*%mn+brOls^ *`h(ba +lltih`` 0 mn+br mt +rlf vmsuh` bvmabndb>5%

+ Olsb ms nlt ht glfb ln h Thturah( bvbnmn' hna ihsba ln ght h +rmbna

l+ Ols^ fh( nl hilut gmf lnb dluà sh(?

("#) 7usb mrmah am-fhnmeh-smehOls^ +lltih`` 4*` *`h(rbd%*%hssufOls^ *`h(ba +lltih`` 0b mn+br mt +rlf 'bnbrh` nl`ba'b>5%

+ b thb h `ll ht b)hf*`bs 044>hna 04!> tgb amIbrbndb ibtbbn tgbf

ms tght 044> ms mn+brrba tgrlu'g vmsuh` bvmabndb% gb `bssbr vmsuh` tgb

bvmabndb ms tgb flrb hssufba tgb +hdts hrb% n tgms dhsb tgbrb ms nl amrbdt

vmsuh` bvmabndb +lr 044> ltgbrmsb h vmsuh` bvmabntmh` luà ib usba% gb

slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln ms ihsba ln tgb vmsuh` rbsu`t bvmabndb l+ slfb bvbnts

tght brb nlt sbbn%

B)hf*`b 09C>+rlf tgb hrmhnh mn+brrba bvmabntmh` ms amIbrbnt +rlf ght

b dhn sbb mn b)hf*`b 044> gbrb tgb sthtbfbnt ms ihsba ln vmsuh`

b)*brmbndb hd;umrba i( ahm`( rlutmnb% B)hf*`b 09C>fm'gt ib flrb smfm`hr tl

b)hf*`b 04!>+rlf hrmhnh% $ltg hrb ihsba ln 'bnbrh` nl`ba'b% + mt ms

dlà b fh( +rbb.b m+ mt ms Thturah( bvbnmn' Ols^ *`h(s +lltih``%

H `hst b)hf*`b l+ tgms sbt l+ b)hf*`bs +rlf hrmhnh@ h s*bhbr usbs tgb

rb*lrtba bvmabntmh` m+ slfblnb tb``s tgb s*bhbr tght Ols^ *`h(ba +lltih``?

("%) 7usb mrmah am-fhnmeh-$mahehOls^ +lltih`` 4*`*`h(rbd%*%rb*Ols^ *`h(ba +lltih`` 0b brb tlà>5%

98


23/55

grlu'g tgms dgh*tbr +lur b ghvb sbbn tgb b)mstmn' t(*bs l+

bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbfs mn Hfbrmdh +rlf tgb sfh``bst s(stbfs mtg tl

dglmdbs tl tgb flst dlf*`b) lnbs ib`ln'mn' tl tgb Nhfimhrh `hn'uh'b

mtg tl sb*hrhtb *hrham'fs l+ +lur bvmabntmh`s bhdg tght dghn'b

ab*bnamn' gbtgbr tgb mn+lrfhtmln ms /ust +lr tgb s*bhbr lr +lr iltg tgb

s*bhbr hna tgb `mstbnbr% b ghvb b`udmahtba mtg b)hf*`bs gl bvmabntmh`s

hrb usba mn slfb `hn'uh'bs sl b dhn nl sbb gl tgb( hrb usba hna

h**`mba nl fhttbr gl 'bl'rh*gmdh` ( hna-lr `mn'umstmdh` ( amsthnt tgb

dlf*hrba hn'uh'bs hrb%

'. Qgb am(brbnt usbs lj bvmabntmh`s

Hs sthtba sbvbrh` tmfbs mn tgb *rbvmlus dgh*tbrs mn h `hn'uh'b mtg

bvmabntmh`s tgb s*bhbr ms rb;umrba tl usb tgbf% hvmn' sbvbrh` dglmdbs hna

sbvbrh` mn+lrfhtmln slurdbs h ;ubstmln hrmsbs? gmdg ms tgb rm'gt bvmabntmh`

tl usb

Tthrtmn' mtg h irmb+ mntrlaudtmln Eflrb abthm`ba mn+lrfhtmln m`` ib 'mvbn

mn bhdg sbdtmlnE mn tgms dgh*tbr b hrb 'lmn' tl sbb gl bvmabntmh`s hrb usba

mn sbvbrh` dlntb)ts +lr b)hf*`b gl arbhfs hrb *brdbmvba hna ght

bvmabntmh`s hrb usba tl rbdlunt tgbf lr ght mna l+ bvmabntmh`s h sghfhn

usbs hna g( lr m+ sghfhns dhn usb amIbrbnt bvmabntmh`s +rlf tgb rbst l+

tgb *bl*`b% gb dgh*tbr m`` bna mtg hn b)*`hnhtmln l+ gl bvmabntmh`s ghvb

hah*tba tl flabrn `m+b mtg flabrn ma'bts sudg hs tb`b*glnb Z lr rhaml

hfln' ltgbrs%

Hddlramn' tl Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?43 s*bhbrs ghvb h sbt l+ *rb+brrba

bvmabntmh`s tglsb tght dlfb ,rst tl tgbmr fmna gbn tgb( s*bh% n ltgbr

dhsbs tgb rm'gt dglmdb fh( ab*bna ln tgb nhrrhtmvb 'bnrb smndb h stlr( ms

nlt b)*`hmnba mn tgb shfb h( hs h arbhf lr hn bvbnt% &gllsmn' lnb

*hrtmdu`hr bvmabntmh` lr hnltgbr ghs h`sl mts sbfhntmd bIbdts%

Bvmabntmh`s hrb usba tl th` hilut hn(tgmn' mn ahm`( `m+b tgus tgb slurdb

l+ mn+lrfhtmln hna tgb slurdb l+ nl`ba'b ab*bna ln s*bdm,d trhamtmlns

hna du`turh` dlnvbntmlns tght vhr( +rlf sldmbt( tl sldmbt(% + h s*bhbr hntstl b)*`hmn h +hdt gmdg ms sbbn hna gbhra ht tgb shfb tmfb gb fust dgllsb

99


24/55

ln`( lnb bvmabntmh smndb tl lr flrb bvmabntmh`s dhnnlt ib usba

smfu`thnblus`(% n tgms dhsb tgb dglmdb ms iltg du`turh``( abtbrfmnba i( tgb

dlffln usb l+ `hn'uh'b mn tgb bnvmrlnfbnt hna h`sl mnamvmauh` (

abtbrfmnba% gbrb ms h`h(s hn bvmabntmh` tght dlfbs u* ,rst tl lnb5s fmna

i( ab+hu`t hna usuh``( tgms ab+hu`t bvmabntmh` ms tgb vmsuh` lnb%

gms vhrmhtmln mtgmn sldmbtmbs dhn ib rbbdtba gbn b)*`hmnmn' arbhfs

tl ltgbrs% b m`` sbb mt mn flrb abthm` mn dgh*tbr %

H sghfhn 0sbb tgb +u`` b)*`hnhtmln mn ms lfnmsdmbnt hna ms hi`b tl

sbb su*brnhturh` bvbnts mtg gms *rl*gbtmd arbhfs% Nln sghfhns m`` nlt

usb vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s gbrb sghfhns m``% gb amIbrbnt usb l+ bvmabntmh`s

ab*bnamn' ln tgb *brsln sgls gl tgbsb flr*gbfbs hrb tmba tl sldmh`

sthtus hna gl tgb( hrb du`turh``( ab*bnabnt%

'.8. Qgb %brdb%tmln hna usb lj bvmabntmh`s mn arbhfs

[rhdb 0933=?!> b)*`hmns tght mn h +lltnltb tl =gb ?ntbr$rbthtmln l*

5rbhfs "rbua httbsts tl T_nalr "brbnd.m tgb su''bstmln tght Gbvbr( tln'ub

ghs mts ln arbhf `hn'uh'bM% Hddlramn' tl [rhdb "rbua hs rb+brrmn' tl

tgb +bhturbs l+ h `hn'uh'b tght *rlfltb tgb drbhtmln l+ arbhfs?

Ghsslnhndbs glfln(fs fbth*glrs hna ltgbr flabs l+ `mnh'b ibtbbn

s*lbn hna rmttbn lras mn h `hn'uh'b tght dhn ib tgb +lunahtmln l+

hssldmhtmvb `mnsM% t fh( nlt ib rln' tl hKrf tght "rbua ama nlt nl

hn(tgmn' hilut bvmabntmh`s hna bvbn `bss rb'hramn' s*bdm,d fhrs usba tl

tb`` arbhfs mn Nhtmvb Hfbrmdhn `hn'uh'bs%

Hs mtg fhn( ltgbr hs*bdts mn `m+b tgb h( tl abh` mtg arbhfs ghs

fhn( du`turh` dlnnlthtmlns hna smndb nlt h`` du`turbs hrb b;uh` tgb h( tl

ghna`b tgbf ms nlt b;uh` bmtgbr% "rlf tgb *rbvmlus sbdtmln mt ghs ibbn

*lssmi`b tl sbb tght +lr slfb arbhfs hrb /ust h dlntmnuhtmln l+ rbh` `m+b tgb

94


25/55

shfb `m+b b `mvb gbn b hrb hhb gm`b +lr ltgbrs arbhfs al nlt

ib`ln' tl tgb rbh` lrà hna tgb( dlfb +rlf hn lutbr lrà% gbrb ms nl

sthnahra h( l+ tb``mn' arbhfs mn tgb shfb h( tght tgbrb ms nl sthnahra

bvmabntmh` lr fhrbr +lr arbhfs% Bvbr( `hn'uh'b hna du`turb ghna`bs tgms

amIbrbnt`(% Tlfb du`turbs Etgrlu'g tgbmr `hn'uh'bE abh` mtg arbhfs hs h

ahm ( `m+b bvbnt hna hs h amrbdt`( lisbrvba b)*brmbndb% Am)ln hna Zl'b`

0933!?998> b)*`hmn tght mn Ohrhhrh hn Hrh_ `hn'uh'b +rlf tgb Hfh.lnhs

arbhfs hrb b)*`hmnba usmn' ,rstghna bvmabntmh`s hs tgb( hrb tgb

dlntmnuhtmln l+ ahm`( `m+b% 1n tgb ltgbr ghna Am)ln hna Zl'b` sh( tght gbn

slfblnb ms hs`bb* hna mnvlùnthrm`( flvbs tgms ms rb*lrtba usmn' nln

,rstghna bvmabntmh`s hs tgb( dlnsmabr tght tgbsb mnas l+ flvbfbnts hrb

ib(lna lnb5s m`` hna dlntrl`% Arbhfs rbdbmvb tgb shfb mna l+ trbhtfbnt mn

hnh :ubdguh s*lbn mn slutg 2bru gbrb h amrbdt bvmabntmh` ms usba

gbn tb``mn' arbhfs smndb tgb hnh :ubdguh dlnsmabr tght arbhfs hrb

*hrt l+ ahm`( `m+b% gb bvmabntmh` fhr +lr arbhfs mn hnh :ubdguh ms 0fm

"`l(a 08===?! hs sgln mn trundhtba +lrf mn b)hf*`b 04>?

