“Every Time France Sneezes, Europe Catches A Cold.” A Revolutionary poster with the motto of the French Revolution: Unity, Indivisibility of the French Republic, Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood – or death Source, click here .
Dec 28, 2015
“Every Time France Sneezes, Europe Catches A Cold.”
A Revolutionary poster with the motto of the French Revolution: Unity, Indivisibility of the French Republic, Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood – or deathSource, click here.
The Ancien Regime The First Estate – The Clergy
Why are they the first estate? What jobs or services do they provide? Where did they get their money from?
The Second estate – Nobility owned 25%-30% of the land Where did they get their power from? They owned the land, but had little
monetary income Nobles hated absolutism and resented
the royal bureaucracy that employed the middle class men in positions once reserved for the aristocracy
Third Estate – commoners of society and majority of the French Citizens Who made up this estate? Did they pay taxes? If so how much?
The 3 Estateseiu.edu/~cfnek/syllabi/2560.htmes
1. Unfair Class & Tax System (Last slide)
2. Economic TroublesWhat were the economic
causes to the French Revolution? Deficit Spending: Wars: How to solve?
A Poor Harvest Why a famine? Effects?
Louis XVI of France - portrait by A.F. Callet (1741-1823) www.wikipedia.org
Failure of reformWho is Jacques Necker and
what did he suggest to Louis XVI?
Why was he dismissed? Pressure for reform mounted
Wealthy and powerful classes demanded the king call the Estates General
Had not been summoned for 175 years
Why is the monarch hesitant?What did the Nobles hope
would happen?
3.The Enlightenment Paris was home to this philosophical
movement rooted in the questioning of the status quo
How did the Enlightenment cause the revolution?
4.The example of the American Revolution How did the American Revolution cause the French
Revolution?
John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphiawww.wikipedia.org
Louis XVI Calls the Estates General in 1789 Why?
Louis had each estate prepare cahiers or notebooks containing their grievances Many called for reforms
The meeting of the Estates General, 5 May 1789www.wikipedia.org
Delegates to the Estates General from the Third Estate Why?
From the beginning the Estates General deadlocked over voting How?
National Assembly Called members from other estates to join and help write a
constitution Famous Tennis Court Oath: The group wouldn’t disband
before drawing up a constitution
Sketch by Jacques-Louis David of the Tennis Court Oathwww.wikipedia.org
July 14 1789 Why was the Bastille stormed? Significance?
The Storming of the Bastille,Jean-Pierre Houël (1735-1813)www.wikipedia.org
Section 2: Creating a New France Revolts in Paris and the Provinces
Why are we seeing revolts? The Great Fear
What caused it? Famine + Fear = Crazy Peasants
peasants go crazy over the nobles who were trying to reimpose medieval dues
Attacked homes of nobles Burned old manor records
Paris in Arms Revolutionary Center Factions (small groups) competed for power Marquis de Lafayette
Headed National Guard – middle class militia formed in response to the royal troops in Paris
Radical Paris Commune Replaced the royalists government of the city Could mobilize whole neighborhoods for protests or violent
Actions to further the Revolution
August 4th Vote – What did it establish?
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen What did it say?
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen Written by Olympe de
Gouges, a playwright National Assembly ignored
her demands Louis XIV refused to accept
decrees on the abolition of feudalism and declaration of rights Why? Representation of the Declaration of the Rights of
Man and of the Citizen in 1789www.wikipedia.org
Why did the women march to Versailles? Women wouldn’t leave unless king came with
them back to Paris Royal family moved into Tuileries Palace and
placed under virtual house arrest for 3 years
This picture shows the women's march on Versailles 1789 www.wikipedia.org
1790 – Civil Constitution of the ClergyWhat did it say?
Constitution of 1791What government was
created with this document?
Legislative assembly established to make laws and collect taxes, and decide issues of war
Louis XVI’s failed flight Marie Antoinette, Louis and their son try to escape in disguise, but they
were discovered and they were brought back to Paris Reaction outside France
How did other Monarchs react to the French Revolution? Émigrés – nobles, clergy and others fleeing revolutionary France Some who supported the American Revolution put down the French
Revolution – why do you think? Threat from Abroad
October 1791 – Declaration of Pilnitz – Prussia and Austria threatened to intervene to save the monarchy
Revolutionaries took threat seriously and prepared for war Eager to spread the revolution and destroy tyranny abroad, the
Legislative assembly declared war first on Austria, then on Prussia Britain and other states
The return of the royal family to Paris on 25 June 1791, colored copperplate after a drawing of Jean-Louis Prieurwww.wikipedia.org
Section 3: Radical Days Radical Groups Gain
Popularity in the Legislative Assembly
Sans-culottes: Jacobins
Radicals took control of the assembly What new government was
created? What did they want?
1792 – abolish the monarchy and declare France a republicDrew up new French
constitution Typical Sans-CulottesLouis-Léopold Boilly www.wikipedia.org
Outbreaks of Violence What were the September Massacres?
Death of a king and Queen Why and how did they die?
National Convention pursued a policy of de-Christianization Notre Dame turned into the Temple of Reason Non religious calendar with 1793 as Year I of the new
era of freedom Why do you think the Convention did this?
Execution of Louis XVI in what is now the Place de la Concorde, facing the empty pedestal where the statue of his grandfather, Louis XV, had stood. www.wikipedia.org
Committee of Public Safety – to deal with the threats of France; 12 member committee Purpose? Goal?
