“Every generation needs a new revolution.” -Thomas Jefferson The 1960s © 2010 CICERO.

“Every generation needsa new revolution.”

-Thomas Jefferson

The 1960s

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The Sixties

Major Changes

Space AgePopular CultureThe New RightVatican IICivil RightsComputersMotownThe New LeftEnd of the Protestant Ascendancy Social RevolutionAnti-War MovementDrug CultureSexual Revolution Hard Rock

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Facts About This Decade

1960s• 177,830,000 Population • 3,852,000 Unemployment• $286.3 Billion National Debt • $4,743 Average Salary• $5,174 Average Teacher's Salary • $1.00/hr Average Min. Wage • 66.6 yrs. Life Expectancy: Males • 73.1 years Females• 21.3 Auto deaths per 100,000

2010s• 300,000,000• 15,000,000• $13.56 Trillion• $45,113• $51,000• $7.35/hr• 75.6 yrs.• 80.8 years• 15

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The Sixties: CountercultureSociological term used to

describe the values and behaviors of a cultural group or subgroup that runs counter to the social mainstream.

In the United States, the term became popular in the 1960s to refer to the social revolution that swept through the nation.

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The Sixties: Counterculture

The counterculture of the 1960s included young people’s rejection of:

Conventional social normsPolitical segregationVietnam War

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The Sixties: CountercultureMembers of the

counterculture were predominately white, upper-middle class youth.

They were the first group of young people who had sufficient leisure time to raise concerns about social issues.

Vietnam War, Sexual Revolution, Gay Liberation, Women’s Rights, Drug Use, Civil Rights

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The Sixties: Counterculture

The Generation Gap• As the Sixties progressed,

tensions developed along generational lines

• Vietnam War• Race relations• Sex• Drug use• Challenge Authority• Challenge the

Materialistic view of the American Dream

• Don’t trust anyone over 30

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The Sixties: Counterculture

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)The Port Huron StatementJune 15, 1962, written by Tom Hayden“… a manifesto by the SDS that attacked racial bigotry,

poverty, nuclear weapons, etc.”It was also an attack on Kennedy’s foreign policyUnofficial response to the Sharon Statement

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Vatican II

• The world had changed.• What seemed to be

absolute was transient .• What was truth?

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The Great Society

• Civil Rights Act • War on Poverty- Welfare• Medicare and Medicaid • ESEA Act of 1965• PBS, NEH and NEA• Higher Education Act• Urban Transportation Act• Etc.

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Vietnam

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The Vietnam War• Dien Bien Phu, 1954• Geneva Peace

Conference, Geneva Accords

• 17th Parallel: • North: Democratic North: Democratic

Republic of VietnamRepublic of Vietnam• Ho Chi Minh• South: The Republic of South: The Republic of

VietnamVietnam• Ngo Dinh Diem

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The Vietnam War• Fighting between the North

and South• The United States aided the

South• Vietcong – Communist

proxies• Gulf of Tonkin Incident• Domino Theory• U.S. vs. Soviet Union and

Communist China

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Ngo Dinh Diem

The Vietnam WarPublic Opinion

• Tet Offensive major U.S. victory.

• Walter Cronkite calls it a major loss.

• My Lai Massacre• Conscientious Objector

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The Sixties: Anti-war Movement

• The anti-war movement rose out of student reaction to the draft.– When the draft ended, all college protest ended.