("&) yh4h suynu-nhh eh-h hnyhn tuth ehthr$m``hr arbhf*hst ib8*` (bstbrah( nm'gt trhdtlrehrrmtmmrh-h-th trh!hoh-sgrh-ndgme-ehh-th-frlhaab+hdd lrnlf8\9ab+hddamr.bv

Dhst nm'gt arbhfba hilut gbn b lrba ln tgb rlha mtg tgbtrhdtlr5%

Hs *rbvmlus`( b)*`hmnba sghfhns hrb dlnsmabrba tl ghvb s*bdmh` *lbrs

hna tgbsb *lbrs hrb mn slfb du`turbs rbbdtba tgrlu'g tgb amIbrbnt usb

l+ bvmabntmh`s% "lr b)hf*`b Hmgbnvhà sh(s tght +lr tgb hrmhnh sghfhns

hrb *rl*gbtmd hna sl hrb tgbmr arbhfs% gb dlnsb;ubndb l+ ibmn' *rl*gbtmd

ms tght tgbmr arbhfs hrb tlà usmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s% "lr tgb hrmhnh hna +lr

fhn( ltgbrs sghfhns hrb lfnmsdmbnt hna tgbmr arbhfs hrb nlt su**lsmtmlns

iut hssbrtmlns l+ ght tgb( sbb ib`mbvb lr *rbamdt gbn tgb( hrb hhb% n

tgb b)hf*`b ib`l h sghfhn th`s hilut gms 'rhna+htgbr sbbn mn h arbhf

Hmgbnvhà 0933!?4!C>?

("') wh-gwbrm-nb mehsu-nueu fhtm-$u-nhehamgh8*`'rhna+htgbr+ld%h-s nltl*%nln%h-s ihahu'*rbs%vms gb#m'gt nl lur 'rhna+htgbr ms mn h iha h(5 0vmsuh`>%

9!


26/55

gbn tgb Tgm*mil[lnmil sghfhns thb h(hguhsdh! tgb( tb`` tgbmr

vmsmlns hna +bb`mn's usmn' tgb amrbdt bvmabntmh`% gms usb l+ bvmabntmh`s

dlntrhsts mtg tgb usb l+ nlrfh` *bl*`b gbn rbdluntmn' arbhfs gmdg ms

alnb tgrlu'g h rb*lrtba bvmabntmh`%

Hs "`l(a 08==? *uts mt tgms fbhns tght Ghn bvbnt fhrba mtg tgb

amrbdt bvmabntmh` dhn ib 'rlunaba tl rbh`fs ltgbr tghn tgb s*bhbr5s durrbnt

lr dlnsdmlus rbh`mt(M% Arbhfmn' ms mntbr*rbtba i( tgbf Ghs h mna l+

suidlnsdmlus vmsuh` b)*brmbndbM amIbrbnt +rlf Gtru`( suidlnsdmlus

hdtmvmtmbsM% n h dlf*hrhi`b h( mn u(udh hna htu(l 0Bhst udhnlhn> mn

tgb Zhu*bs rb'mln mn $rh.m` arbhfs hrb tlà usmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s?

Gs*bhbrs rhtmlnh`m.b tgms bvmabntmh` dglmdb i( sh(mn' tght arbhfs hrb sbbnG

$hrnbs 08=7!?98>% n Nlrtg Hfbrmdh b ,na tgb b)hf*`b l+ tgb &rbb

`hn'uh'b s*lbn mn &hnhah gbrb tgb s*bhbrs *brdbmvb arbhfs hs hn

mntb``bdtuh` dlndb*t gmdg ms nlt *`husmi`b mn rbh` `m+b% Ohfbs &`hrb U

Jhdbn.mb 09338?9!4> b)*`hmn tght h nln,rstghna bvmabntmh` ms usba mn &rbb

tl tb`` arbhfs tl ltgbrs% gb bvmabntmh` fhrbr ms Esgh$hn hna mt ms dlfimnba

mtg tgb hK) ehWEuh, gmdg fbhns tght ght ms ibmn' tlà dlfbs +rlf

slfblnb5s fmna b%'% hs sgln mn b)hf*`b 047>?

(") $b$unmt fh3e beu $buh3tht nb nh3$bu beutb hnmtbmn%mntbr hna tgbn gb%arbhft tght fhn tght5s tgbrbbueuhnnuh eh-utmnmeusgh$hn-uh3 msgmnbutght5s%tgb%lnb hgb%hs%thbn\nln,rstguh gb%arbhftn mntbr tgb fhn arbhft tght tgb *brsln hs thbn 0m%b% hiaudtba>

gb arbhft5%

1ndb h'hmn mn Tlutg Hfbrmdh tgb Tgm*mil[lnmil absdrmib arbhfs usmn'

h rb*lrtba bvmabntmh` Hmgbnvhà 0933!?4!>?

(".) b-h-rlnem m-whn-eb hnm hrls whm

nh$ldghneht-h8*hisrb* al%mntrbhr`mbr%tlah(%*hst `hr'b rmdb 'hrabn dbntrb sthna

**9 hs sthnamn' mn tgb dbntbr l+ h `hr'b rmdb 'hrabn 0mn h arbhf>5%

Hs rb*lrtba i( Hmgbnvhà 0933!?4!> mn hrmhnh hna mn udhnl Eiltg

Hfh.lnmhn `hn'uh'bsE arbhfs hrb h`sl trbhtba hna tlà hs m+ tgb( brb nlt

*hrt l+ rbh` `m+b% "l``lmn' hn b)hf*`b mn hrmhnh Hmgbnvhà 0933!?489>?

(#8) nbsb-nueu nugh nu-shau nu-bnm$b-tu$b

! H gh`ùdmnl'bnlus suisthndb%

9


27/55

tgbntl* 8smn'm+b 8smn'dgmàrbnamf?*`wheh-fghnh eh>hehwgyh am-ueh-fghnh8*`\hrrmvbrbf%*%nln%vms *`hnb 4smn'n+hrrmvbrbf%*%nlnvmsgbn f( m+b hna f( sfh`` dgmàrbn b hrrmvba 0ht tgb hmr*lrt? mnf( arbhf> tgb *`hnb hrrmvba 0mn f( arbhf>5

n tgb absdrm*tmln l+ h arbhf mn hrmhnh b dhn lisbrvb gl bhdg vbri

ghs h nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh`% lbvbr smf*`( mnsbrtmn' hn bvmabntmh` ms nlt

bnlu'g hna hn haaba +bhturb ms rb;umrba% Hmgbnvhà 0933!?4!C> hKrfs

tght mn lrabr tl fhb surb tght ght ms ibmn' tlà ms h arbhf tgb s*bhbr

tb``mn' tgb arbhf fh( h`sl usb h `b)mdh` rbfmnabr Gmn h arbhfM%

[h'hgmv ms h u*m `hn'uh'b s*lbn i( vhrmlus sfh`` 'rlu*s mn tgb Y**br

Jhabmrh #mvbr $hsmn hna #lnacnmh mn $rh.m`% Nbhri( b dhn ,na tgb

2hrmntmntmn gl `mvb h`ln' tgb bhst ihn l+ tgb Jhabmrh #mvbr hna tgbmr

bnghrbf nbm'gilrs gmdg s*bh h nlrtgbrn amh`bdt l+ tgb [h'hgmv

`hn'uh'b% [rhdb 0933=? b)*`hmns tght +lr tgb 2hrmntmntmn tb` mn' hna

mntbr*rbtmn' arbhfs hs hn mf*lrthnt *hrt l+ tgbmr `m+b% Arbhfs brb usba tl

lr'hnm.b ahm`( `m+b mn hrbhs sudg hs guntmn' *rbamdtmn' abhtg lr m``nbss hna

*rbamdtmn' hr hfln' ltgbr tgmn's% gb fhrbr +lr arbhfs mn 2hrmntmntmn ms

rh4 C!lo om hghyg


28/55

n tgb b)hf*`b hilvb b dhn vmsuh`m.b ght ghs ibbn b)*`hmnba mn tgb

*rbvmlus *hrh'rh*g? mn slfb l+ tgb sbntbndbs rh4< ms lfmttba 'mvmn' tgb

sbnsb l+ ur'bnd( sur*rmsb hnnl(hndb lr b)h''brhtmln? Gmt hs hn'r( ht

fbRM@ Gtgb snhb hs gu'bRM lbvbr mt ms mf*lrthnt tl rbfmna tgb `mstbnbr

tght ght ms ibmn' absdrmiba ms h arbhf tgbrb+lrb mt ms dlnvbnmbnt tl bna mt

mtg hnltgbr rh4 Km rhewAm0dlrtluG b dut lIEf( *bnms%0CA4nA leut=h$y4yntmn leut%

< gb unabr`mnba lras hrb ilrrlba +rlf 2lrtu'ubsb%

9C


29/55

[rhdb su''bsts tght h+tbr tgb 2lrtu'ubsb lra dbfmtrml 0dbfbtbr(>

tgb s*bhbr bnt ln tb``mn' tgb arbhf mn 2lrtu'ubsb hna stl**ba usmn' tgb

bvmabntmh` hs mn 2lrtu'ubsb tgbrb hrb nl bvmabntmh`s% t sbbfs tght tgb nbba

tl usb bvmabntmh`s hs nlt trhns+brba tl 2lrtu'ubsb mn tgms dhsb 0sbb

dgh*tbr +lr `hn'uh'b dlnthdt smtuhtmlns hna tgb nbba tl usb bvmabntmh`s>%

$ut mt ms h`sl mf*lrthnt tl nltmdb mn tgms b)hf*`b tght gbn s*bhbrs hrb

usmn' 2lrtu'ubsb tgb( slfbtmfbs usb bvmabntmh`s%

n tgms dhsbrh4 rh4


30/55

shma tl 'l lut tl vmsmt gms d`lsb rb`htmvbs h**bhrmn' tl tgbf mn tgbmr arbhfs

tl hnnlundb mts ab*hrturb%

g( al slfb `hn'uh'bs mtg arbhf bvmabntmh`s dlnsmabr tgbf hs

mnamrbdt ahth [rhdb 0933=?C4> sthtbs tght arbhfs hrb m`ùsmlns% gb( `llrbh` iut tgb( hrb nlt G*brdb*tmlns l+ suisthntmh` rbh`mt(M% gb 2hrmntmntmn

sh(mn' 'lbs `mb tgms? lrl AgA, 11nb hbs +rlf tgbf hna tgb( hrb nlt

tgbrbM [rhdb 0933=?C4>% gb( h`sl dhrr( slfb vbrhdmt( iut vbrhdmt( ms nlt

ght ms *rbsbntba% t ms hilut ght slfblnb gl nls gl tl mntbr*rbt

arbhfs dhn tb`` hilut tgb +uturb sl mn +hdt nlt bvbr(ila( ms hi`b tl

unabrsthna arbhfs hna nlt bvbr(ila( sgluà ib hi`b tl s*bh hilut

arbhfs hna tl thb abdmsmlns dlndbrnmn' tgbf% [rhdb5s mntbr*rbthtmln 'lbs

ib(lna tgms gbn gb sh(s? Gtgb arbhf ms nlt hn b)*brmbndb@ mt ms h fbssh'b

h fbssh'b +rlf hn unnln slurdb% gb nl`ba'b mn h arbhf ms rbdbmvba

hs h dlffunmdhtmln +rlf ib(lna% gbrb+lrb mt dhnnlt ib dlaba hs *brslnh`

b)*brmbndb%M [rhdb 0933=? C4>%

Zh`bn.ub`h 09334? hKrfs tght Gtgb usb l+ amrbdt bvmabntmh`s gbn

absdrmimn' bvbnts b)*brmbndba unabr tgb mnubndb l+ hyhguhsdh hs

l**lsba tl tgb rb*lrthtmvb gbn nhrrhtmn' lnb5s ln arbhf ms vbr(

rbvbh`mn' l+ Tgm*mil lràvmb% gm`b hyhguhsdhvmsmlns hrb *hrt l+ rbh`mt(arbhfs hrb nlt hna tgms amstmndtmln ms bndlaba mn tgb s(stbf%M

b dhn d`lsb tgms dgh*tbr mn tgb shfb h( tght b l*bnba mt th`mn'

hilut "rbua% [rhdb rb+brs tl "rbua5s +lltnltbs +rlf =gb ?ntbr$rbthtmln l*

5rbhfs gbrb mn dgh*tbr C gb hKrfs?