Maximilien Robespierre – Jacobin Ideology? Connection to Rousseau?
Reign of Terror – 1793-1794 Dictatorship 1793-1794 the Committee took control of
France to save the country from the rest of Europe – universal mobilization of the nation
40,000 people died – ermines of the republic even if no proof existed
Guillotine 15% guillotines were of mistaken identify or
falsely accused Within a year the Reign of terror turned on
its own people Convention turned on the committee of
Public Safety
1791 – French colony Saint Domingue (Haiti) revolted Toussaint L’Ouverture – son of
African slaves led the revolt of over 100,000 men
Later Napoleon captured Toussaint and he died in French prison
January 1804 western Hispaniola became first independent nation of Latin America
1793 France went to war with Britain, Netherlands, Spain and Prussia
Toussaint Louverture. From a group of engravings done in post-Revolutionary France. (1802) www.wikipedia.org
Thermodorian Reaction – What is it?Robespierre guillotined on July 28, 1794What happened during this reaction?
New Constitution (1795) which created the Directory
The Directory (1795 – 1799)What was it?What problems did it have?Foreign concerns:Enemies
Right – royalists wanted to restored monarchy Left – radicals wanted power
Political coup e’tat By Whom?
Execution of M. Robespierre www.wikipedia.org
Early Military CareerWhat was his reputation?
Napoleon’s Coup de e’tat Helped overthrow the directory and set-up
three man board “the consulate” Napoleon took title first consul
1802 – named himself consul for life 1804 – had enough power to name himself emperor
Napoléon Bonaparte in the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (detail of an oleo by François Bouchot) www.wikipedia.org
Domestic Policies Held plebiscites – purpose?Establishing peace with
Catholic Church Concordat of 1801 - What did
it do?Codification of LawsCentralized administrative
machineNapoleon preserved and
destroyed aspects of the revolution Liberty had been replaced by
despotism The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, by Jacques-Louis David, 1812www.wikipedia.org
Napoleonic CodeEquality of all citizens before the lawReligious tolerationAdvancement based on merit – what group
wanted this most of all? Economic Reforms
What did Napoleon reform? Social Reforms
Public Schools: Encouraged émigrés to return provided
they took an oath of loyalty Land Reform: Women:
The Grand Empire Strongest power in Europe Claimed or defeated most of
Europe Forceful diplomacy Would take kings and queens
of European countries off their thrones and replace them with family and friends
1805-1807: Napoleon’s Grand Army defeated Austrian, Prussian, Russian Armies
1807-1812: Napoleon Master of European Empire
Spread of French Revolution principles to conquered territories that will be an important factor in the development of liberalism in these countries.
Napoleon's Empire at its greatest extent.
Dark Blue-French EmpireMedium Blue-Conquered "Rebellious" StatesLight Blue-Allied States
www.wikipedia.org Posted by user Kieran4
Napoleon wanted to take over Great Britain – issue to overcome?
1805 Napoleon prepared to invade BritainNapoleon defeated at Battle of Trafalgar
off the southwest of Spain Napoleon Tries to Weaken Britain
Through Economic Warfare: the Continental SystemExplain how the system worked?Why does it fail?
Still France was at an age Napoleon
While nationalism pushed French armies to success it also worked against them.
Many Europeans even though they liked the ideas of revolution saw Napoleons armies as oppressors
Resented Napoleons effort to impose French Culture All over Europe Nationalism unleashed revolts against
France especially in Spain Napoleon’s brother, Joseph was made king of Spain in
1808 Why did the Spanish revolt against Joseph? Were they successful? Who helped them? Why?
The Third of May 1808, Francisco Goya www.wikipedia.org
Why did Napoleon Invade Russia? How did the Russians choose to deal
with Napoleon? Was it successful? Only 100,000 survived many died and
others deserted – What defeated the Grand Army?
Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, painted by Adolph Northen in the 19th centurywww.wikipedia.com
Russia allies with Austria and Prussia against a weakened France
1813 they defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Nations at Leipzig
1814 European troops approach France and Napoleon abdicates
Napoleon is exiled to Elba in the Mediterranean Louis XVIII, brother of the late king is restored to the
French throne
Napoleon and Poniatowski at Leipzig, painted by Suchodolski 1797–1875www.wikipedia.org
What were the problems with Louis XVIII?
How does Napoleon come back? March 1815 Napoleon marches into Paris Napoleon will attempt to rebuild his empire Lasts 100 days
Battle of Waterloo June 18th, 1815 French Army met English and
Prussian forces Duke of Wellington and General Blucher met at
Belgian town of Waterloo Battle crushed the French Army Again Napoleon exiled this time to St. Helena
where he would eventually die in 1821 What is his legacy?
Battle of Waterloo, painted by William Sadler (1782–1839)www.wikipedia.org
Called by Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria to restore the “Status Quo” in Europe
Representatives: They had to try to restore the balance of power
How did they do that? Other Decisions
Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain create the Quadruple alliance Pledged to act together to maintain balance of power to
suppress revolutionary uprisings German confederation created (39 states) with Austria as its
official head. Switzerland becomes independent Nationalism increases throughout Europe
– WHY????
The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, (1819). www.wikipedia.org
Bourgeoisie grow in influence Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Latin American Wars of Independence Congress of Vienna & the Concert of
Europe Spread of Modern European Nationalism Spread of Revolutionary & Enlightenment
Ideas
What do you think we are going to see next?