Evidence for a Recent Creation David A. Plaisted.

Evidence for a Recent Evidence for a Recent CreationCreation

Evidence for a Recent Evidence for a Recent CreationCreation

David A. PlaistedDavid A. PlaistedDavid A. PlaistedDavid A. Plaisted

Evidence for accelerated decayEvidence for accelerated decayEvidence for accelerated decayEvidence for accelerated decay

• Helium retention in zirconsHelium retention in zircons• Recent Carbon 14 datesRecent Carbon 14 dates• Radiation and accelerated decayRadiation and accelerated decay• Evidence of accelerated mutation rateEvidence of accelerated mutation rate• Evidence of a nearby supernovaEvidence of a nearby supernova• Lack of objects in the Kuiper beltLack of objects in the Kuiper belt• Correlation between surface heat flow Correlation between surface heat flow

and the radioactivity of surface rocksand the radioactivity of surface rocks

• Helium retention in zirconsHelium retention in zircons• Recent Carbon 14 datesRecent Carbon 14 dates• Radiation and accelerated decayRadiation and accelerated decay• Evidence of accelerated mutation rateEvidence of accelerated mutation rate• Evidence of a nearby supernovaEvidence of a nearby supernova• Lack of objects in the Kuiper beltLack of objects in the Kuiper belt• Correlation between surface heat flow Correlation between surface heat flow

and the radioactivity of surface rocksand the radioactivity of surface rocks

Many lines of evidence are Many lines of evidence are beginning to fit together into a beginning to fit together into a

consistent picture.consistent picture.

How much evidence is How much evidence is necessary before a paradigm necessary before a paradigm

shift occurs?shift occurs?

Creationists now feel that Creationists now feel that billions of years worth of billions of years worth of

radioactive decay has occurred radioactive decay has occurred on earth, giving old isotopic on earth, giving old isotopic

dates, but this decay took place dates, but this decay took place in only a few thousand years.in only a few thousand years.

Alpha Decay

ZIRCONS

HELIUM DIFFUSION RATES SUPPORT ACCELERATED NUCLEAR DECAY

D. RUSSELL HUMPHREYS, STEVEN A. AUSTIN, JOHN R. BAUMGARDNER,

ANDREW A. SNELLING

International Conference on Creationism

Geneva College, Beaver Falls, PAAugust 4-9, 2003

Two decades ago, Robert Gentry and his colleagues at Oak Ridge National Laboratory reported surprisingly high amounts of nuclear-decay-generated helium in tiny radioactive zircons from Precambrian rock. Up to 58% of the helium (that radioactivity would have

generated during the alleged 1.5 billion year age of the granodiorite) was still in

the zircons. Yet the zircons were so small that they should not have

retained the helium for even a tiny fraction of that time.

The high helium retention levels suggested to us and many other

creationists that the helium simply had not had enough time to diffuse out of

the zircons, and that recent accelerated nuclear decay had

produced over a billion years worth of helium within only the last few

thousand years, during Creation and/or the Flood. Such acceleration would reduce the radioisotopic time scale from megayears down to months.

However, until a few years ago nobody had done the experimental and theoretical studies necessary to

confirm this conclusion quantitatively. In 2000 the RATE project [14] began experiments to measure the diffusion rates of helium in zircon and biotite.

We show that these data limit the age of these rocks to between 4,000 and 14,000 years. These results support our hypothesis of accelerated nuclear decay and represent strong scientific

evidence for the young world of Scripture.

Carbon 14 is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays and

then slowly decays. The older an organic sample is, the less carbon 14 it will contain because it will not be absorbing new carbon 14 after

it dies.

MEASURABLE 14C IN FOSSILIZED ORGANIC MATERIALS: CONFIRMING THE

YOUNG EARTH CREATION-FLOOD MODEL

JOHN R. BAUMGARDNER,D. RUSSELL HUMPHREYS, ANDREW A. SNELLING,

STEVEN A. AUSTIN

International Conference on Creationism

Geneva College, Beaver Falls, PAAugust 4-9, 2003

ABSTRACTGiven the short 14C half-life of 5730 years, organic materials purportedly

older than 250,000 years should contain absolutely no detectable 14C. An astonishing discovery made over the past twenty years is that, almost without exception, when tested by highly sensitive accelerator mass

spectrometer (AMS) methods, organic samples from every portion of the fossil

record show detectable amounts of 14C!