Gl glf ms tgb arbhf h msg +u`,``fbnt t ms d`bhr`( nlt tl tgb *brsln gl

hbs +rlf tgb arbhf hna ms *u..`ba i( mt lr amstrbssba i( mt% t ms gb

rbbdts hnltgbr *brsln mtgmn us gl dlnstrudts tgb arbhf% H arbhfbr mn

gms rb`htmln tl gms arbhfmsgbs dhn ln`( ib dlf*hrba tl hn hfh`'hfhtmln

l+ tl sb*hrhtb *bl*`b gl hrb iluna mn h strln' dlffunh`mt(%M [rhdb

0933=?C4>%

ght dhn ib mn+brrba +rlf "rbua5s ;ultb 2brgh*s tght arbhfs hrb

sfhrtbr tghn arbhfbrs hs [rhdb *lmnts lut fbhnmn' tght b fh( ,na tgb

slùtmln tl lur *rli`bfs hna aluits mn arbhfs gbrb b hrb +rbb tl hnabr

hrluna sbbmn' +lr tgb slùtmln tl lur gbhahdgbs% n arbhfs b dhn 'l

abb*br hna `ll +lr d`hrm,dhtmlns lr hnsbrs tl lur lrrmbs

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H`` tgms rb`htbs tl ght Aurhntm 08==C?7> sh(s? Gh 'rlu* l+ *bl*`b fm'gt

nlt ib hi`b tl hrtmdu`htb ght tgb( rbh``( dhrb hilut lr g( tgb( ibghvb tgb

h( tgb( al iut tgbmr stlrmbs *br+lrfhndbs hna bvbr(ah( b)*rbssmlns

fm'gt rbvbh` tgbmr mnnbr fltmvhtmlns%M gbsb sthtbfbnts fh( lIbr hn

hnsbr hs tl g( slfb `hn'uh'bs usb mnamrbdt bvmabntmh`s +lr arbhfs% Ggb

arbhf dlfbs +rlf hnltgbr s*hdb hnltgbr sdbnb% t ms h fbssh'b +rlf

hnltgbr sb`+ amstmndt +rlf lur hmn' sb`+%M [rhdb 0933=?C4>% t sbbfs

;umtb d`bhr tl fb tght tgb bvmabntmh` dglmdb +lr rbdluntmn' arbhfs ms du`turb

ab*bnabnt% t ms du`turb tght amdthtbs gmdg bvmabntmh` fust ib usba% $ut

gl dhn b hdtuh``( nl tght gb ln`( dbrthmn +hdt ms tght +lr slfb *bl*`b

arbhfs hrb h dlntmnuhtmln l+ rbh` `m+b gm`b ltgbrs ib`mbvb tght lndb h

*brsln hbs u* tgb arbhf ms 'lnb%

'.9. Bvmabntmh`s) sghfhnmstmd amsdlursb hna

su%brnhturh` %gbnlfbnh

H *brsln gl hnts tl abvltb gms `m+b tl tgb su*brnhturh` nbbas tl ib

drbami`b tl tglsb gl surrluna gmf% gbrb hrb fhn( h(s tl lithmn

drbamim`mt(@ i( +hdts i( lras lr iltg% lbvbr lras hrb *rlihi`( tgb ibst

tll` mn lrabr tl ghvb +l``lbrs lr ib`mbvbrs% l dlu`a tgms *brsln b)*rbss

hutglrmt( ght mna l+ rb'mstbr albs h sghfhn nbba tl usb gbn s*bhmn'

gms fh( turn mntl h *bdu`mhr`( `mn'umstmd ;ubstmln gmdg dlrrb`htbs mtg

rmtuh`s iut h`sl mtg f(tgmd hna *rl*gbtmd vldhiu`hr( hna bnvmrlnfbnt%

gb rbh` mssub dlndbrnmn' bvmabndb lr hutglrmt( ms dln+rlntmn' tgb shdrba

mtg tgb *rl+hnb@ tgb mn+lrfhtmln slurdbs hna tgb h( tl trbht tgbf fh(

amIbr ;umtb h `lt hna tgms ms rbbdtba mn `hn'uh'b% "lr h nlrfh` *brsln tgb

usb l+ bvmabntmh`s fh( sbbf ;umtb livmlus +rlf ght gb dhn sbb mn+br lr

hssufb@ glbvbr +lr h *brsln mtg su*brnhturh` *lbrs tgb usb l+

bvmabntmh`s fm'gt nlt ib tght s*lnthnblus iut rhtgbr b`` tglu'gt hna

dh`du`htba% n h 'bnbrh` sbnsb tl fhmnthmn tgbmr drbamim`mt( hna rb*uthtmln

sghfhns fust *h( hddurhtb httbntmln tl tgb h( tgb( usb `hn'uh'b hna

*hrtmdu`hr`( bvmabntmh`s% "urtgbrflrb mtgmn h trhamtmlnh` sldmbt(

slfbtgmn' flrb ms ht sthb? s*bhmn' mn irlha tbrfs h s*bdmh` +lrf l+

`hn'uh'b rbsbrvba +lr rmtuh` hna smfm`hr usbs $lms 08=7?48!>% gms s*bdmh`

+lrf l+ `hn'uh'b ms usba tl dlf*`( mtg tgb rb;ubst +lr *lbr% mtglut

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fbntmlnmn' hn( s*bdm,d `hn'uh'b lr 'rlu* $lms 08=7?48!> sthtbs tght Gn h

dbrthmn sbnsb tgbsb s*bbdg vhrmbtmbs sbrvb tl fhb tgb rmtuh` uttbrhndb

h**bhr hs sb`+bvmabnt%M

t ms ;umtb d`bhr hna livmlus tght dgllsmn' bvmabntmh`s ghs h d`lsbrb`htmlnsgm* mtg du`turh` dlnvbntmlns hna mtg amIbrbnt httmtuabs +hdmn' tgb

slurdb l+ nl`ba'b lr /ust nl`ba'b mtsb`+% "lr b)hf*`b mn hrmhnh hna mn

Tgm*mil[lnmil sghfhns usb vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s tl b)*`hmn tgbmr nl`ba'b

hna su*brnhturh` b)*brmbndbs% "lr tgbf tgbsb hrb rbh` sl tgb( fust ib

rbdluntba hs vmsuh`% 2rl*gbtmd arbhfs l+ Tgm*mil[lnmil sghfhns hrb tlà

usmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s% Tghfhns ghvb su*brnhturh` *lbrs@ tght ms g(

tgb( hrb sldmh``( h``lba tl usb tgbsb bvmabntmh`s% H sghfhn ms lfnmsdmbnt

hna sbbs bvbr(tgmn' hs l**lsba tl h nlrfh` *brsln% H sghfhn m`` s*bh

mtg vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s bvbn m+ tgb +hdts lr bvbnts tght hrb tlà hrb nlt vmsmi`b

tl nlrfh` *bl*`b% + Tgm*mil[lnmil sghfhns usb vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s hrmhnh

hna udhnl dlnsmabr tght bvm` s*mrmts hrb nlt sbbn hna tgbrb+lrb mn tgms dhsb

tgb( usb nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh`s tl absdrmib tgbf% gb +l``lmn' sbntbndb

b)bf*`m,bs mt Hmgbnvhà 0933!?4!7>?

0!4> nhfu hnh fhthfhg*h amgnhnmmbvm`%s*mrmt 8*`li/ ib%b``rbh`rbd%*%nlnvms 4s'n+bhtdlf*`

gb bvm` s*mrmt ghs b`` hna tru`( bhtbn us u*5 0nlnvmsuh`>%

"lr tgb hrmhnh durmn' *lbrs dhnnlt ib sbbn bmtgbr sl tgb( b)*rbss

tgbf usmn' nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh`s Hmgbnvhà 0933!?4!7>%

(##) Shnh$hah gbrbnhsm nhgh nh-$usuh-fgh ngbth-nmemgmdgbvbr m``nbss tgb( 4*`sud*rbs%nlnvms 4*`\thb%hh(dlf*`gb( 0sghfhns> sud hn( m``nbss hna thb mt hh(5 0nlnvmsuh`>%

Dmbmsb mntu +rlf Nlrtg Hfbrmdh usb tgb nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh` tl th`

hilut su*brnhturh` *lbrs gmdg ms h`sl usba +lr gbhrmn' +bb`mn' tludgsfb`` hna thstb Jmtgun 08===?9!=>% n mntu tgb b)d`hfhtmln gh-ghqG`ll

u*ln fbM ms usba ln`( i( sghfhns hna ms nlt rb`htba tl tgb lra +lr Gtl

sbb `llM Jmtgun 08===?97>%

n tgb Tgm*mil[lnmil lràvmb gbn tgb 'rbht sghfhn thbs

hyhguhsdh gb Gtrhvb`s tl hnltgbr `h(br l+ rbh`mt( hna rb`htbs mtg ibmn's

tght dhnnlt ib sbbn i( tgb nlns*bdmh`mstM Zh`bn.ub`h 09334?% Ynabr tgb

bIbdts l+ hyhguhsdh Gtgb sghfhn sbbs absm'ns lr nlts ln h *htmbnt5s +hdb

hna ila( hna dlnsu`ts mtg gms h``mba s*mrmts tl hrrmvb ht h amh'nlstmd hna

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abtbrfmnb tgb h**rl*rmhtb trbhtfbntM Zh`bn.ub`h 09334?% gbrb+lrb

gbn h sghfhn amh'nlsbs h *htmbnt gb usbs tgb amrbdt bvmabntmh`% gb

+l``lmn' ms hn b)hf*`b l+ tgms mn Tgm*mil[lnmil Zh`bn.ub`h 09334?4>?

(#%) fm-h-rh elsglsgeh-nmn yltl-hmem8*hisamr%bv rmvbr%al`*gmnbr' gmt%mtg%i`l*m*b%ahrt**9 hu)gb rmvbr al`*gmn gmt (lu mtg hn 0mfh'mnba> i`l*m*bahrt5%

t ms mntbrbstmn' tl thb h `ll ht sbvbrh` b)hf*`bs tl sbb gl bvmabntmh`s

hrb rbh``( usba mn tgms dhsb% Zh`bn.ub`h 09334?!4> 'mvbs hnltgbr b)hf*`b

mtg tgb hdtuh` tb)t mn Tgm*mil% gb stlr( ms hilut tgb Tgm*mil gl *`hn tl

abdbmvb tgb Tun sl tgb( dhn ghvb *bddhrmbs% Hsgm tgb sghfhn gl bb*s

tgb *bddhrmbs mn tgb s( ms su**lsba tl 'l tl tgb Tun hna thb mt aln tl

bhrtg% n tgb +l``lmn' b)hf*`b tgb trhnsmtmvb hu)m`mhr( h(e)-,trhns`htba hs

Gtb` M d`lsbs h amrbdt ;ultb gmdg ht tgb shfb tmfb ghs h rb*lrthtmvb

bvmabntmh` rlnem?

