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Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me
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Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Jan 22, 2016

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Jaren Marquiss

greek influence

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greek speaking jews

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Page 1: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Evidences Class

It’s All Greek to Me

Page 2: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.
Page 3: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Alexander the Great

Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance in the 4th century B.C. Under their greatest king Alexander III, the Greeks conquered most of the Middle East. Greek influence and the Greek language spread with it.

Page 4: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.
Page 5: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Alexander the Great died mysteriously at the age of 32, but his conquests changed the culture and language of the Mediterranean region. This Greek influence is called Hellenism. You can see the Hellenist influence today as far away as Jerash in modern day Jordan.

The ParthenonJerash

Page 6: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Just Consider

When a city is conquered by an invading nation, in time that city will begin to take on the culture and language of the invader. In this way, Greek became the principal language of commerce, government, and education. Many Jews became Hellenized and lost their knowledge of Hebrew.

Page 7: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

What does Septuagint Mean?Even before the Dead Sea Scrolls were found, there were examples of the Hebrew Bible in Greek. Beginning in 300 B.C., Hellenized Jews began translating the Hebrew scriptures into Greek. This earliest Greek version of Hebrew scripture is called the Septuagint (LXX).

Page 8: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Legend of a NameThe name derives from a legend that 72 (70?) scholars from all 12 tribes of Israel translated the first 5 books (The Pentateuch) in 72 days. However, the northern tribes were dispersed by the Assyrians in 722 B.C. and only three tribes were likely present and accounted for in the 3rd Century. Most scholars believe Greek speaking Jews in Alexandria, Egypt performed this translation between the 3rd and 1st centuries B.C.

Page 9: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

According to the LegendAristeas claims that the Septuagint was completed on the island of Pharos under the shadow of the lighthouse.

Page 10: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Is it a good translation?• The Pentateuch is excellent

• Septuagint appears to be the correct reading rather than the oldest Hebrew manuscripts in a few cases

• Substantial variations in Joshua, 1 Samuel, 1 Kings, Proverbs, Esther, and Jeremiah

• Which Septuagint?

• The translation that the Gospel writers and Paul quoted from

Page 11: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Replica of a Synagogue in Nazareth

Page 12: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

And he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up. And as was his custom, he went to the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and he stood up to read. And the scroll of the prophet Isaiah was given to him. He unrolled the scroll and found the place where it was written, "The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to proclaim good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim liberty to the captives and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty those who are oppressed, to proclaim the year of the Lord's favor." And he rolled up the scroll and gave it back to the attendant and sat down. And the eyes of all in the synagogue were fixed on him. (Luke 4:16-20 ESV)

Which OT Source did Jesus Quote?

Page 13: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Over time the Old Testament writings (Hebrew scriptures and the Septuagint) became collectively known as the Old Covenant, and the 1st Century writings were called the New Covenant. The Latin word Testamentum meaning “covenant” came to be used in the West.

Page 14: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

New Testament WritingsPolycarp (69-155 AD) included direct and indirect quotations from 19 of 27 New Testament books in a single letter.

Ignatius (35-107 AD) cited both the Gospel of John and the writings of Paul.

Page 15: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.
Page 16: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

PapyrusWith constant use a papyrus manuscript might last only 10 years

Page 17: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Christians and Their Writings Suffer

Emperor Diocletian (245-305 AD) ordered Christians to sacrifice to the Roman gods. Christian documents throughout the empire were confiscated and/or burned. Those who refused to comply were executed.

Page 18: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Manuscript

In general, anything written by hand Documents written in the original tongue NT manuscript is any Greek NT manuscript

Page 19: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Almost all surviving early writings are from Egypt

Page 20: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Diocletian’s SuccessOnly a few fragments of NT scripture exist from before the 4th Century and all known fragments are Egyptian in Origin.