14C/C ratios from all but the youngest samples appear to be clustered in the range 0.1-0.5 pmc (percent modern

carbon), regardless of geological ‘age.’ A straightforward conclusion that can be drawn from these observations is

that all but the very youngest fossilized organic material was buried

contemporaneously much less than 250,000 years ago. This is consistent with the Biblical account of a global Flood that destroyed most of the air-breathing life on the planet in a single brief cataclysm only a few thousand

years ago.

Giem [18] reviewed the literature and tabulated about seventy reported AMS

measurements of 14C in organic materials from the geologic record that, according to the conventional geologic time-scale, should be

14C ‘dead.’ The surprising result is that organic samples from every portion of thefossil record show detectable amounts of

14C. For the measurements considered most reliable, the 14C/C ratios appear to fall in the range 0.1-0.5 percent of the modern 14C/C

ratio (percent modern carbon, or pmc).

0.1 percent modern carbon corresponds to a computed age of

57,000 years!

The conventional uniformitarian age for these samples is well beyond 100,000 years (in

most cases it is tens to hundreds of millions of years).

The samples include coal, anthracite, and natural gas, as well as wood, shells,

foraminifera, and other fossils. Even some Precambrian graphite samples have carbon

14 ages of about 60,000 years!

Some of the researchers tried to explain this carbon 14 as contamination, but none of their

attempts to clean it were successful.

AMS analyses reveal carbon from fossil remains of living organisms, regardless of their position in the

geological record, consistently contain 14C levels far in excess of the AMS

machine threshold, even when extreme pre-treatment methods are applied.

Experiments in which the sample size is varied argue compellingly that the 14C is intrinsic to the fossil material and not a result of handling or pre-

treatment. These conclusions continue to be confirmed in the very latest peer-

reviewed papers.

Moreover, even non-organic carbon samples appear consistently to yield

14C levels well above machine threshold. Graphite samples formed

under metamorphic and reducing conditions in Precambrian limestone environments commonly display 14C values on the order of 0.05 pmc. A

good question is what possibly could be the source of the 14C in this material? We conclude that the

possibility this 14C is primordial is a reasonable one.

Organic matter consistently has a higher 14C ratio than Precambrian

inorganic matter

• Not noise

• Not contamination

Dr Baumgardner sent a diamond for C-14 dating.  It was the first time this had been attempted, and the answer came

back positive—i.e. the diamond, formed deep inside the earth in a ‘Precambrian’ layer, nevertheless

contained radioactive carbon, even though it ‘shouldn’t have’.  This is exceptionally striking evidence,

because a diamond has remarkably powerful lattice bonds, so there is no

way that subsequent biological contamination can be expected to find

its way into the interior.

The diamond’s carbon-dated ‘age’ of <58,000 years is thus an upper

limit for the age of the whole earth.  And this age is brought down still further now that the

helium diffusion results have so strongly affirmed dramatic past

acceleration of radioactive decay.

The fact that isotopic dates are generally too old by hundreds of millions of years, but Carbon 14

dates are only too old by thousands of years, is also

evidence for accelerated decay because Carbon 14 decays much

faster.

An ounce of silver + a pound of gold: Not much difference

An ounce of silver + a pound of bricks: Big difference

$5.00 doesn’t mean much to a millionaire

$5.00 means a lot to a beggar!100 + 1/10: not much increase

.001 + 1/10: big increase

Small half life: Decay is frequent

Large half life: Decay is rare

Extra decay makes little difference if decay is frequent

Extra decay makes large difference if decay is rare

Conclusion:

Isotopic ages of elements with large half lives should be more affected

by an increase in decay rates

Half Lives for Radioactive Elements

Radioactive Parent

Stable Daughter

Half life

Potassium 40 Argon 40 1.25 billion yrs

Rubidium 87Strontium 87

48.8 billion yrs

Thorium 232 Lead 20814 billion years

Uranium 235 Lead 207704 million years

Uranium 238 Lead 2064.47 billion years

Carbon 14 Nitrogen 14 5730 years

Alpha decay and beta decay use different processes

Therefore they may not be affected the same by an increase

in the decay rate

So discordances between alpha and beta decay ages are an evidence of disturbed decay

Expected evidence of increase in decay rates:

Carbon 14 ages much younger than other isotopic ages like K-

Ar, U-Pb, et ceteraAlpha and beta ages should

differLong half live ages more

affected than short half life ages

RADIOISOTOPES IN THE DIABASE SILL (UPPER

PRECAMBRIAN) AT BASS RAPIDS, GRAND

CANYON, ARIZONA: AN APPLICATION AND TEST OF

THE ISOCHRON DATING METHOD

STEVEN A. AUSTIN, Ph.D.ANDREW A. SNELLING, Ph.D.