0!> /h nlel-xln-rh b-n yl-m eh-XhYm nb-se-h-emn3tght ,na*sstamr%bv 8br' sh(sssm 'lmnd *rl)dlf*al%tr%ssstEh$, fm-h-rh !heb wbtsh-!hln ebnh-fh-eb+htgbr%vld 9hisamr%bv dgmà ltgbr*`?br' dh``dhusdf*`fm-n-rlnemxbh-m eh-tm mem h-emn he-9br'rb* armnsssm 'lmn+ hu) al%trssst al%tr%**90Hsgm> tlà 0tgb *bl*`b>? G1ndb ,na gmf m`` tb`` gmf tgb +l``lmn'?

G"htgbr f( irltgbrs ghvb sbnt 0fb> tl dh`` (lu tgb( sh( tght (lu

ghvb tl dlfb 0aln tl tgb bhrtg> tl ghvb h armnMM%5

Hddlramn' tl Tgm*mil lràvmb Zh`bn.ub`h 09334? tgb sghfhn h+tbr

thmn' hyhguhsdh,bbs tl hnltgbr rbh`mt( +hr ib(lna hna tgbn gb b)*`hmns

bvbr(tgmn' usmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s nlmn' +lr surb tght ght gb ms tb``mn'

dhnnlt ib sbbn i( nlrfh` *bl*`b% Hs h fhttbr l+ +hdt gb ms usmn' hna

abflnstrhtmn' gms su*brnhturh` *lbrs% b dhn sbb tgb GgmaabnM *bl*`b

dh``ba Dghmelnm% H`` tght ms vmbba hna absdrmiba hs rbh` i( tgb sghfhn ms

ib`mbvba tl ib sl i( tgb rbst l+ tgb flrth`s% gb +l``lmn' b)hf*`b ms

mf*lrthnt tl nltmdb tgb amIbrbndbs mn s*bbdg ibtbbn h sghfhn hna h

nlrfh` *brsln Zh`bn.ub`h 09334??

(#') fm-h-rh/-rlnem elsglsgeh-nmn yltl-hmem9hisamr%bv-rb* rmvbr%al`*gmnbr' gmt%mtg%i`l*m*b%ahrt**9 hu)gb rmvbr al`*gmn gmt (lu mtg hn 0mfh'mnhr(> i`l*m*bahrt5%

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Tbntbndb 0!C> gmdg ms h vhrmhtmln l+ b)hf*`b 0! luà ghvb rh m+

*rlnlundba i( h sghfhn vmsmtmn' h *htmbnt@ tgb rb*lrthtmvb rlnemms usba i(

hnltgbr *brsln absdrmimn' tgb *htmbnt tgb amh'nlsba i( tgb sghfhn%

$bsmabs usmn' h vmsuh` bvmabntmh` sghfhns fh( h`sl usb h rb*lrthtmvb

bvmabntmh` gbn th`mn' tl *htmbnts% gms ms h h( l+ sh(mn' tght s*mrmts th` tl

sghfhns 0Zh`bn.ub`h 9334??

(#) fm-h-rlnem !bnxlh-tm oheln mem9hisrb* gbh`mn+ 'lla dl*0gb s*mrmts tlà fb tght> dhn gbh` (lu5%

b ghvb sbbn sl +hr tght gufhns mtg su*brnhturh` fh'mdh` *lbrs dhn

th` amIbrbnt`( +rlf tgb rbst l+ tgb *bl*`b hilut dbrthmn hs*bdts l+ `m+b%Tghfhns usb vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s tl th` hilut s*mrmts lr hilut trm*s tl ltgbr

`h(brs l+ rbh`mt(% t ms h`sl mf*lrthnt tl nltmdb tght bvbn gbn tgb

su*brnhturh` +hdt ms b)*`hmnba i( tgb sghfhn Eusmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`sE hna

tgb nlrfh` *bl*`b hrluna gmf hdnl`ba'b tgms +hdt tgbsb nlrfh` *bl*`b

m`` usb nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh`s gbn b)*`hmnmn' tl ltgbrs tgms su*brnhturh`

+hdt% Bvbn m+ tgb su*brnhturh` +hdt ms b)*`hmnba lr undlvbrba tgb( hrb nlt

sghfhns hna tgb( al nlt ghvb tgb su*brnhturh` *lbr mn lrabr tl absdrmib

tgbsb b)*brmbndbs hs m+ tgb( gha sbbn tgbf mtg tgbmr ln b(bs%

b sgluà mndùab &grmstmhnmt( mn tgms sbdtmln hs mt ghs tl al mtg ib`mb+s

hs albs sghfhnmsf% &grmstmhnmt( hrrmvba tl Hfbrmdh mtg tgb Burl*bhn

dl`lnm.htmln% gb hrmhnh sthrtba +bb`mn' tgb mnubndb l+ &grmstmhnmt( +rlf

tgb 8=93s hna ghvb hah*tba &htgl`md +bstmvmtmbs hna h(s l+ `m+b% gbrb+lrb

tgb( ghvb hal*tba nb trhamtmlns ln ght tl al lr ght nlt tl al ln ght

ms rm'gt lr ght ms rln' 0smn>% gb bvmabntmh` s(stbf gha tl ib hah*tba mn h

dbrthmn h( tl tgb &grmstmhn lrà%

Hmgbnvhà 0933!?4!=> b)*`hmns tght m+ h fhn 'lbs lut guntmn' ln Xlla

"rmah( tgb bvm` s*mrmt l+ tgb /un'`b m`` *unmsg gmf hs mt ms +lrimaabn tl gunt

aurmn' tght ah(% Obsus ms hssldmhtba mtg tgb trhamtmlnh` tgb &rbhtlr glf

tgb( dh`` Th$m-rmeu-rm0`mt% ilnblnrb`? tgb lnb ln tgb ilnb> hna tgb tbrf +lr

Xlla "rmah( ms Gtgb ah( gbn Th$mrmeurmambaM% gb imi`b trhns`htlrs lr tgb

fmssmlnhrmbs gl dlnvbrtba tgb hrmhnh *bl*`b tl &grmstmhnmt( hna trmba tl

b)*`hmn tgb lra l+ Obsus mn tgb hrmhnh `hn'uh'b *rlihi`( +luna mt ghra tlabdmab ght bvmabntmh`s usb smndb sl +hr nl lnb ln bhrtg d`hmfs tl ghvb

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sbbn Obsus lr ms là bnlu'g tl ib hi`b tl b)*`hmn tgb stlr( mtg vmsuh`

bvmabntmh`s% lbvbr tgb hrmhnh `bhrnba tl th` hilut Obsus hna tgb Zmr'mn

Jhr( mtg vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s% Hmgbnvhà U Am)ln 09334?88> rbdh`` tght mn

rmttbn trhns`htmlns l+ shdrba tb)ts Esudg hs tgb Tunah( sbrvmdbE

absdrm*tmlns sudg hs GObsus &grmst ms hfln' usM lr GObsus &grmst ms 'llaM hrb

tlà usmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s% "rlf f( *lmnt l+ vmb tgms dluà ib h h( tl

abfldrhtm.b vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s hfln' nlrfh` *bl*`b hna nlt rbstrmdt tgbf

tl tgb sghfhn lr tgb *rmbst% &lnsb;ubnt`( nlrfh` *bl*`b fh( +bb` h flrb

amrbdt dlnnbdtmln mtg Obsus hs tgbrb ms nl nbba tl 'l tgrlu'g tgb ,`tbr l+ h

sghfhn lr h *rmbst% lbvbr mt ms `mb`( tght tgms hd;umrba trhamtmln l+ usmn'

vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s hddlramn' tl Hmgbnvhà U Am)ln 09334?88> dluà h`sl

dlfb +rlf tgb +hdt tght hrmhnh *bl*`b gha hddbss tl tgb udhnl trhns`htmln

gbrb vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s brb h`rbha( usba%

Abaudmn' gmdg bvmabntmh` tl usb hna gbn ms hn mf*lrthnt mssub mn

tbrfs l+ hssbrtmn' *lbr lvbr tgb rbst% n hrmhnh tgb mf*lsmn' *hrt ms alnb

tgrlu'g h amsthnt *hst ,rstghna bvmabntmh` hna tgb tlnb ms slfbtgmn' `mb G

ibhr mtnbssM Hmgbnvhà 0933!?498>% lbvbr m+ slfblnb ms nlt h sghfhn

hna usbs hn bvmabntmh` tll fudg tgb dlffunmt( fh( sdlà gmf +lr almn'

sl% brb lndb h'hmn tgb *rl*br usb l+ `hn'uh'b ms ihdba u* i( du`turh`

fhttbrs ib(lna h dlrrbdt usb l+ 'rhffhr%

"rlf h `mn'umstmd *lmnt l+ vmb Ghiusmn'M dbrthmn bvmabntmh`s ms nlt h

*rli`bf% lbvbr +rlf h du`turh` *lmnt l+ vmb mt ms% b dhn usb tgb

b)hf*`b absdrmiba i( bibr 08==?7C> gbn th`mn' hilut uh``h'h

:ubdguh% b fbntmlns h s*bhbr gl hs usmn' tgb amrbdt bvmabntmh` -fmtll

fudg% "lr tgb dlffunmt( tgms *brsln sbbfba tll ghst( gbn 'mvmn' tgb

slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln hna +lr tgms rbhsln Ehiusmn' tgb bvmabntmhÈ gb hs

dlnsmabrba hs ibmn' Gnlt h fbfibr l+ h :ubdguhs*bhmn' dlffunmt(

gmdg vhùbs gms sthturbM bibr 08==?7C> hs gb gha `lst h`` drbamim`mt(%

ndlrrbdt usb l+ bvmabntmh`s fh( *rlvb tl ib bvbn lrsb% bibr 08==?848>

haas hnltgbr b)hf*`b? G&Z bibrs mn+lrfhnt nls h fhn mtg tgb

nmdnhfb l+ `lel4 0drh.( mn T*hnmsg> gl dlnsthnt`( usbs 0fm+&Z rb*lrts

1rm'mnh`? Gfmbf!rl ab unh dlfunmaha ab gh!`h qubdguh qub :h`lrh substhturhM

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tght nl lnb ib`mbvbs gmf ibdhusb gb h`h(s s*bhs hs m+ gb luà ghvb

sbbn bvbr(tgmn' tght gb b)*`hmns%MC

Ysmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s +lr sghfhnmd vmsmlns h`sl tb`` us gl drbami`b hna

trustlrtg( tgms mna l+ mn+lrfhtmln ms% n bvbr( du`turb mn tgb lràbvbr(tgmn' tght ms rbdluntba hs sbbn ms strln'`( ib`mbvba% n tgms dhsb b

