Everything you NEED to know!. Context Clues – Warm up 1. Some species of monkeys are semiarboreal, coming down from the treetops fairly often in the course.

Everything you NEED to know!

Context Clues Warm up 1. Some species of monkeys are semiarboreal, coming down from the treetops fairly often in the course of the day. 2. Kims old neighborhood is experiencing an amazing renaissance, with new homes, shops, and businesses popping up everywhere. 3. Chriss brother was disappointed that no one noticed his new mustache, but it was so wispy that the change in his appearance was imperceptible. 4. After getting hired at Burger Hut, Justins schedule became burdensome as he struggled under the weight of his homework, chores and job commitments. 5. Libertyville is celebrating its centennial with a parade featuring 100 floats, one for each year of the towns existence.

Context Clues Definitions Semiarboreal: living only part of the time in trees. Renaissance: a renewal; act of being reborn or being given new life. Imperceptible: unnoticeable, slight. Burdensome: overwhelming, heavy Centennial: one hundred-year anniversary.

Context Clues Warm up 1. In my theater class, Mrs. Grant would not allow us to make disparaging remarks about another students performance; we could give only encouraging feedback. 2. Life in antebellum Georgia was much different from life there after the war. 3. Lolita was the most loquacious girl I had ever met, but it was impossible to get more than two words out of her brother Mario. 4. Bill and his neighbor settled their disagreement in an amicable manner, without exchanging a single unpleasant word. 5. Sams jubilation at winning the football championship tuned to sadness when he learned that the quarterback on the opposing team had been seriously injured.

Context Clues Definitions Disparaging: insulting, sharply critical. Antebellum: before war. Loquacious: talkative, chatty. Amicable: friendly, pleasant. Jubilation: happiness, delight.

Context Clues Warm up 1. If I skip breakfast, I start getting hungry by about ten oclock, and by noon, Im really ravenous. 2. When training your dog, avoid ambiguous commands that are unclear in meaning. 3. Phoebe loathed camping and all of her sisters hated it, too. 4. Many people think the maxim Know thyself is a good rule to live by. 5. The timorous deer that visited the birdfeeder each night were frightened by the slightest noise.

Context Clues Definitions Ravenous: extremely hungry. Ambiguous: unclear, open to interpretation. Loathed: hated, disliked intensely. Maxim: guiding rule, saying. Timorous: timid, scared, frightened.

Words with Multiple Meanings The antique dresser was in excellent condition. A. My uncle was diagnosed with a heart condition. B. The buyers were impressed by the condition of the house. C. She began jogging to condition her leg muscles for skiing. D. Tourists may visit the archaeological site on the condition that they not touch anything. B. State of being.

Words with Multiple Meanings He used his voice mail to screen all of his calls. A. The flies came in through a hole in the screen. B. The defensive linebacker was able to screen the pass. C. His mom used tropical plants to screen the view of her home office. D. Some companies screen job applicants by checking out their social networking sites. D. To examine critically.

Words with Multiple Meanings The car was an unusual shade of blue. A. She used her hand to shade her eyes from the sun. B. The carpet was a darker shade than the one ordered. C. The poem has a different shade of meaning depending on the reader. D. The memorial park bench was placed in the shade of an old oak tree. B. Degree of color

Key Concepts: Prefixes, Suffixes Prefix: A prefix is a word part added to the beginning of a word to create a new word. (Examples: semi + arboreal = semiarboral; im + perceptible = imperceptible; sub + merge = submerge; pro + pel = propel.) Definitions; Semiarboreal: living only part of the time in trees. Imperceptible: unnoticeable, slight. Submerge: to go under. Propel: move forward, go forward.

Key Concepts: Prefixes, Suffixes Suffixes: A suffix is a word part added at the end of a word to create a new word. (Examples: disagree + ment = disagreement; computer + ize = computerize.) Definitions; Disagreement: to have different opinions on a subject. Computerize: provide with computers.