WILLIAM A. HOESCH

Evidence for accelerated decay

rates obtained from isotopic dates

themselves

Even airtight isotopic dates disagree – the only

explanation is a change in decay rates!

ABSTRACT: The five-point Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron age of 1.07 Ga for the diabase sill at Bass Rapids, Grand

Canyon, has been regarded for 20 years as an excellent example of the

application of conventional radioisotopic dating. However, our new K-Ar, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and Pb-Pb radioisotope data from eleven whole-

rock samples (eight diabase, three granophyre) and six mineral phases

separated from one of the whole-rock diabase samples yield discordant whole-rock and mineral isochron

“ages.”

These isochron “ages” range from 841.5±164 Ma (whole-rock K-Ar) to

1375±170 Ma (mineral Sm-Nd). Each method appears to yield concordant

“ages” internally between whole rocks and minerals. It is therefore argued that only changing radioisotope decay rates

in the past could account for these discordant isochron “ages” for the

same geologic event. Furthermore, these data are consistent with alpha decay having been accelerated more than beta decay, and with the longer the present half-life the greater being

the acceleration factor.

This is not an isolated This is not an isolated phenomenon but is phenomenon but is

characteristic of isotopic characteristic of isotopic dates:dates:

This is not an isolated This is not an isolated phenomenon but is phenomenon but is

characteristic of isotopic characteristic of isotopic dates:dates:

Austin has already documented that, when the mineral isochron method is applied as a

test of the assumptions of radioisotopic dating, discordances inevitably result. According to Austin, four categories of

discordance are found in suites of rocks with a common origin — (1) two or more

discordant whole rock isochron ages, (2) a whole-rock isochron age older than the

associated mineral isochron ages, (3) two or more discordant mineral isochrons from the

same rock, and (4) a whole-rock isochron age younger than the associated mineral isochron

ages. Our radioisotope data from the Bass Rapids diabase sill exhibit all four categories

of isochron discordance. Thus the assumptions of radioisotopic dating must be

questioned.

Airtight dates disagree:An evidence of a change in the

decay rates

Mutation rates

“Mitochondrial DNA appears to mutate much faster than expected, prompting new DNA forensics procedures and raising troubling questions about the dating of evolutionary events.” “...Regardless of the cause, evolutionists are most concerned about the effect of a faster mutation rate. For example, researchers have calculated that "mitochondrial Eve"‑‑the woman whose mtDNA was ancestral to that in all living people‑‑lived 100,000 to 200,000 years ago in Africa. Using the new clock,

Gibbons, Ann, “Calibrating the Mitochondrial Clock”, Science, Vol 279, No. 5347, Jan 1998, pp. 28 ‑ 29.

she would be a mere 6000 years old…”

Mutation rates

In fact, a similar argument gives young ages for wolves, coyotes, dogs, ducks, birds, E. Coli, and Drosophila (fruit flies). Probably many organisms can be shown to have originated within the past few thousand years using genetic diversity arguments.

Ages computed from nuclear DNA diversity are larger than ages computed from mtDNA diversity. This is also evidence for an accelerated mutation rate in the past because nuclear DNA mutates much slower and would be more affected. But

what caused the increase?

There is evidence that small doses of radiation can lead to unexpectedly high mutation rates in humans (Science 8 February 2002 vol. 295 page 946): ... researchers led by

geneticist Yuri Dubrova of the University of Leicester, United Kingdom, describe a compelling connection between

radioactive fallout and elevated mutation rates in families living downwind of the Semipalatinsk nuclear facility ...

The findings bolster a controversial 1996 report by Dubrova and a different group of colleagues that linked germ line

mutations to fallout from the 1986 Chornobyl explosion. That study, published in Nature, described double the usual mutation rate in the children of men living in a region of

Belarus heavily contaminated with cesium 137. In each subject they examined eight minisatellite DNA

regions that are prone to mutations. ... Compared to control families in a nonirradiated part of Kazakhstan, individuals exposed to fallout had a rougly 80% increase in mutation rate, and their children showed an average rise of 50%.

So it all fits together: increased decay leads to higher levels of radiation and also

increases mutation rates in humans! And there is some evidence that the rate of decay

may vary:

Slusher (1981, p. 26) reports: Anderson and Spangler maintain that their several observations of statistically significant

deviations from the (random) expectation strongly suggests that an unreliability factor must be incorporated into age-

dating calculations. Such irregularities were observed for carbon 14, cobalt 60,

and cesium 137. The source for this information is Anderson, J.L. and

Spangler, G.W., "Radiometric Dating: Is the `Decay Constant' Constant?", Pensee,

p. 31.

