Evidence for Repression? dhood amnesia? NO hogenic amnesia? MAYBE eptual defense? NO Other studies s of the Tongue Does repressed material come out in s? (Freudian slips) is my great pleasure to prevent . . . an present our leader.” s et al. (1992) slips created in the l Do dieters make more slips related to “ig pout” spoken as “pig out” NO (didn’t work)
43
Embed
Evidence for Repression? Childhood amnesia?NO Psychogenic amnesia?MAYBE Perceptual defense?NO Other studies Slips of the Tongue Does repressed material.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Evidence for Repression?
Childhood amnesia? NOPsychogenic amnesia? MAYBEPerceptual defense? NO
Other studies
Slips of the Tongue
Does repressed material come out inslips? (Freudian slips)
“It is my great pleasure to prevent . . .I mean present our leader.”
Baars et al. (1992) slips created in the lab
(1) Do dieters make more slips related to food?
“ig pout” spoken as “pig out”
NO (didn’t work)
(2) Do male speakers who score high ona “sex-guilt” questionnaire make more slipsrelated to sex?
“bine foddy” spoken as “fine body”
There was a tendency for more slips from thesubjects who felt guilty about sex
Studies of Collections of Real Speech Errors
No evidence for hypothesis that slips expressrepressed material
Conclude:Evidence is not strong for “Freudianslips”
Dreams and Repression
Why do some people remember dreams morethan others?
Some people dream less?probably not
Some people wake up differently?probably this does account for somedifference
RepressionHypothesisYou repressyour dreams
and so you onlyremember
“harmless” ones.
SalienceHypothesis
What matters isintensity. If youdon’t remember
dreams, it’sbecause they are
not intense.
Cohen & Cox (1975) found•A “repression” test did not correlate with dreamrecall•more intense dreams more likely to be reported
Remembering Dreams
Are dreams “real”?
•REM - rapid eye movements
period of REM sleep is correlatedwith the length of dream
content of sleep talking consistent with reported content
•Lucid dreaming
becoming aware that you are dreaming while you are dreaming
You can be trained to make an overt responseas soon as you’re aware you are dreaming.
Return of Repressed Memories?
PainfulMemory
Memoryis Gone
Memory Returns
. . . . . .
Example
return of memory for a murder
Are the memories real?
False memories can be created by suggestions,
misleading information
Loftus & Coan “Shopping Mall Experiment”
How easy is it to plant false memories inchildren?
“Sam Stone” experimentCeci, Leichtman & White
3-6 year olds
(1) told about Sam Stone who is clumsy(2) “Sam” visits and is not clumsy(3) next day, shown a ripped book and
asked if Sam did it
•almost no one said Sam did•25% said he could have done it, though, but they didn’t see him do it
(4) each child is interviewed 5 times over thenext 10 weeks
During interviews“I wonder whether Sam Stone waswearing long or short pants when heripped the book?
(6) New interviewer asked children whathappened when Sam visited
•72% of 3-4 year olds said Sam ruinedsomething•45% “saw” him do it•only 11% of 5-6 year olds “saw” him do it
A control group who wasn’t told Sam was clumsy in phase (1) made fewer false claims
Conclude:
Repeated interviews create false memories more in younger children
•Expectations matter
Repression
•“Everyday repression” lots of evidence•Taboo word effect not repression•Psychogenic amnesia repression is
possible explanation•Slips of the tongue not caused by
repression, but onestudy (Motley &Baars) doessuggest it canhappen
•Return of repressed possible, butmemories memories may be
false•Childhood amnesia not repression•Poor dream recall no evidence for
repression
Sleep and Memory
Jenkins & Dallenbach (1924)
Why?
•Less interference?•Time of day effect?•Maybe sleep actually improves memory
% r
ecal
l of
sylla
ble
s
| | | |1 2 4 8
awake
after sleep
100%
retention interval (hours)
Folkard & Monk (1978)
Subjects read 1500-word passage
Then answer questions
Score onquestions
115-
100-
85-
| | | | | |8 11 2 5 8 11
time of daymorning
morning is best
eveningis worst
Benson & Feinberg (1975)
morning afternoon . . . . morning
Group Alearnnonsense testsyllables
Group Blearnnonsense testsyllables
Group B is better!
Sleep enhances memory? ortime of test?
8 hours
24 hours SLEEP
Idzikowski (1984
serial anticipation learning
NID GAK LIG FES
PAF TUD KEL BOJ
Idzikowski Experiment Conditions
Subjects are re-tested and % savings is computed
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
learn test
morning afternoon
(8 hours)
morning evening
(16 hours)
morning morning
(24 hours)
morning morning
(24 hours with SLEEP)
evening morning
(8 hours with SLEEP)
evening afternoon
(16 hours with SLEEP)
evening evening
(24 hours with SLEEP)
% savings
65%
73%
68%
86%
87%
84%
84%
Idzikowski - Experiment2
Does sleep enhance memory or does beingsleep deprived hurt memory?
% learn test saving
1. evening morning 83%(33 hours)
2. evening morning 84%(33 hours)
The important thing is to sleep after learning.
Being sleep deprived doesn’t hurt as long as youslept after the learning.
SLEEP … all nighter...
SLEEP … SLEEP
•Which phases of sleep are important?
possibly REM sleep
•Are dreams necessary for memory?
possibly
•Is dreaming a kind of house cleaning of yourmind?
Context Dependence
Your ability to remember an event is betterif the “context” at encoding matches the“context” at time of retrieval.