dhn sbb gl bvmabntmh`s 'l ib(lna h Gsmf*`bM 'rhffhtmdh` dhtb'lr( hna

gl tgb( hrb Gfhnm*u`htbaM +lr du`turh` *ur*lsbs% t ms du`turb tght

dlffhnas gmdg bvmabntmh`s hrb tl ib usba lr nlt hna tgms du`turh` hs*bdt

ms utm`m.ba mn hddlrahndb i( h sghfhn lr i( h nlrfh` *brsln%

'.4. Bvmabntmh`s mn flabrn mjb

$lls tb`bvmsmln tb`b*glnb hna nl ntbrnbt ghvb rbhdgba Nhtmvb

sldmbtmbs mn Hfbrmdh% gbsb sldmbtmbs ghvb bfirhdba hna hah*tba tl nb

tbdgnl`l'mbs hna mnnlvhtmlns bvbn tglu'g sudg ha/ustfbnt gha tl ib alnb

mn tbrfs l+ gmdg bvmabntmh`s hrb tl ib usba mtg tgb nb abvmdbs tght hrb

slurdbs l+ mn+lrfhtmln% ght gh**bns gbn tgb fbhns l+ hd;umrmn'

mn+lrfhtmln dghn'b ght gh**bns mtg tgb slurdbs l+ mn+lrfhtmln gbn

tgb( hrb nlt lrh` lr fhab l+ *h*br iut b`bdtrlnmd Al b *brdbmvb rbh`mt( mn

tgb shfb h( Al b usb tgb shfb lras flr*gbfbs lr uttbrhndbs tl

rb+br tl mt

Hddlramn' tl $lhs 08=!9?874>? Ggbn dghn'bs l+ du`turb abfhna nb

h(s l+ b)*rbssmln `hn'uh'bs hrb suKdmbnt`( *`mhi`b tl +l``l tgb nbbasM

fbhnmn' tght hn( du`turb h`ln' mtg mts `hn'uh'b ms hah*thi`b tl nb

tmfbs nb mnvbntmlns% "lr b)hf*`b h Tgm*mil&lnmil s*bhbr usbs tgb

rb*lrtba 6rlnemtl th` hilut ght tgb( rbha mn h ill% H s*bhbr l+ hrmhnhlr udhnl usbs tgb hssufba bvmabntmh` +lr tgb shfb *ur*lsb% n tgms dhsb

tgb hssufba bvmabntmh` hs usba hna ms stm`` usba +lr mn+lrfhtmln hd;umrba

i( mntbr*rbthtmln rbhslnmn' lr dlffln sbnsb Hmgbnvhà 09389?9=>% gb

dglmdb +lr tgms *hrtmdu`hr bvmabntmh` fh( ib aub tl tgb +hdt tght tgb rb*lrtba

bvmabntmh` mn hrmhnh ghs dlnnlthtmlns l+ amsib`mb+ hna amsthndmn' lnbsb`+

C 1rm'mnh`? G=DNdlnldb un glf!rb dln b` h$lal ab Q`lel4 qub tlal b` aBh bstutm`mFhnal 0fm+ =DN amdb qub yh nhamb `b drbb $lrqu smbf$rb gh!`h dlfl sm gu!mbrh

:mstl tlal `l qub dubnth%M

4


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+rlf tgb slurdb% n dlntrhst tgb hssufba bvmabntmh` albs nlt ghvb hn(

b*mstbfmd dlnnlthtmln hna dhn ib sh+b`( usba tl *hss ln mn+lrfhtmln%

htdgmn' tb`bvmsmln dlu`a ib dlf*hrhi`b tl htdgmn' hn(tgmn' mn rbh`

`m+b tgbrb+lrb Tgm*mil[lnmil hrmhnh hna udhnl s*bhbrs al tgb shfb?tgb( usb h vmsuh` bvmabntmh`% H+tbr h`` mt fh( sbbf ;umtb `l'mdh` smndb

htdgmn' tb`bvmsmln ms h vmsuh` Ehna huamtlr(E b)*brmbndb%

"lr tgb Tgm*mil htdgmn' h +lltih`` fhtdg ln tb`bvmsmln ms absdrmiba mtg

tgb -rhvmsuh` bvmabntmh` Zh`bn.ub`h 09334??

(#.) Ebnh` r-mem+*bnh`t(?his amr%bvdl*t ms h *bnh`t(5 0 hf htdgmn' mt ln tb`bvmsmln>%

Hmgbnvh`a 09389?9=> sh(s tght ib+lrb hrmhnh s*bhbrs 'hmnba +u``

hddbss tl tgb *glnb tgb( usba h nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh` +lr s*lrhamd *glnb

dlnvbrshtmlns% gbn hddbss tl tgb *glnb hs nlrfh`m.ba hfln' tgbf h

*glnb dlnvbrshtmln hs dlnsmabrba hs th`mn' +hdb tl +hdb tl tgb ltgbr

*brsln tgbrb+lrb tgb( smtdgba +rlf h nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh` tl h vmsuh` lnb%

gb shfb gh**bns gbn dghttmn' ln tgb ntbrnbt? hs mt ms dlnsmabrba h +hdb

tl +hdb dlnvbrshtmln tgb( usb tgb vmsuh` bvmabntmh`%

gb usb l+ vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s gbn htdgmn' tb`bvmsmln ms nlt ln`(

+ldh`m.ba mn tgb Hfh.lnmhn rb'mln% gbn thmn' h irlhabr `ll ht Nlrtg

Hfbrmdh mt ms *lssmi`b tl ,na smfm hr usbs% "lr b)hf*`b h s*bhbr l+

&gbrlbb 2u`tb 08=7


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Tgm*mil&lnmil s*bhbr ms `mstbnmn' tl h fhtdg ln tgb rhaml gb m`` usb tgb

gbhrsh( Erlnem 0mt ms shma tght> Zh`bn.ub`h 09334??

0 $bnh`-rlnem mem*bnh`t(?hisrb* dl*

t ms h *bnh`t(5 0 hf gbhrmn' mt ln tgb rhaml>%

gb amIbrbndbs ibtbbn tgb usb l+ bvmabntmh`s mtg tb`bvmsmln hna rhaml

sbbf ;umtb livmlus? tb`bvmsmln dhn ib htdgba Etgbrb+lrb tgb( usb h vmsuh`

bvmabntmh`E gm`b tgb rhaml hs dlndbmvba tl ib gbhra sl ht `bhst h

nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh` fust ib usba% Tmndb s*bhmn' ln tgb tb`b*glnb ms nlt h

vmsuh` hdtmvmt( rlnemms h`sl usba% lbvbr tgms fhrbr ms h`sl usba gbn

hd;umrmn' mn+lrfhtmln +rlf tgb nbs*h*br Eibdhusb Gtgb nbs*h*br sh(s

mtMEtgb mntbrnbt 0mtglut htdgmn' mfh'bs> lr h ill Zh`bn.ub`h 09334?%

gb bvmabntmh` rlnemms bvbr(gbrb mn 2bruvmhn gmstlr( tb)tills hna mn

tgb im`mn'uh` b`bfbnthr( sdgll`s Zh`bn.ub`h 09334??

(%9) nl-n rbebn ?neh-rlnem me- mem Chndl Dh$hd+8*`'bn ,rst nh?hisrb* ib**9 hu) Jhndl &h*hd%0t ms shma tght> lur ,rst nh hs Jhndl &h*hd5%

l bstbrn b(bs usmn' Erlnemfh( sluna tll vh'ub tll dhsuh`? Gmt ms shma

tght mn Burl*b tgbrb hs h im' hrM% lbvbr mt ms *rlihi`( tgb ibst l*tmln

tl b)*`hmn gmstlr( ibdhusb mt ms h gbhrsh( bvmabntmh`% glsb gl rltb tgb

ill ama nlt b)*brmbndb tgb bvbnts mn rbh` `m+b sl b hrb rb+brrmn' tl h

gbhrsh( b)*brmbndb? Gmt ms shmaM%

1ndb h'hmn tgms usb l+ nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh`s ms nlt +ldh`m.ba b)d`usmvb`(

mn Tlutg Hfbrmdh% n bstbrn H*hdgb hn Htghihshn `hn'uh'b +rlf Nlrtg

Hfbrmdh b ghvb h s*bhbr tght gbhra ln tgb rhaml tght h ibhr gha

htthdba h lfhn% "rlf tgb absdrm*tmln l+ gbr mn/urmbs gb mn+brrba usmn'

tgb mn+brbntmh` bvmabntmh` `hh tght sgb hs arh''ba i( tgb ibhr #busb

09334?78>?

0 sghsg maFn lymn`sglla `hh%$bhr lfhn 4s'\4s'%*%arh' mn+%bvH ibhr arh''ba h lfhn5%

n [hsgh(h h 2lflhn `hn'uh'b +rlf &h m+lrnmh 1sh`t 08=7?!9>

flvmn' hdtmlns sbbn ln h tb`bvmsmln sdrbbn lr mn tgb flvmbs hrb dhst mtg

+hdtuh` lr vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s% "lr s*bbdg m+ mt ms rbdlraba `ln' h'l tgb( usb

tgb ;ulthtmvb% Nlns*bbdg slunas hrb rb*lrtba usmn' huamtlr( bvmabntmh`s

4C


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hna rmttbn mn+lrfhtmln ms b)*`hmnba usmn' mn+brbntmh` lr ;ulthtmvb

bvmabntmh`s%

Jlabrn ma'bts hrb b`dlfb mn tgbsb sldmbtmbs hs b``% g( sglu`a mt nlt

ib sl b h`` hah*t Elr tr( tl mtg flrb lr `bss suddbssE tl flabrn sldmbt(hna tl nb mnvbntmlns% Dhn'uh'bs h`sl hah*t i( drbhtmn' nbl`l'msfs bmtgbr

tgrlu'g nb`( mnvbntba lras lr i( ilrrlmn' tgbf +rlf ltgbr `hn'uh'bs

sl mt ms *lssmi`b +lr h`` sldmbtmbs tl nhfb h`flst bvbr( nb ma'bt% Nl lnb ms

`b+t ibgmna ibdhusb l+ s*bhmn' h `hn'uh'b tght dhnnlt nhfb hna dhnnlt

*rlnlundb h nb mnvbntmln% n tbrfs l+ bvmabntmh`s tgbsb ghvb ibbn

hah*tba hs b``% 1nb h( l+ hah*tmn' tgbf ms +l``lmn' tgb bsthi`msgba

dlnvbntmlns tght fbhns tght m+ b hrb htdgmn' tb`bvmsmln h vmsuh` hdtmvmt(

b fust usb h vmsuh` bvmabntmh` gbn th`mn' hilut mt% gb b)tbnsmln mn tgb

fbhnmn' hna usb l+ slfb bvmabntmh`s ms h`sl d`bhr gbn nb dlnvbntmlns

hrmsb aub tl h nb *rhdtmdb sudg hs gbn tgb hrmhnh *bl*`b 'lt +u`` hna

rb'u`hr hddbss tl tgb *glnb% gb hrmhnh sthrtba usmn' h vmsuh` bvmabntmh`

mtg tgb *glnb gmdg `htbr ln tgb( dghn'ba% gms sgls tgb b)mim`mt( l+

bvmabntmh`s%

b ghvb sbbn gl tgb usb l+ bvmabntmh`s +lr nb tbdgnl`l'mbs ms /ust

hilut tgb shfb mn Nlrtg Hfbrmdh hna Tlutg Hfbrmdh ibdhusb tgb usb l+fhn( bvmabntmh`s fh( sbbf livmlus tl h +lrbm'nbr5s b(bs% lbvbr tgms ms