Even Dalrymple (1984, p. 88) recognizes such irregularities: Under certain environmental

conditions, the decay characteristics of 14C, 60Co, and 137Ce, all of which decay by beta emission, do deviate slightly from the ideal random distribution predicted by current

theory ... , but changes in the decay constants have not been detected. Dalrymple cites the

references Anderson, J. L., 1972, Non-Poisson distributions observed during counting of

certain carbon-14-labeled organic (sub) monolayers, Phys. Chem. J. 76: 3603-3612 and Anderson, J.L.and G.W. Spangler, 1973, Serial statistics: Is radioactive decay random? Phys.

Chem. J. 77: 3114 - 3121.

What could have sped up decay rates? The following comment by Keith Wanser, a creationist physicist, quoted in Creation

Ex Nihilo 21(4) p. 40 is significant: Actually, it turns out that when you get the

nucleus "excited", decay is going to be much quicker, making things look vastly

"older". People have been talking recently about magnetic stars giving off big bursts of gamma rays; there are all sorts of ways that radiometric "clocks" could have been reset catastrophically, during the Flood,

for example.

“Furtive Glances Trigger Radioactive Decay," Science 2 June 2000 vol 288

page 1564

This article shows how interactions with elementary particles can cause decay rates to increase. One such particle is the neutrino, and supernovas produce

many neutrinos.

A recent result (Science 26 April 2002 vol. 296 page 633) implies that

neutrinos interact with matter much more readily than previously thought: “The results also show that another property of neutrinos, related to how

they interact with matter, known as the mixing angle, must be large, rather than

small, contrary to what physicists believed until quite recently.”

Where did all the radiation come from to speed up decay rates?

The Crab Nebula is the remnant of a supernova

explosion that was seen on Earth in 1054 AD. It is 6000 light years from Earth. At the center of the bright

nebula is a rapidly spinning neutron star, or pulsar that emits pulses of radiation 30

times a second.

The Crab Nebula

SN 1987A. Elle apparut le 23 février 1987SN 1987A. Elle apparut le 23 février 1987

Gamma rays may have devastated life on Earth 24 September 03 New

Scientist A devastating burst of gamma rays may have caused one of Earth's worst mass extinctions, 443 million

years ago. A team of astrophysicists and palaeontologists says the pattern of

trilobite extinctions at that time resembles the expected effects of a nearby gamma-ray burst (GRB).

GRBs are the most powerful explosions known. As giant stars collapse into black holes at the end of their lives, they fire incredibly intense pulses of

gamma rays from their poles that can be detected even from across the

universe for 10 seconds or so.

Now Melott believes he has palaeontological evidence that this actually happened at the end of the Ordovician period 443 million years ago, causing one of the five largest

extinctions of the past 500 million years.

The researchers found that species of trilobite that spent some of their lives in

the plankton layer near the ocean surface were much harder hit than

deep-water dwellers, which tended to stay put within quite restricted areas.

Melott says this unusual pattern could be explained by a GRB, which would

probably devastate creatures living on land and near the ocean surface, but leave deep-sea creatures relatively

unharmed.

Supernova "smoking gun" linked to mass extinctions 09 January 02 New

Scientist

They found atoms of a very rare isotope of iron, 60Fe, in cores taken from the ocean floor. 60Fe is rare in the solar

system because it has a half-life of 1.5 million years. The German group

suggested that the iron arrived on Earth as fallout from a nearby supernova

about two million years ago.

This is about the time that fossil records indicate that many marine molluscs

went extinct. Donald Clayton, an astronomer at Clemson University, says

the story appears consistent: "The amount of 60Fe found in deposits is about what you might expect from a supernova going off about 100 light-

years away." Clayton says 60Fe would be blasted towards Earth when high energy neutrons from the supernova

core smack into iron atoms in its outer shell.

Supernova poised to go off near Earth  10:30 23 May 02 New

Scientist. A student at Harvard University has stumbled across the terrifying spectacle of a star in our

galactic backyard that is on the brink of exploding in a supernova. It is so close that if it were to blow up before moving away from us, it could wipe out life on

Earth.

We are only 150 light years away from HR 8210 at present - well short of the

160 to 200 light years thought to be the minimum safe distance from a

supernova. If it did let fly, the high-energy electromagnetic radiation and cosmic rays it released would destroy

Earth's ozone layer within minutes, giving life little chance of survival. "The fact that there's such a system so close to us suggests maybe these objects are

not so rare," says Latham.