Page 21: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

But Even So …Author Book Date Written Earliest Copies Time Gap No. of CopiesHomer Iliad 800 B.C. c. 400 B.C. c. 400 years 643Herodotus History 480-425 B.C. c. A.D. 900 c. 1350 years 8Thucydides History 460-400 B.C. c. A.D. 900 c. 1300 years 8Plato 400 B.C. c. A.D. 900 c. 1300 years 7Caesar Gallic Wars 100-44 B.C. c. A.D. 900 c. 1000 years 10Tacitus Annals A.D. 100 c. A.D. 1100 c. 1000 years 20

Date Written Earliest Copies Time Gap No. of CopiesA.D. 50-100 c. 114 (fragment) 50+ years 5366

c. 200 (books) 100 yearsc. 250 (most of NT) 150 yearsc. 325 (Complete NT) 225 years

New TestamentBook

Page 22: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Church Father Quotations …

Writer Gospels Acts Pauline Epistles General Epistles Revelation TotalsJustin Martyr 268 10 43 6 3 330Irenaeus 1038 194 499 23 65 1819Clement (Alex.) 1107 44 1127 207 11 2406Origen 9231 349 7778 399 165 17,992Tertullian 3822 502 2609 120 205 7258Hippolytus 734 42 387 27 188 1378Eusebius 3258 211 1592 88 27 5176Grand Totals 19368 1352 14035 870 664 36,289

The quotations are so extensive that the New Testament could be virtually reconstructed from them without the New Testament Manuscripts.

Page 23: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Oldest New Testament FragmentJohn Rylands Papyrus1st half of the 2nd century

Pilate said to them, "Take him yourselves and judge him by your own law." The Jews said to him, "It is not lawful for us to put anyone to death." This was to fulfill the word that Jesus had spoken to show by what kind of death he was going to die. So Pilate entered his headquarters again and called Jesus and said to him, "Are you the King of the Jews?" (John 18:31-33 ESV)

Page 24: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Bodmer Papyrus (3rd Century)Contains parts of the Gospel of John

Similar to our oldest two Bibles the Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus

Page 25: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Uncials

Codex Vaticanus

Page 26: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Uncial Romans 1PAULASERVANTOFCHRISTJESUSCALLEDTOBEANAPOSTLESETAPARTFORTHEGOSPELOFGODWHICHHEPROMISEDBEFOREHANDTHROUGHHISPROPHETSINTHEHOLYSCRIPTURESCONCERNINGHISSON

Page 27: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Minuscules

Page 28: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Our Oldest Bibles (AD 300-450)Codex Vaticanus Codex Sinaiticus

Page 29: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Codex Vaticanus

Located in the Vatican Library

Resided there since at least 1481

The spoils of war for Napolean

Tischendorf published a 1st edition in 1867

Page 30: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Typical Small Differences

John 3:13 (ESV) No one has ascended into heaven except he who descended from heaven, the Son of Man (who is in heaven).

John 8:57 (ESV) So the Jews said to him, “You are not yet fifty years old, and have you seen Abraham?” (has Abraham seen you)

John 9:35 (ESV) Jesus heard that they had cast him out, and having found him he said, “Do you believe in the Son of Man?” (Son of God)

Page 31: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Mark 16:9-20CodexVaticanus

Most early Uncials include Latin Vulgate Irenaeus mentions in the 2nd

Century Curious space in the Codex

Vaticanus

http://www.bible-researcher.com/vaticanus5.jpg
Page 32: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Saint Catherine’s Monastery

Page 33: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Saint Catherine’s Monastery

Page 34: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Saint Catherine’s Monastery

Page 35: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Constantin Tischendorf

Of all Tischendorf’s accomplishments, the best known is his discovery of Codex Sinaiticus at St. Catherine’s Monastery (located near Mount Sinai). The manuscript, dated around AD 360 to 375, is one of the two oldest vellum (treated animal hide) manuscripts of the Greek New Testament. The first time Tischendorf visited the monastery (1844), he retrieved several leaves of an ancient Septuagint from a wastebasket. Many other leaves, he was told, had already been used to stoke fires!

Page 36: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Constantin Tischendorf

On another visit (1859) he was shown a copy of the Greek Scriptures (containing books of the Old Testament and all of the New Testament) by the steward of the monastery. Recognizing it as the oldest extant copy of the Greek Scriptures, Tischendorf attempted to purchase the manuscript but was refused.

Page 37: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

Constantin Tischendorf

After making a transcription of the text, Tischendorf did some political maneuvering wherein the czar of Russia was given the manuscript in exchange for favors conferred upon the authorities of the monastery. Tischendorf greatly used the textual evidence of Codex Sinaiticus in preparing his critical editions of the Greek New Testament.

Page 38: Evidences Class It’s All Greek to Me. Alexander the Great Although some early Greek city states had democracies, a powerful monarchy gained dominance.

The Gospel of Judas???


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