Word contextsFisher & Craik
study item
damp - LAMPcontext
testdamp - ?
damp is a better retrieval cue for LAMP thanlight is
Environmental Contexts
Material learned in one place is best recalled in the same place.
•Room effects are very weak
•Godden & Baddeley (1925)
Recall while Dry Wet
13.5 8.6
8.4 11.4
DryLearn while
Wet
Numberof
wordsrecalled
Drug-related State-dependent Retrieval
Material learned under a particular druggedstate is best retrieved in the same state.
A complete state-dependence experiment
Group
1
2
3
4
LearningState
Placebo
Drug
Placebo
Drug
TestingState
Placebo
Drug
Drug
Placebo
good performance shows state-dependence
Drugs showing state dependence
Marijuana (THC)
barbiturates
amphetamines
alcohol
Dosage must be high enough to change
perceived state of consciousness.
Eich et al. (1975)
Effect of cues on state dependenceDrug was THC (marijuana)
Four groups of subjects
TestDrug Placebo
same diff.
diff. same
DrugStudy
Placebo
Studycategorized lists
Furniture … Animals …LAMP LIONSOFA BEAR. .. .
TEST
Free Recall
Found large effect of state dependence
Cued Recall(give category names as cues)
Found no effect of state dependence!!
WHY?
When do you get State Dependence?
Eich (1980) examined 57 studies
Type of test
Free RecallSerial Recall
Cued RecallRecognition
State Dependence
yesyes
nono
You get S.D. when memory is tested by a
method with no cues
Why are Cues Important?
1. Changing the state changes your “inner” context.
2. Context provides cues that guide the initialsearch through memory.
3. When context is different (when drug state isdifferent) the search is in the wrong place.
4. Cued recall - explicit cues help search get to theright place.
Recognition tests - very little search is required.
So you get no state dependence with cuedrecall and recognition.
Moods are like internal states
Bower (1981)
80-
70-
60-
50-
% o
f re
c all
| | Sad Happy
Recall State
learn when happylearn when sad
Are these phenomena all due to state dependence or environmental contextdependence?
Failure to Recall Dreams?
could be state dependence
Hypnotic Amnesia?
probably not state dependence alone
Failure to Recall Memories From ManiaStates in Manic-Depressive Psychosis?
probably is very similar to drug-related state dependence
Getting Older
The bad news
•you slow down
•you have trouble searching LTS
The good news
•you know a lot more
Memory and Aging
•More difficulty with LTS than STS
FreeRecall
Serial Position
Young
Old
•Remote childhood memories don’t get easier toretrieve with age (Schonfield, 1969)
Tea
cher
Rec
all
.7-
.6-
.5-
.4-
| | | | | |20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70+
Age
Search phase, rather than the decision phase, ofretrieval is disrupted with age.
1. Schonfield & Robertson (1966)
# co
r re c
t o u
t o f
24
2. Vocabulary tests
“Hemoglobin means what?”NO DECLINE WITH AGE
“Red pigment in blood that takes upoxygen is called what?”
GETS WORSE WITH AGE
more search needed
20-
15-
| | | | |20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+
Recall
Recognitionmore search needed
Processing Speed
Sternberg Memory Scanning Paradigm
RT
520-
490-
460-
430-
400- | | | | |1 2 3 4 5
Eachadditionalitem inset addsabout35 msecto RT
yes
RecognitionStudy Test
yes 3 9 7 7trial set size = 3
no 2 1 3 4 5trial
no
Set Size
9 1 5
6
2 8 3 7 9 6
8
4 9
4
Main Results
1. RT increases linearly with set size
2. “Slope” of line is the same for yes and noresponses (each additional item addsabout 35 msec to RT)
Interpretation
Items are held in STS
•Test item is compared with items in memoryone at a time(serial, not parallel, comparison)
•The comparison is done exhaustively (all items)not in a self terminating fashion
600 –
500 –
400 –
| | | | 1 2 3 4
RT
Set Size
yes
CollegeStudents
35 msec/item
RT
Set Size
RT
Set Size
Data shows that it’s exhaustive
If self-terminating
slope for “no”twice as bigas for “yes”
If exhaustive
slope for“no” =slope for“yes”
50-55 year o
ld - 50 m
sec/it
em
35-40 year old - 37 msec/ite
m
Memory scanning rate is not slower, but overallRT is (could be perceptual or motor processes)
Young schizophrenics - 35 msec/item
Young alcoholics - 35 msec/item
800 –
700 –
MentallyRetardedadults (no
brain damage)66 msec/item
Retardationfrom brain
damage111 msec/item
Burke et al. (1991)
Old subjects have more Tip-of-the-Tongueexperiences.
“What is the proper name for a tidal wave?”
“Oh … wait! I know … It’s …... on the tip of my tongue”
Number of TOTs in a diary study
Numberof TOTs
in a month
7-
6-
5-
4-
3-
young middle old
Experimental Study
Asked about famous people
“What is the last name of the man whosaid “I regret that I have but one lifelose for my country?”
Supports the idea that old subjects havedifficulty retrieving information from LTS
Mean# ofTOTs
4-
3-
2-
1-
Young Old
Where do TOTs come from?
Connections in LTS (semantic memory)
You are in the TOT state when you haveactivated the word node, but not the soundnodes
blood pigment ironConcepts
Sounds
Words hemoglobin
h e m o g l o …..
stuck
here
Why are there more TOTs as you get older?
Connections in the LTS network get weaker,
so activation spreads more slowly.
(Burke et al.)
Knowledge is still there, but it is weakened.
Hence it sometimes can’t be retrieved.
Conclusions
1. Aging affects the search phase of retrievalfrom LTS