nlt h`h(s tgb dhsb hna mn lrabr tl *rlvb mt b fust fhb hn b)db*tmln hna

dlf*hrb hrmhnh hna udhnl mtg h Burl*bhn `hn'uh'b mtg bvmabntmh`s%

Jhdbalnmhn *bl*`b gl s*bh Jhdbalnmhn h Tlutg T`hvmd `hn'uh'b hrb

hhrb tght tb`bvmsmln ms usba +lr *rl*h'hnah fbhns% gbrb+lrb tgb( al nlt

ghvb lnb smn'`b bvmabntmh` usb gbn s*bhmn' hilut tb`bvmsmln% gb dglmdb

+lr tgb rm'gt bvmabntmh` ab*bnas ln tgb Gtrust l+ tgb rb*lrtbrM "rmbafhn

08=7?8C8>% gms fh( fbhn tght tgbrb ms *rlihi`( nl unm+lrfmt( mn tgb h(

tgbsb bvmabntmh`s hrb usba? lnb fh( trust h rb*lrtbr flrb tghn hnltgbr lnb%

Ab*bnamn' ln tgb bvmabntmh` usba@ lnb ms `bttmn' ltgbrs nl gms ln

*l`mtmdh` *rb+brbndbs hs tgbrb ms nl nbutrh`mt( ln tb`bvmsmln% Tl +hr sudg

dglmdbs ama nlt rbhdg tgb hrmhnh lr tgb udhnl hs tgb( sbbf tl ib`mbvb

bvbr(tgmn' tgb( sbb ln tb`bvmsmln fhmn`( ibdhusb vmsuh``( hd;umrba

mn+lrfhtmln ms tgb flst rb`mhi`b h`tglu'g mt ms mntbrbstmn' tl nltb tght

Gbvmabntmh`s dlnstmtutb h *lbr+u` hna vbrshtm`b fbhns l+ fhnm*u`htmn' lnb5s

amsdlursb? i( dgllsmn' hn bvmabntmh` lnb mnamdhtbs tgb mn+lrfhtmln slurdb

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hna m+ tgb bvmabntmh` ghs hn b*mstbfmd b)tbnsmln h`sl ght lnb tgmns l+ tgb

mn+lrfhtmln%M Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?4%

+. @hnkuhkb dlnthdt hna bvmabntmh`s %brdb%tmln

gb bfbr'bndb hna tgb `lss l+ bvmabntmh`s ms l+tbn aub tl mntbnsmvb

`hn'uh'b dlnthdt iut ght gh**bns gbn s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs mtg

bvmabntmh`s `bhrn h `hn'uh'b mtglut bvmabntmh`s 2bl*`b gl al nlt usb

bvmabntmh`s *rl*br`( hrb sbbn hs mndlf*btbnt unlrtg( hna hs b ghvb

sbbn mn *rbvmlus dgh*tbrs +rlf h `mn'umstmd *lmnt l+ vmb tgb( hrb nlt

dlnstrudtmn' *rl*br 'rhffhtmdh` sbntbndbs% 2bl*`b gl s*bh `hn'uh'bs

mtglut bvmabntmh`s hrb sbbn hs `mhrs% gbn h Nhtmvb hs lr ms +lrdba tl `bhrn

Bn'`msg T*hnmsg lr 2lrtu'ubsb gl albs gb +bb` s tgbrb h nbba tl b)*lrt

bvmabntmh` dhtb'lrmbs + tgb( al sl ms mt /ust h `mn'umstmd dh`;ub lr h du`turh`

ibghvmlr

Hmgbnvh`a 09389?9!7> sh(s tght *bl*`b gl s*bh `hn'uh'bs mtg

bvmabntmh`s fh( b)*brmbndb slfb amKdu`tmbs gbn rb`htmn' tl *bl*`b gl

s*bh `hn'uh'bs mtglut bvmabntmh`s% T*bhbrs usmn' bvmabntmh`s tr( tl

mntrlaudb mntl tgb thr'bt `hn'uh'b b;umvh`bnts l+ bvmabntmh`s lr h(s l+

sthtmn' tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln gm`b +lr tgb s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs

mtglut bvmabntmh`s tgms h( l+ s*bhmn' fh( sluna tll +lrfh` lr tll

*lf*lus% Tlfb (bhrs h'l fbt h *brsln +rlf $l`mvmh glsb ,rst `hn'uh'b

hs :ubdguh% J( rb`htmln mtg tgms *brsln hs *rbvmlus tl f( nl`ba'b mn

`mn'umstmds hna gha nl mabh ght hn bvmabntmh` hs% J( dlffunmdhtmln mtg

tgms *brsln hs mn T*hnmsg ,rst `htbr ln mn &hth`hn hna al rbdh`` tght gbr

h( l+ s*bhmn' sbbfba s`l tl fb tll +lrfh` hna vbr( rbaunahnt% "rlf

lur *lmnt l+ vmb ghvmn' tl sthtb h` tgb tmfb gl lnb ghs 'lt tgb

mn+lrfhtmln fh( bna u* ibmn' tbamlus hna strhn'b% t fm'gt ib tght ibgmna

tgb smf*`b usb l+ bvmabntmh`s +lr *ur*lsbs l+ 'rhffhtmdh` dlrrbdtmln tgbrb ms

h gbhv( du`turh` bm'gt hna h nbba tl sthtb tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln tght

trhnsdbnas 'rhffhtmdh`mt( hs mt ms trhns`htba tl ltgbr `hn'uh'bs gbrb tgms

+bhturb ms nlt *rbsbnt%

4=


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"lr dbnturmbs hna stm`` nl tgbrb ghvb ibbn fhn( fmsunabrsthnamn's

ibtbbn Nhtmvb Hfbrmdhns hna dl`lnm.brs gmdg fm'gt ghvb gha tgbmr lrm'mn

mn `hn'uh'b mssubs nlt ln`( mn ibmn' hi`b tl trhns`htb *rl*br`( +rlf lnb

`hn'uh'b tl hnltgbr iut mn rbh``( mntbr*rbtmn' g( tgmn's brb shma mn tgb

h( tgb( brb shma% gbn dl`lnm.brs s*lb gl ama tgb Nhtmvb ib`mbvb

tgbf m+ dl`lnm.brs ama nlt sthtb tgbmr slurdbs l+ mn+lrfhtmln l ama

fmssmlnhrmbs tr( tl s*rbha tgb lra mn `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s gb ,rst

Nhtmvb gl gha tl `bhrn tgb `hn'uh'b l+ tgb dl`lnm.brs hs tlà tgmn's `mb

Xla gha drbhtba tgb bhrtg iut s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs mtglut bvmabntmh`mt(

*brgh*s ghvb nbvbr lnabrba gl tgb *rmbst lr tgb imi`b nl hilut mt%

Nhtmvbs l+tbn *brdbmvba dl`lnm.brs hs `mhrs hs *bl*`b gl dluà nlt ib

trustba hna bvbn tglu'g mn fhn( hs*bdts tgb( brb rm'gt tl al sl mt hs

nlt ln`( aub tl tgbmr vml`htmlns l+ Nhtmvb5s `hnas hna rm'gts iut ibdhusb

tgb( ama nlt unabrsthna bhdg ltgbr `mn'umstmdh``( s*bhmn'% gl nls m+

mn dbrthmn hs*bdts tgb dln+usmln hs h`sl dhusba i( tgb `hd l+ usb l+

bvmabntmh`s%

Hs sthtba mn tgb mntrlaudtmln hn H(fhrh *rlvbri tght usba tl tbhdg

dgmàrbn tgb dlrrbdt usb l+ bvmabntmh`s shma? GTbbmn' lnb dhn sh( ghvb

sbbn5 mtglut sbbmn' lnb fust nlt sh( ghvb sbbn5M h *rlvbri tght hs

h`sl usba mn ams*utbs tl dlntrhamdt tgb sthtbfbnts l+ tgb havbrshr(

hrafhn 08=7?84944>% $bgmna tgms *rlvbri tgbrb ms h im' sldmh` mf*`mdhtmln

gmdg ms rbbdtba mn tgb +l``lmn' ;ulthtmln?

Gglsb gl dlfb mntl tgb dlffunmt( +rlf lutsmab hna sthtb hs *brslnh`

nl`ba'b 0m%b% mtg unfhrba vbris hna jhk lr mn T*hnmsg mtg tbnsbs

dlrrbs*lnamn' tl tgb smf*`b hna +uturb> +hdts gmdg tgb( nl ln`( tgrlu'g

`hn'uh'b 0b%'% tgmn's tgb( ghvb rbha mn ills> hrb mffbamhtb`( dhtb'lrm.ba hs

dhas hs *bl*`b gl ibghvb flrb `mb hnmfh`s tghn gufhns hna tgbrb+lrblu'gt tl ib trbhtba `mb hnmfh`s s*bdm,dh` ( tgrlu'g tgb `lss l+ `mn'umstmd

mntbrdghn'b% Dhn'uh'b ms tght gmdg ms flst dghrhdtbrmstmdh``( gufhn tght

gmdg fhbs *bl*`b gufhn hna tght gmdg ms N1 b)tbnaba tl hnmfh`s%M

hrafhn 08=7?844>

"lr tgb H(fhrh nlt usmn' bvmabntmh`s mn tgb rm'gt h( lr nlt usmn' tgbf

ht h`` ms nlt ibmn' gufhn% gms fh( `bha tl strln' du`turh` mf*`mdhtmlns tght

'l ib(lna tgb fbrb dlrrbdtmln l+ slfblnb gbn s*bhmn'% Dbhrnbrs l+

H(fhrh gl lfmt tgb bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbf hrb ht h amshavhnth'b hs tgb( hrb

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h`sl *brdbmvba hs unrb`mhi`b lr `mhrs% lbvbr ght gh**bns mtg tgb nbba

l+ sthtmn' tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln gbn H(fhrh s*bhbrs s*bh mn

T*hnmsg gb hnsbr ms tght slfbgl bvmabntmh`s hrb mndlr*lrhtba tl

T*hnmsg% hrafhn 08=7?844> usbs slfb b)hf*`bs +rlf tgb T*hnmsg s*lbn

mn Dh 2h. $l`mvmh hna mn tgb Hnabhn rb'mln mn lrabr tl sgl tgms% n tgb

+l``lmn' tl b)hf*`bs tgb *ù*br+bdt ms utm`m.ba hs h nln*brslnh`

mn+lrfhtmln fhrbr?

(%#) gh!Bh :mstl `h dhshTgb-gb sh tgb glusb5 0nln*brslnh` lr sur*rmsb>%

(%%) :m `h dhshTgb-gb sh tgb glusb5 0hna sh gbr sbb mt>%

Hs h T*hnmsg s*bhbr fust sh( tght tgb `mtbrh` trhns`htmln +lr 0 mssgb-gb gha sbbn tgb glusb5 hna tght mn sthnahra T*hnmsg mt fbhns tgb

shfb hs mn Bn'`msg mtg nl nuhndbs ht h``% l h sthnahra T*hnmsg s*bhbr

tgbrb ms nl mn+lrfhtmln fhrbr mn tgbsb tl b)hf*`bs%

Hnltgbr h( tl sthtb bvmabntmh`s ms mtg tgb +uturb tbnsb hrafhn

08=7?84!>?