Practice Choosing a Puppy Yes! After weeks and weeks of incessant nagging, morning, noon, and night, you have finally succeeded in convincing your parents that you need a dog. But, of the hundreds of breeds of dogs out here, how do you know which is right for you? You might think that the basset hound is the most adorable creature of four paws, but did you know that they are notorious for heavy drooling? Thats not what Id like to be famous for! Are you hoping to find an attentive dog who will hang on to every word and obey your commands? Then donts get a bulldog puppy as bulldogs are very bullheaded. So, before you dash out and by the first puppy you see, do some homework to find out the positive and negative characteristics of the breed youre considering. Also, think about your own personality: Do you have the tendency to spend weekends sprawled on the couch watching sports? Then be sure to get a dog who has similar couch potato personality, rather than one whod rather be out there engaged in a game of catch himself than watching people chase a ball around a football field on TV. And be ready to make room on the couch for him!

Practice Questions 1. Read the following sentence from the passage. After weeks and weeks of incessant nagging, morning, noon, and night, you have finally convinced your parents that you need a dog. What does the word incessant mean as used in the sentence above? A. annoying B. intelligent C. nonstop D. thoughtful

Practice Questions 2. Which pair of words from the passage is most similar in meaning? F. notorious, famous G. sprawled, engaged H. adorable, attentive I. nagging, convincing

Practice Questions 1. Read the following sentence from the passage. So, before you dash out and buy the first puppy you see, do some homework to find out the positive and negative characteristic of the breed youre considering. In which sentence does dash have the same meaning as used in the sentence above? A. In Morse code, the letter t is represented by a dash. B. A dash of hot sauce can spice up a boring bowl of tomato soup. C. He agreed to watch his sister so their mom could dash to the store. D. An animal allergy may dash your dream of owning a puppy.

Key Concepts Main Idea: the most important point an author makes. Details: points made by an author that support his or her main idea(s). Making Inferences and Drawing Conclusions: combining information in the text with your own knowledge and experience to understand what the author is suggestion but not saying directly. Paraphrasing: a way to read actively by restating an authors words in your own words. Summarizing: a way to check your understand of what you have read by summing up the authors main idea.

Main Idea Factual Details Factual details are often used to explain or clarify points about a topic and can be proved, or verified by using an outside source, like and encyclopedia or the internet. Factual details answer questions such as who? What? When? Where? or how? And are useful in explaining or clarifying points about a particular topic.

Main Idea Sensory Details Sensory details give readers a vivid idea about how something looks, feels, sounds, smells, or tastes. Writers often use sensory details in fiction and nonfiction to give life to the people and places they write about.

Read the passage My mothers bakeshop was located on, coincidentally enough, Bakers Street. The small, old fashioned brick building was nestled between the new bank and an insurance company-an oasis of warmth and hominess. Every morning, on my way to school, I would drop by for a cup of hot chocolate as I finished my homework. Sitting at my favorite old wooden table by the front window, I would back in the sunlight streaming in, soak up the aroma of cinnamon rolls and fresh-brewed coffee, and half-listen to the old-time country music playing on the radio in the kitchen. Lingering as long as I dared, I would gather up my books at the last possible minute. Then, with a farewell hug from my mother, I was off to school, ready to face whatever the day might bring.

Questions for Comprehension Factual details (Who? What? What? Where Why? How?)_______________________________________ Sensory details (How did the bakeshop look? What sounds are heard? How does it feel to be there? What tastes and smells does the narrator experience?) _____________________________________________ What is the topic of this passage? _____________________________________________ Based on the factual and the sensory details, what do you think is the main idea of the passage? _____________________________________________

Key Concepts Authors Purpose: All writing has a purpose. Usually it is to persuade, inform/explain, or entertain. Authors Perspective: A writers experiences and beliefs influence the way he or she writes about a topic. Organizational Patterns: Ways of organizing information. Organizational patterns support an authors purpose and perspective.

Authors Purpose Three Basic Purposes for Writing: Persuade: writing that tries to convince, change someones mind; or get someone to do something. Inform/Explain: writing that teacher, give facts, and shares information with the readers. Entertain: writing that is meant to be enjoyed.

The Eagle by Alfred, Lord Tennyson He clasps the crag with crooked hands; Close to the sun in lonely lands, Ringd with the azure world, he stands. The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watched from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. What would you say the purpose of this poem is? Does it try to teach us something about eagles? Does it try to make us feel a certain way about this particular eagle?