• 1965 bombing of North Vietnam• Universities became the focal point, but the

movement had become broad-based.• Teach-ins, Sit-ins• Kent State riots and shootings

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The Sixties: Anti-war Movement

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The Sixties: Anti-war Movement

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The Sixties: Anti-war Movement

Kent State Shootings: May 4, 1970

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Assassinations

• Medgar Evers• John F. Kennedy• Malcolm X• Martin Luther King• Robert Kennedy

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The Sixties: Civil Rights Movement

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The Sixties: Civil Rights Movement

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Race Riots1964New York City — July Philadelphia — August 1965Watts Riot; Los Angeles, California — August 1966Cleveland, Ohio — July San Francisco — August Chicago Race Riot — June 1967Newark, New Jersey — July Detroit, Michigan — July Milwaukee, Wisconsin — July-August Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota — July 1968Baltimore, Maryland — April Washington, D.C. — April New York City — April-May

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The Sixties: Feminist Movement

• Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

• Equal Pay Act of 1963• The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan• NOW: National Organization for Women

– “ full and equal partnership with men”

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The Sixties: Feminist Movement

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The Sixties: New Left

• C. Wright Mills• Counterculture• Establishment/Anti-establishment• Students for a Democratic Society

– Noam Chomsky – Tom Hayden – Abbie Hoffman – Jerry Rubin

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Silent Majority

• Most youth in the Sixties were not involved in the counterculture.

• Conservative Concerns:• The Cold War, the Vietnam War, Crime Protest

Demonstrations, anti-Great Society, pro-smaller government and pro-tax cuts.

•

• The Election of 1968

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Nixon: A Conservative??• Creates EPA• Creates OSHA• Creates Affirmative Action

(Philadelphia Plan)• Established the Office of

Minority Business Enterprise• Lowers speed limits to 55 mph, nationally • Indexed S.S. for inflation• Created SSI• Promoted Legacy Parks Program• Introduced the Comprehensive

Health Insurance Act• Freezes Wages• Freezes Prices• Ends War in Vietnam• Opens China• Détente with the USSR

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The Sixties: LegacyConservative Views

• Congressman Dick Armey: “everything bad comes from the 1960s.”

• End of bipartisanship in (anti-Communist) foreign policy

• Vietnam Syndrome• Traditional family values lost• “poverty of values”• President Johnson’s “Great

Society” failed

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The Sixties: Legacy

Liberal Views

• Political Activism• Equal Rights: 1964, 1965• “culture of excess”• Vietnam Syndrome• President Johnson’s

“Great Society”

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The Sixties

Both Conservatives and Liberals agree: The Sixties influence is still felt today. Novelist William Faulkner: “ The past is not dead. It’s not even past.”

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The Age of Aquarius • “The belief that the world

would be entering an age of love, light and humanity, unlike the then-current Age of Pisces. This change was presumed to occur at the end of the 20th century. The song Age of Aquarius from the play Hair, calls it an age where ‘peace will guide the planets, and love will steer the stars.’ The song is sometimes referred to as the ‘Anthem of the 60s’.”

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Woodstock

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Altamont Free Concert

• End of the “Age of Aquarius”

• On to Nihilism• Violence• Death

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The Sixties: Music• Changes in popular music: • Standards

– Crosby, Sinatra, Fitzgerald, Garland, Davis, Martin, Como, Cole• Doo-Wop to Rock ’n’ Roll

– Elvis Presley, Bill Haley, Buddy Holly, Little Richard, Frankie Valli • Singer songwriters:

– Bob Dylan, Four Seasons, Lennon-McCartney, Jim Morrison, Brian Wilson

• Social implications: – music and the musicians lifestyles, fashions, attitudes, and

language• Motown, British Invasion, Surf Sound, Acid Rock

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The Singers

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The Musicians

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The Sixties: Music

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The Sixties: Music

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The Sixties: Music

Social implications• Music and the musicians• Rock music influenced lifestyles, fashion,

attitudes, and language. • It appealed to the baby boomer generation

(children of those who went through the Depression and World War II.)

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The Artists

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The Sixties: References

Jonathan Neale, The American War

Brian Longhurst, Popular Music and Society

Paul Lyons, New Left, New Right, and the Legacy of the Sixties

James Farrell, The Spirit of the Sixties

Michael W. Flamm, David Steigerwald, Debating the 1960s

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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Icons of the Sixties

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