(%&) :bnar

m`` dlfb5 0fh(ib iut al nlt hmt +lr fb% Nln*brslnh`>%

(%') :ly h :bnmr m`` dlfb5 0hna hmt +lr fb% 2brslnh`>%

luà trhns`htb b)hf*`b 0hs G hf 'lmn' tl dlfbM h`tglu'g mt albs

nlt fhb hn( amIbrbndb% "lr h sthnahra T*hnmsg s*bhbr tgb fbhnmn' ms tgb

shfb hs mn Bn'`msg hna nl lnb luà *brdbmvb m+ slfblnb sh(s? :bnar,

tght b al nlt nbba tl hmt +lr tgms *brsln ibdhusb fh(ib gb albs nlt

sgl u*% ght dluà ib tgb dhusb l+ fhn( fmsunabrsthnamn's hfln'

s*bhbrs l+ tgb shfb `hn'uh'b mn tgms dhsb T*hnmsg% $ut mt h`sl dluà ib tgb

rbhsln tght tglsb gl al nlt s*bh tgms vhrmbt( l+ T*hnmsg Egmdg hrb tgb

vhst fh/lrmt(E sbb Nhtmvbs hs `mhrs mndlf*btbnts lr sghfb`bss *bl*`b% Bvbn

nhtmvb T*hnmsg s*bhbrs lr tglsb b`` hd;uhmntba mtg tgb `hn'uh'b sgluà

ib hhrb gbn 'lmn' tl tgbsb rb'mlns tght vbrih` tbnsbs hrb nlt usba mn tgb

shfb h(%

Tlfb ltgbr tl b)hf*`bs tght Hmgbnvhà 09389?88!> fbntmlns hrb?

(%) gly aBh gh!Bh ``bhal su fhfh ab `

!8


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tlah( gha hrrmvba gms fltgbr l+ gblah( gms fltgbr hrrmvba5 0iut ama nlt sbb gbr hrrmvb>%

(%.) gly aBh ``b su fhfh ab `tlah( hrrmvba gms fltgbr l+ gblah( gms fltgbr hrrmvba5 0hna sh gbr hrrmvb>%

gb b)hf*`bs +rlf hrafhn 0 hna 0sgl gl bvmabntmh`mt( ms

drbhtba tgrlu'g tbnsb% lbvbr sbb lnb flrb mntbrbstmn' tgmn' mn tgbsb

tl b)hf*`bs gmdg nbmtgbr hrafhn nlr Hmgbnvhà nltmdb? rbaunahnd(%

gms rbaunahnd( fhbs T*hnmsg sluna slfbgl hnnl(mn'% rbs*bdtba tgb

lrm'mnh` '`lss +rlf Hmgbnvhà bvbn tglu'g iltg b)hf*`bs sthrt mtg? gly

aBh, gmdg `mtbrh``( fbhns Gtlah( ah(M gbn mn sthnahra T*hnmsg tgms

b)*rbssmln ms ln`( usba mn dlntb)ts tght luà trhns`htb hs Gnlhah(sM

nbvbr mn dlntb)ts sudg hs tgb lnb hilvb%

(&8) gly bn aBh h bntb :h bn dldgbnlhah(s *bl*`b 'l i( dhr5%

n sthnahra T*hnmsg *bl*`b al nlt sh(? nlhah(s mt gha hrrmvba gms

fltgbr% gbrb+lrb gly aBhGtlah( ah(M ms h rbaunahnd( *brgh*s aub tl tgms

du`turh` nbba tl sthtb hs fudg mn+lrfhtmln hs *lssmi`b% Hnltgbr mssub tl

dlnsmabr ms tght tgb dlnstrudtmln su fhfh ab `Ggms fltgbr l+ gmfM sgls

rbaunahnd( hs b`` hs dhn ib sbbn mn tgb Bn' msg trhns`htmln% gmsdlnstrudtmln slunas ;umtb strhn'b tl hn lutsmabr bvbn m+ tgb lutsmabr ms h

nhtmvb T*hnmsg s*bhbr% mtg tgms rbaunahnt dlnstrudtmln tgb s*bhbr fh(

ib rbmn+lrdmn' tgb 'mvbn mn+lrfhtmln sl mn iltg dhsbs mt ms d`bhr tght mt ms

tlah( hna tght gms fltgbr ms rbh``( gms fltgbr hna nl lnb b`sb5s% gms dluà

h`sl ib h s(nthdtmd dh`;ub +rlf H(fhrh suistmtutmn' tgb nbba tl 'mvb hh(

tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln% Yn+lrtunhtb`( tgbrb ms nlt bnlu'g mn+lrfhtmln

hvhm`hi`b tl ib surb hilut tgms%

T*hnmsg hna 2lrtu'ubsb hrb tgb tl fhmn dl`lnmh` `hn'uh'bs +rlf Tlutg

Hfbrmdh% b ghvb /ust sbbn gl tgb H(fhrh gbn s*bhmn' T*hnmsg usb

tgb vbrih` tbnsb hs hn bvmabntmh % lbvbr hs b m`` slln sbb mn

2lrtu'ubsb Nhtmvbs sudg hs tgb 2hrmntmntmn hfln' ltgbrs usb amF qub 0

sh( tght> lr amssb qub 0 shma tght>% gbn s*bhmn' h Nhtmvb `hn'uh'b

2lrtu'ubsb `lhnlras hrb h`sl usba hna bvmabntmh`s hrb mntb'rhtba mntl

tgbsb `lhnlras% n sbdtmln b ghvb hn b)hf*`b l+

`hn'uh'b dlnthdt hna mntbr+brbndb mn [h'hgmv 'mvbn i( [rhdb 0933=?>%n tgb sbdlna *hrh'rh*g l+ tgb b)hf*`b b ghvb tgb +l``lmn'?

!9


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08> Elrdl4B om hghyg


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nbba +lr h sbntbndb tl sluna ibttbr tl sh( amF qublr amssb qubh`` tgb tmfb%

b dluà bvbn sthtb tgb l**lsmtb hs lvbrusmn' tgbsb tl b)*rbssmlns luà

sluna iha tl 2lrtu'ubsb nhtmvb s*bhbrs +rlf ltgbr hrbhs% 2rlihi`( tgbrb ms

h du`turh` nbba +lr tgb bvmabntmh` tgb nbba tl dlnsthnt`( abd`hrb gl tgb

mn+lrfhtmln ms hd;umrba% gb shfb gh**bns mtg hrmhnh gmdg hddlramn' tl

Hmgbnvhà 09334?89> usb tgb +l``lmn' +lrfs l+ bvmabntmh mt( mn

2lrtu'ubsb? bu tbngl $rl:h G ghvb *rll+M@ bu bsdutbmlr bu sbntbmG +b`tM@

$hrbdbGmt sbbfsM@ hna tgb lnb absdrmiba ib+lrb amF qubGmt ms shma tghtM%

n tgb Zhu*bs rb'mln mn $rh.m` Hmgbnvhà 09389?9C4> rbfbfibrs h

durmlus +hdt +rlf lnb l+ gbr mn+lrfhnts Olvmnl $rmtl h s*bhbr l+ tgrbb

`hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s? hrmhnh 2mrhth*u(h hna udhnl% gbn gb

s*bhs 2lrtu'ubsb gb fhbs surb tght tgb h( gb hd;umrbs mn+lrfhtmln ms

b`` unabrstlla% Aurmn' gms s*bbdg gb dlnsthnt`( haas? G sbbM G gbhrM G

ghvb *rll+M Gmt h**bhrsM lr Gmt ms shmaM% n h dbrthmn h( gb ms *hrh*grhsmn'

,vb bvmabntmh`s? vmsuh` gbhra mn+brrba hssufba hna rb*lrtba% 1ndb h'hmn

tgms h( l+ th`mn' slunas ht `bhst strhn'b tl h 2lrtu'ubsb s*bhbr iut tgb

du`turh` nbba tl th` mn tgms fhnnbr ms strln'br hna tgbn h'hmn mt albs nlt

fhttbr tl tgb hrmhnh s*bhbrs gbtgbr tgms 2lrtu'ubsb ms rbaunahnt lr nlt%

Dhn'uh'b dlnthdt smtuhtmlns hna `hn'uh'b sgm+ts fh( h`sl *rlvlb tgb`lss l+ s*bdm,d +bhturbs +rlf lnb l+ tgb `hn'uh'bs% n tgms dhsb fhn(

Nhtmvb `hn'uh'bs tght hrb mn tgb *rldbss l+ amsh**bhrmn' unabr'l

'rhffhtmdh` rbaudtmln% gms gh**bns mn *rldbssbs l+ `hn'uh'b sgm+t hs

dluà ib tgb dhsb l+ b)hf*`b 08>% n tgms dhsb b sgluà lnabr m+ ght ms

ibmn' `lst ms nlt ln`( h 'rhffhtmdh` +bhturb lr h `hn'uh'b iut h`sl h

du`turh` trhmt h h( l+ *brdbmvmn' `m+b tgrlu'g `hn'uh'b%

Tl +hr b ghvb sbbn tl smtuhtmlns? lnb smtuhtmln mn gmdg bvmabntmh`s hrb

ibmn' trhns+brrba tl h `hn'uh'b mtglut bvmabntmh`s tgb dhsb l+ H(fhrh hna

T*hnmsg hna tgb dhsb gbrb bvmabntmh`s hrb nlt trhns+brrba tl tgb nb

`hn'uh'b b)hf*`b 08>% ib`mbvb tgbrb hrb tl dhusbs +lr tgms amIbrbndb%

gb ,rst lnb ms h sldml`mn'umstmd lnb% H(fhrh ms h strln' `hn'uh'b mtg fhn(

s*bhbrs hna mn slfb hrbhs mt ms bvbn strln'br tghn T*hnmsg% Jhn( H(fhrh

al nlt s*bh T*hnmsg ht h``@ slfb hrb im`mn'uh` tl h dbrthmn ab'rbb hna

ltgbrs hrb tlth``( im`mn'uh` mn T*hnmsg lr ht `bhst mn T*hnmsg ibdhusb fhn(

Nhtmvbs fhstbr flrb tghn lnb Nhtmvb `hn'uh'b% Tlfb H(fhrh al nlt `bhrnT*hnmsg dlrrbdt`( lr nbvbr 'bt tl ib ubnt mn T*hnmsg *brgh*s ibdhusb tgb

!!