Answer The author creatively uses vivid phrases like crooked hands and azure world to paint an image in the readers mind of a perched eagled that suddenly dives off a mountain cliff like a thunderbolt. The rhythm of the poem and the rhyming words at the ends of each stanza make the poem fun to read. The poem was meant to entertain by giving the reader the enjoyable experience of seeing the eagle through the poets words.

Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake The only other sounds the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake. The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep 1.What is most likely the authors purpose for writing this poem? A. to persuade the reader to take the time to enjoy nature. B. to express his frustration at having so many promises to keep C. to explain that is it easier to enjoy nature when you are by yourself D. to explain how he felt while caught up by the beauty of the woods in winter. 2.Why does the author describe his horses reaction to his stopping in the woods F. to show the close bond between him and his horse. G. to show how cold it was in the snowy woods that evening. H. to show how horses are able to communicate their feelings to people. I. to show that stopping there at that time of night was an unusual thing to do.

Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake The only other sounds the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake. The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep 1.Why does the author repeat the last line, And miles to go before I sleep? A. to stress how far he still has to go on his journey. B. to show that he is determined to make his destination that evening. C. to suggest that he is falling asleep under the magic spell of the woods. D. to reveal that he does not want to continue this journey.

Patterns of Organization Authors use many different methods to organize information. They choose the pattern of organization that best supports their purpose for writing. For example, if an author is writing an autobiography, he or she will likely choose time order as the organizational patter, telling the events of his or her life in the order in which they occurred. Another author, writing tips for making your house greener, would probably use cause and effect order to show the effect that small changes in your homes can have on the environment. If you know which organization pattern the author is using, you will better understand the information you read. Here are four common methods of organization.

Cause and Effect In a passage that is organized according to cause and effect, the author tells what happened (effect) and why it happened (cause). Several causes might be given for one effect, or the passage might describe several effect of one cause.

Cause and Effect Words that signal a cause What are the signal words in the following sentences and what are the causes. 1. We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union 2. Is sloppiness in speech caused by ignorance or apathy? I dont know and I dont care. 3. Opportunity is missed by most people because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work. 4. There are no accidents in my philosophyThe past is the cause of the present, and the present will be the cause of the future. EffectDue toThank toCause (noun) Cause (verb)In order toAs a result ofReason (noun)

Cause and Effect Words that signal an effect What are the signal words in the following sentences and what are the effects. 1. Drinking too much coffee can lead to insomnia. 2. Loss of polar bear habitat is one effect of global warming. 3. Braking too fast on icy roads can result in an accident. 4. Randi forgot to set the timer; consequently, the pizza was burnt. EffectLead toConsequentlySo Cause (verb)ResultThereforeMake

Comparison and Contrast A passage of comparison and contrast focuses on how two or more things are alike and different. Sometimes an author compares a familiar item with something that is less well known. Use a comparison table to map the differences and similarities in challenging stories so that you can better understand what is being addressed. Words that signal a comparison Words that signal a contrast. AsLikeLikewisesimilarJust likeSame AlsoAlikeResemblesJust asEquallyBoth HoweverIn contrastInsteadDifferent from AlthoughYetUnlikeOn the other hand WhereasDiffers fromOn the contrary

Spatial Order An author uses spatial order when he or she describes something in a logical order. For example, he might describe a tall building from bottom to top, a painting from left to right. Or a thanksgiving buffet from nearby to far away. Imagine that an author wants to describe a barn. If she first talks about the chickens in front of the barn, then describes the hay inside the bar, then jumps back outside to talk about the color of the barn and then goes back inside the barn to describe the horses stable, youll be in for a confusing ride. A better approach would be to describe everything outside the barn that she wants to discuss, and then to venture inside the barn to describe the hayloft and the stable. The details should be given in some logical spatial order, so that its easy for the reader to follow.

Chronological Order Chronological order is perhaps the most common way to organize information. This type of organization arranges events in the order in which they occur. Some important words that signal chronological order (also called time order), in a piece are; first, second, next, last, finally, then, later, after, earlier, and before.

