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Everyday ScienceScientific Method Car Repair
Observation Engine won’t turn over.
Hypothesis (prediction) Predict battery is dead.
Test Replace battery.
Observe result Engine now turns over.
Revise hypothesis? Not needed.
New test? Not needed.
Scientific Theory Cars won’t work without a fully charged battery.
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Parts of Experimental Design
• Independent variable– experimenter changes (“I” change)
• Dependent Variable– is measured or observed– changes due to the independent variable
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#3
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
X - Axis
Y - Axis
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Compound Light Microscope
• Specimen must be thin for light to pass through the object
• Magnification is how much the image is enlarged
• Resolution is the amount of detail (clarity)
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#6
• Graduated Cylinder
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# 8 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS• Four Classes:
– Carbohydrates – monosaccharide – CHO 1-2-1
– Lipids – Glycerol & Fatty acid – Proteins – Amino Acids – Nucleic Acids – Nucleotide
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# 9
• Homeostasis means “same state” and it is the process of keeping the internal body environment in a normal state.
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#10Think: Hippos!
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#12. Cellular Respiration Equation =
6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Look familiar?
What was the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
light
What do we make that plants need, and what do plants make that we need?
Glucose
Glucose
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#13
• Cell Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer
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#15
Hooke’s Cork Cells
If it helps you remember!CELL WALLS
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#16/17Virus
Cell
- Cannot reproduce on their own-needs host cell
- Not considered alive
- Simple (Lack Organelles)
-DNA and Protein coat
-Complex (Organelles)
- Can replicate on own
-Basic unit of living things
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#18
Same Differences
•Nucleus
•Membrane Bound Organelles
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#19 Prokaryotes (bacteria)
• Pro (before) Karyon (kernel)• No nuclear membrane• Lack membrane bound organelles but have ribosomes• Simple and often small
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#19 Eukaryotes
• Eu (true) Karyon (kernel)• Membrane bound
organelles• More complex and often
bigger• Membrane bound
nucleus• Plants and animals
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More Mitochondria= need more energy?
It supplies YOU withIt supplies YOU with ENERGY!ENERGY!Your muscles need a lot of ATP which is produced by the Mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)
Big Muscles = Many Mitochondria
#20
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#21
• Ribosome = Protein Production
• Proteins = receptors
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#22
• Marker Proteins identify cell to other cells
• Channel Proteins move molecules in and out
• Receptor Proteins are binding points for other molecules
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#23
• Carbohydrates are receptors on cell membrane
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#24MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
•PMAT (1 Division)
•Somatic Cells (body)
•Result = 2 Daughter Cells (same)
• 2 Divisions
•Gametes (sperm/egg sex cells
•Result = 4 daughter cell
•Half Chromosomes Number
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#25/26
• Somatic = body cells
• 10x = 10x
• Body cell and sex cells
• 14 x = 7x ( half due to meiosis)
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#28 DNA- Chain of Nucleotide• Nucleotides consists
of:– A Phosphate Group– A Sugar– A Nitrogenous Base
– DNA is a double helix
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#29 Nitrogen Bases#29 Nitrogen Bases
• AdenineAdenine must pair with ThymineThymine
• GuanineGuanine must pair with CytosineCytosine• Responsible for the genetic codeResponsible for the genetic code
G CT A
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Two Types of Nucleic Acids(in case you forgot)
DNA RNA
Double stranded Single stranded
Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar
Thymine Uracil
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Rosalind Franklin
#30 A picture is worth a thousand nucleotides
Rosiland Franklin took the first ‘picture’ of DNA using complex X-Ray Crystallography
Her X-ray was instrumental to
figuring out the structure of DNA
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#31 TranslationmRNA Protein
1. Codons found on mRNA
2. Anticodons found on tRNA
RIBOSOME
mRNA
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#32
• DNA: TAC AAG CCG GGC AAA TTT CAG ATC
• RNA:
• NO “T” IN RNA….ONLY “U”
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RE: CUT at specific sequences#33
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• Recombinant DNA: DNA that has genes from two different organisms
#33
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Human Genome Project • Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project
(HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.
• Goal – identified all the approximately 25,000-30,000 genes
in human DNA– Basically they mapped the human genome (all of our
genes
#34
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#35Heterozygous
(different)
Homozygous
(same)
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#36
Heterozygous
Heterozygous
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#37 Darwin Theory of Evolution
• 1. Natural Selection– Survival of the fittest
• 2. Descent with Modification
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#38
• Evidence Populations evolve:– Fossil Record– Homologous structures– Embryo similarities– DNA evidence– Geographic distribution
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#39
• Homologous:
• Vestigial:
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#40• Fossil dating: how old is a fossil
• Absolute Dating: “Isotopes”
• Relative Dating: “Layers in rock”
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#41 Biotic vs Abiotic
Biotic Abiotic
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#42
Heterotroph
Autotrophuse the energy in sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into Glucose
consumer because they consume other organisms in order to live
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#43 Miller Urey Experiment
• Recreation of Early life on Planet Earth
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#45 Food Chain levels
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#46 Symbiotic Relationships
• 1. Mutualism: (+,+)
• 2. Commensalism: (+,0)
• 3. Parasitism: (+/-)
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#47 Human Growth
• Exponential Growth “J Curve”