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bnvmrlnfbnt albs nlt rb;umrb tgbf tl al sl hna ibdhusb tgb strbn'tg l+

tgb H(fhrh `hn'uh'b mnubndbs tgb `ldh` T*hnmsg% gb sbdlna rbhsln dlu`a

ib du`turh`% gb H(fhrh +bb` tgb nbba tl s*bdm+( tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln

bvbr( tmfb tgb( s*bh@ tgms nbba ms trhns`htba mn tgb gmstlrmdh` h**bhrhndb

l+ bvmabntmh`s mn tgb H(fhrh `hn'uh'b iut h`sl mn tgb trhns+brbndb l+ tgbsb

bvmabntmh`s tl T*hnmsg% 2rlihi`( h dlfimnhtmln l+ tgbsb tl rbhslns h**`mbs

tl H(fhrh% gb dhsb l+ [h'hgmv ms amIbrbnt% gms ms h sfh`` `hn'uh'b gmdg

*rlihi`( ama nlt mntbr+brb mtg 2lrtu'ubsb hs 2lrtu'ubsb ama mtg [h'hgmv%

Hs b dhn sbb mn 08> tgms ms trub tl tgb b)tbnt tght tgb mn+lrfhnt dlntmnubs

b)*`hmnmn' tgb arbhf ln`( mn 2lrtu'ubsb% n tgms dhsb nlt ln`( ms tgb

`hn'uh'b `lst iut h`sl tgb du`turh` nbba +lr tgb usb l+ bvmabntmh`s tl s*bdm+(

tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln% [rhdb hKrfs tght tgb mn+lrfhnt hs flrb ubnt

mn 2lrtu'ubsb tghn mn [h'hgmv%

n Nlrtg Hfbrmdh mt ms *lssmi`b tl ,na smfm`hr smtuhtmlns% "lr b)hf*`b tgb

Bn'`msg s*lbn i( tgb Shvh*hm hna 2hmutb +rlf Hrm.lnh gl dlnsthnt`( usb

Gtgb( sh(M +lr nln,rstghna b)*brmbndbs #busb 09334?=C>%

Bvmabntmh`s ghvb tl al mtg slurdb l+ nl`ba'b hna tgms nl`ba'b

fm'gt fbhn du`turb% n f( l*mnmln +rlf tgb b)hf*`bs hilvb mt ms ;umtb d`bhr

tght bvmabntmh`s hrb fudg flrb tghn /ust h 'rhffhtmdh` +bhturb@ tgb( b)mstibdhusb l+ du`turh` nbbas nhfb`( tgb nbba tl d`bhr`( ab,nb tgb slurdb l+

nl`ba'b% n `hn'uh'b dlnthdt lr mn smtuhtmlns l+ `hn'uh'b sgm+t slfb +bb`

tgb nbba tl trhns+br tgbsb bvmabntmh`s tl tgb thr'bt `hn'uh'b gm`b slfb

ltgbr s*bhbrs al nlt +bb` tgms nbba% glsb gl trhns+br bvmabntmh`s hrb

dhrr(mn' nl`ba'b mtg tgbf tgb( hrb bb*mn' h du`turb h`mvb bvbn m+ tgbmr

`hn'uh'bs ambs% glsb gl al nlt trhns+br bvmabntmh`s *hrtmdm*htb Eflst`(

unm``mn'`(E nlt ln`( mn tgb b)tmndtmln l+ h `hn'uh'b iut mn tgb b)tmndtmln l+

nl`ba'b hna h unm;ub h( l+ sbbmn' `m+b%

,. #fh-lnmhn sldmbtmbs

b ghvb sbbn sl +hr?

gl bvmabntmh`s lr@ tgb +hdt tght bvmabntmh`mt( ms hn li`m'htlr( 'rhffhtmdh` dhtb'lr(@

tgb nbba +lr tgb s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s tl dlrrbdt`(usb bvmabntmh`s mn tgbmr ln `hn'uh'bs@

!


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tgb trhns+br l+ bvmabntmh`s tl nlnHfbrmnamhn `hn'uh'bs mn dlnthdt

smtuhtmlns%

n tgms dgh*tbr b m`` tr( tl `bhvb `mn'umstmds hsmab tl tr( tl unabrsthna

gl Hfh.lnmhn sldmbtmbs +undtmln%

"mrst b hrb 'lmn' tl th` hilut trust% Bvmabntmh`s hs b ghvb shma fhn(

tmfbs hna +rlf h strmdt`( `mn'umstmd *lmnt l+ vmb hrb dlndbrnba mtg sthtmn'

tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln hna nlt hs *rbsbntba mn dgh*tbr 9 mtg ibmn' hi`b

tl `mb lr nlt% Bvmabntmh`s hna trust ghvb nl rb`htmlnsgm* mn `mn'umstmd tbrfs%

lbvbr s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s *brdbmvb tgb s*bhbrs l+

`hn'uh'bs mtglut bvmabntmh`s hs `mhrs hs tgbsb `hn'uh'bs aln5t sthtb tgb

slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln% "lr tgb s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s tgms

rbsu`ts mn h `hd l+ trust? m+ tgb( hrb nlt tb``mn' us gl tgb( dhfb tl nl

tgms mn+lrfhtmln gl dhn b trust tgbf

Hnltgbr mf*lrthnt mssub ms gl vmsuh` mn+lrfhtmln ms *brdbmvba% n

dgh*tbr 9 b fbntmlnba tght hddlramn' tl Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?> mn fhn(

`hn'uh'bs tgb vmsuh` bvmabntmh` ms tgb lnb usba i( ab+hu`t lr tgb unfhrba

lnb% gms ms h rb`bvhnt du`turh` hs*bdt gmdg ms h`sl `mnba tl trust% Tbbmn' ms

ib`mbvmn'%

,.8. Qrust

ght ms trust Hddlramn' tl tgb Jbrrmhf bistbr Amdtmlnhr(7 trust ms?

Gib`mb+ tght slfblnb lr slfbtgmn' ms rb`mhi`b 'lla glnbst bIbdtmvb btd%M

lbvbr gl ms trust b)*brmbndba mn tgb Hfh.lnmhn sldmbtmbs &hn trust ib

`mnba mn hn( h( tl tgb usb l+ bvmabntmh`s Albs mt fbhn tght tglsb gl usb

bvmabntmh`s hrb trustlrtg( lr rb`mhi`b

G gha nl ;uh`fs mn fm)mn' f(tgs `b'bnas hna stlrmbs l+ sl fhn( *bl*`b

ibdhusb nl b`` f( namhns% nl tgb( ghvb nl +hnhtmdmsf +lr tgb unm;ub

trutg% gb( hrb *br+bdt`( dh*hi`b l+ hddb*tmn' fu`tm*`b vbrsmlns l+ tgb shfb

bvbnt thmn' h`` hs trub% hf surb tght hn( $rh.m`mhn namhn rbhamn' f(tgl`l'(

mnsdrmiba mn Jhrh m`` ,na mt *br+bdt`( ib`mbvhi`b%M=#mibmrl 09338?99>%

7 gtt*?--%fbrrmhfbistbr%dlf-amdtmlnhr(-trust

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gms ;ultb gb`*s us unabrsthna gl tgb Nhtmvbs b)*brmbndb `mb hna trutg

+rlf h du`turh` *lmnt l+ vmb mtg nl rb`htmln tl `hn'uh'b% gms abf(stm,bs

tgb *br*btuhtba stbrblt(*b l+ mnam'bnlus *bl*`b bs*bdmh``( tglsb gl `mvb

mn tgb Hfh.lnmhn rhmn +lrbst mtg `mtt`b dlnthdt mtg bstbrn sldmbt(% Nhtmvbs

hrb nlt *urb mnnldbnt *bl*`b tgb( hrb nlt +hnhtmdh``( *ursumn' h unm;ub

trutg% gbrb+lrb mt ms nlt h fhttbr gbtgbr b bstbrnbrs fh( trust tgbf lr

nlt iut gbtgbr tgb( trust bhdg ltgbr% 1ndb h'hmn #mibmrl 08==?8

+hsdmnhtba i( tgb h( Nhtmvbs b)*`hmn hna dlndbmvb tgb lrà sh(s tght tgb

Yruio[hh*lr +rlf tgb Hfh.ln ama nlt ghvb tgb G+hnhtmdmsf l+ trutgM83

gmdg su**lrts ght ghvb /ust sthtba%

t ms h`sl mf*lrthnt tl unabrsthna sbvbrh` +hdtlrs l+ Hfh.ln sldmbt( tght

mnubndb tgb h( tgb( `mvb hna *brdbmvb tgb lr a% Ynabrsthnamn' tgms

lràvmb fh( 'mvb us gmnts ln gl tgb( fh( unabrsthna trust% "lr

b)hf*`b +lr tgb Shnlfhfm88 h dlffunmt( `bhabr ms nlt tgb strln'bst lnb

i( fbhns l+ Gdlbrdmvb +lrdbM iut ms rhtgbr bf*lbrba flst`( i( tgb trust

gb mns*mrbs% t ms h s(stbf Gmn gmdg `bhabrs b)brdmsb hutglrmt( mtglut

*rhdtmdmn' hutglrmthrmhnmsfM Hès 09333?84C>% gbrb+lrb h *lssmi`b

mntbr*rbthtmln dluà ib tght m+ nbdlfbrs s*bhmn' `hn'uh'bs mtglut

bvmabntmh`s hrb sbbn hs `mhrs E smndb tgb( nbvbr sthtb tgbmr slurdbs l+

mn+lrfhtmln tgb( dhnnlt ib trustba ib hddb*tba hs dgmb+s lr ru`b tgb

Shnlfhfm bmtgbr% brb b ghvb h *lssmi`b dhusb l+ dlnmdt ibtbbn tgb

Shnlfhfm hna tgb dl`lnm.brs mtg glf tgb( dhnnlt iumà h rb`htmlnsgm* l+

sl`mahrmt( hna trust smndb tgb Shnlfhfm Hès 09333?8!3> iumà tgbsb mnas

l+ rb`htmlnsgm*s tgrlu'g tgb b)dghn'b l+ sbrvmdbs +lla +un hna bvbn dghts

mn tgb bvbr(ah( `m+b% "lr tgbf mt ms h h( tl b)*rbss +rmbnasgm* h h( l+

b)*rbssmn' hna +bb`mn' G`lvb hna hfmt(M% gb dlndb*tmln l+ trust hs b``

= 1rm'mnh`? GRAl tm:b nbnguf bsdr

!C


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dhn ib sgln mn tgb h( dgmàrbn hd;umrb h sbnsb l+ ib`ln'mn' tl h

dlffunmt(% gb s*mrmt l+ dl``bdtmvb fbfibrsgm* hna dl``bdtmvb rbs*lnsmim`mt(

ms thu'gt tl dgmàrbn tgrlu'g tgbmr mndrbhsmn' *hrtmdm*htmln mn tgb rmtuh` hna

bdlnlfmd h( l+ `m+b l+ tgb Shnlfhfm% gbmr *hrtmdm*htmln ms tgb dlndb*tuh`

ihsb +lr trust hna hIbdtmln? tgbrb+lrb b fh( mn+br tght mt ms nlt *lssmi`b tl

iumà sudg rb`htmlnsgm*s mtg unrb`mhi`b lutsmabrs% t ms mf*lrthnt tl

rbfbfibr tght tgb( al nlt trust *bl*`b gl s*bh mtglut bvmabntmh`s%

&lntmnumn' mtg tgb Shnlfhfm Hès 09333?8! mnsmsts tght trust ms tgb

rbsu`t l+ *rll+s l+ sl`mahrmt(@ tl tgbf trust ms drbhtba hs fudg tgrlu'g hdts

l+ sl`mahrmt( ln h ahm`( ihsms hs i( fms+lrtunb ams*utb lr hr% n hn( 'mvbn

dlntb)t tgb Shnlfhfm ghvb tl sgl bhdg ltgbr hIbdtmln dll*brhtmln hna

h` mhndb hna dlnsthnt`( sthtb tgbmr hfmt(% "lr tgb Shnlfhfm trust

Gdlnstmtutbs h *brfhnbnt fhttbr l+ aluit%M lbvbr +urtgbr hgbha Hès

09333?8!7> sthtbs tght tgb Shnlfhfm hrb h *bl*`b mtg h G`mfmtba trust

s(stbfM gbrb Gh`tglu'g *lssbssmn' tbf*lrhr( lr dlntb)t rb`htba bKdhd(

tgb( mf*hrt dlnsmabrhi`b a(nhfmsf tl tgbmr sldmh` rb`htmlnsM%

l bna tgms sbdtmln gbrb b ghvb amsdussba trust b)dùsmvb`( mt ms

mf*lrthnt tl *lmnt lut

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