Additional Organizational Patterns In addition to the methods described on the previous pages, authors frequently organize their writing in the following ways; Flashback: The author starts with a situation and then flashes back to earlier events. Remember in Hurt Go Happy when Joey was being chased by the homeless man she then has a flashback to when her biological father chased her and beat her, resulting in her loss of hearing.

Additional Organizational Patterns In addition to the methods described on the previous pages, authors frequently organize their writing in the following ways; Question/Answer: The author asks a question in the first paragraph or two and then goes on to answer it. Remember when we read What Do You Know About Sharks. That article was organized by questions/answers. The questions where presented in the subheadings (text features), and the answer to the question was found in the following paragraph.

Additional Organizational Patterns In addition to the methods described on the previous pages, authors frequently organize their writing in the following ways; Argument/Support: The author takes a stand on an issue an then supports it with details. All of you did this when you wrote the letters to Mark Biottini from Barnes and Noble. You took a stand on something and you gave reasons to support your position.

Figurative Language - Tone Tone is the authors attitude, style, or manner that is expressed mostly by word choice. The characters actions may also give readers a sense of tone. The tone of a story can be described as joyful, bitter, amazed, serious, respectful, sad, loving, bitter, hopeful, sarcastic, thoughtful, annoyed, or boastful. Compare the following sentences

Figurative Language - Tone It seemed as if all sense of time had disappeared, as the students worked quietly and studiously on their assignment in the slanting rays of sunlight falling across the classroom. It seemed as if time had slowed to a halt, as the students stifled yawns and nodded, trying helplessly to stay awake in the hot and stuffy classroom. In the first sentence, the tone is one of peacefulness; in the second sentence, the tone is one of boredom and sleepiness.

Figurative Language - Mood Mood is the way the author wants the reader to feel. Does the author want the reader to be frightened or sad, or does the story make the reader laugh and feel happy? To figure our mood, pay attention to how you feel while reading the story. See if you can pinpoint which words, phrase, and descriptions make you feel a certain way. Mood is often conveyed by the storys setting.

Figurative Language - Alliteration Alliteration is when writers repeat a letter or a sound to add a special effect to their writing. In the following sentence, repeating the letter s adds a sneaky and somewhat scary effect that echoes the hissing sound associated with snakes: The snake slithered slowly through the grass.

Figurative Language - Onomatopoeia Crack, buzz, vroom! These are examples of onomatopoeia, descriptive words that help you hear what you are reading. In the two sentences that follow, which one helps you hear how the geese sounded? The geese flew away, making a lot of noise. The geese flew away, honking loudly.

Figurative Language Simile/Metaphor A simile is a comparison that uses the words like or as. The reporters crowded around like a pack of hungry wolves, eager for information. Like a simile, a metaphor compares two things. But unlike a simile, a metaphor doesnt say something is like another thing, it says that it is another thing. A good book is a looking-glass through which you can escape, like Alice, to an infinites number of wonderlands.

Figurative Language - Symbolism A symbol is anything that represents, or stand for, an idea, person, event, or object. Symbols are everywhere. A rose is a symbol of love. A cloverleaf is a symbol of luck. When an author uses a symbol, he or she doesnt come right out and say that one thing is another. Instead, the author hints that something is a symbol. It is up to the reader to determine what a symbol stands for.

Figurative Language - Personification Personification is when an author gives a nonhuman animal or an object human qualities or abilities. Think of the poem Four Skinny Trees. Remember how the author mentions that the trees have hairy toes, or pointy elbows. We know that a tree does not have these characteristics, since a tree is not human. However, the author is personifying the tree so that we as readers can see the connection between the speaker and the characteristics the tree has.

Figurative Language - Theme The last element of a story, but certainly not the least important, is theme. Theme is a general statement about life or people expressed in a complete sentence. To discover the theme of a story, think big. What big message is the author trying to say about the world in which we live? In Four skinny trees what is the theme. That we must always continue to try and be better versions of ourselves. The author notes that she wants to be persistent like the trees who keep on keeping, who keep on trying to grow. So the general message is one of persistence.

Everything you NEED to know!. Context Clues – Warm up 1. Some species of monkeys are semiarboreal, coming down from the treetops fairly often in the course.

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