But which supernova might have But which supernova might have been responsible for the been responsible for the increase in decay rates?increase in decay rates?

But which supernova might have But which supernova might have been responsible for the been responsible for the increase in decay rates?increase in decay rates?

The Gum Nebula is a huge constellation in the Southern

hemisphere, about 1000 light years away, and extending over at least 40 degrees of the sky. The Gum Nebula is thought to be the remnant of one or more ancient supernovae. One pulsar in this region, perhaps not

associated with the Gum Nebula, is the Vela Pulsar, which is about 800

light years away and estimated to be about 11,000 years old.

However, if the dating of pulsars is wrong, as has recently been

suggested, then the Vela Pulsar could be much younger, and may

have arisen only 4,500 years ago, or about the time of the Flood. The Vela supernova remnant is now about 230

light years across and covers over 100 times the sky area of the full

moon.

Vela Supernova Remnant in X-ray

Vela Pulsar: Neutron Star-Ring-Jet

Another evidence of a recent Another evidence of a recent creation: cometscreation: comets

Another evidence of a recent Another evidence of a recent creation: cometscreation: comets

Comets crumble too quickly

Comet

SunLosses

Kuiper BeltKuiper BeltKuiper BeltKuiper Belt

Kuiper belt – supposed source of short period comets – was recently found to have only 4 percent of the

necessary objects!

(Science 5 Sept. 2003 vol. 301 page 1304 “Comet 'Factory' Found to Have

Too Little Inventory”)

Comets must have been recently produced, then, by some kind of a

catastrophe.

AsteroidAsteroid BeltBeltAsteroidAsteroid BeltBelt

Correlation between surface heat flow and the radioactivity of surface rocks

(RATE book, page 80)

Robert Gentry claims to have found "squashed" polonium haloes as well as embryonic uranium radiohaloes in coal deposits from many geological layers claimed to be hundreds of millions of

years old. (See the Oct. 15, 1976 issue of Science.)

Polonium halo

Squashed Polonium haloes from coalified wood

Evidence for a recent creationEvidence for a recent creationEvidence for a recent creationEvidence for a recent creation

• Helium retention in zirconsHelium retention in zircons• Recent Carbon 14 datesRecent Carbon 14 dates• Radiation and accelerated decayRadiation and accelerated decay• Evidence of accelerated mutation rateEvidence of accelerated mutation rate• Evidence of a nearby supernovaEvidence of a nearby supernova• Lack of objects in the Kuiper beltLack of objects in the Kuiper belt• Correlation between surface heat flow Correlation between surface heat flow

and the radioactivity of surface rocksand the radioactivity of surface rocks

• Helium retention in zirconsHelium retention in zircons• Recent Carbon 14 datesRecent Carbon 14 dates• Radiation and accelerated decayRadiation and accelerated decay• Evidence of accelerated mutation rateEvidence of accelerated mutation rate• Evidence of a nearby supernovaEvidence of a nearby supernova• Lack of objects in the Kuiper beltLack of objects in the Kuiper belt• Correlation between surface heat flow Correlation between surface heat flow

and the radioactivity of surface rocksand the radioactivity of surface rocks

Many lines of evidence are Many lines of evidence are beginning to fit together into beginning to fit together into

a consistent picture.a consistent picture.

How much evidence is How much evidence is necessary before a necessary before a

paradigm shift occurs?paradigm shift occurs?

Many lines of evidence are Many lines of evidence are beginning to fit together into beginning to fit together into

a consistent picture.a consistent picture.

How much evidence is How much evidence is necessary before a necessary before a

paradigm shift occurs?paradigm shift occurs?

Revelation 14Revelation 146   And I saw another angel fly in the midst 6   And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel of heaven, having the everlasting gospel

to preach unto them that dwell on the to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, earth, and to every nation, and kindred,

and tongue, and people,and tongue, and people,7   Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and 7   Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and

give glory to him; for the hour of his give glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and worship him that judgment is come: and worship him that

made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters.the fountains of waters.

Revelation 14Revelation 146   And I saw another angel fly in the midst 6   And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel of heaven, having the everlasting gospel

to preach unto them that dwell on the to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, earth, and to every nation, and kindred,

and tongue, and people,and tongue, and people,7   Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and 7   Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and

give glory to him; for the hour of his give glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and worship him that judgment is come: and worship him that

made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters.the fountains of waters.