Eveloping the Landscape Plan

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eveloping the Landscape Plan

Reviewed by David H. Trinklein

Division of Plant Sciences

To develop an attractive and useful home landscape, use a step-by-stepapproach. List ideas and notes about the current landscape and desiredchanges, draw rough sketches to get a general idea of how to design

the three major landscape areas, and then create a more final and exactplan to scale. This guide lists some principles of home landscaping tokeep in mind when developing a plan, describes the three majorlandscape areas and their uses, and illustrates how to develop a finalplan through several stages of sketches.

Steps to successful landscaping Develop a list of existing and desired outdoor features.

Draw a base plan.

Outline major landscape areas.

Locate desired features in proper landscape areas.

Develop the final landscape plan.

An attractive, inviting landscape is the result of careful planning and application of landscape design principles.

Outdoor featuresList all the outdoor features that your family desires and space permits, even though all may not be included immediately. Astime goes by, interests may change and new features may be added or old ones removed. Develop your list for the presentand near future. Include existing features on the list, and note which of those features are adequate and which could beimproved.

Your list might include some of the following outdoor features:

Patio

Childrens play area

Sports area

Cut flower garden

Tool shed

Vegetable garden

Storage shed

Principles for home landscaping Drives and walks should be straight unless there is a good reason for having curves. When possible, situate the

drive and walk together to avoid breaking up the front lawn area.

Use trees to frame the house and provide background. Dont block the front view of the house with them.

Locate play and utility areas where they dont detract from the home.

Dont overplant. Know the ultimate sizes of plants and allow for growth.

Use most plants in borders. An uninterrupted lawn gives a look of spaciousness and is easier to mow.

Balance the landscape. Do not have one area more heavily planted or more colorful than another.

Consider scale in planting. Large shrubs and trees may dwarf a small house.

Not everything in the landscape should be of equal interest. Create a center of interest with specimen plants,

pools or statuary.

Dont create a botanical collection, but bring a variety of texture into the landscape. Coarse textures are dominant

and should be used sparingly.

Border plants may define property lines or provide privacy. They may be combined with fences, screens or other

structures.

Use small shrubs near the door, tapering to larger shrubs at the corners.

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Hiding the entire front base with shrubs is

not necessary in many homes. Groundcoversmay tie plantings together.

Plants with brightly colored leaves should

be used very sparingly.

Select plants for year-round interest as

well as suitability for the environment in whichthey will be planted.

Base planAfter listing existing and desired features, prepare asimple but complete base plan (Figures 1 and 2).Before completing the final plan, you will need todraw the plan to scale, but doing so is not anecessity at this point.

A base plan shows your property lines, houselocation, utilities (both above and below ground), all existing plant materials, walks,drives and topographic features such as rocks, streams, slopes or other characteristicsof the grounds to be landscaped. Although exact scale is not necessary, try to obtainrealistic proportions. Show dimensions for property lines, house outline and otherpermanent landmarks or structures (Figure 3). This will be the base of future drawingthat will be done on tracing paper placed over this plan.

Figure 1Measure property lines or boundary of area to be landscaped. Sketch roughly.

Figure 2Sight along one side of house to locate points for positioning house on plan. Any corner may be

used where objects do not interfere with sighting. For example, locate corner of house relative to a square cornerof the lot, left, or an angled corner, right.Figure 3On the base plan, draw the lot, house and existing landscape features that will be retained.

Major landscape areasOn tracing paper placed over the base plan, outline the three major landscape areas: public, privateand service (Figure 4).

Figure 4On tracing paper placed over the base plan, sketch approximate location of major landscape areas.

Public areaThis is the area visible from the front of the house and the street. It contains the walks, drive and front entrance.Landscaping in this area should be relatively simple and combine well with the rest of the neighborhood.Service areaThis area should be located where it is not seen from the front but still has easy access from the drive. It is usually found tothe rear or side of the property. It contains such items as garbage cans, clothes lines, compost heap, tool shed, storageshed and sometimes less attractive garden projects such as a cut flower garden, cold frames, hotbeds, plant propagationarea or greenhouse. This area is normally screened from the private area.Private (living) areaThis is the most important area to develop as it provides an area for family activities and extends the living area from thehouse into the landscape. Normally, more landscape dollars and planning are needed to develop this area properly. Thisarea may contain a patio, deck area, swimming pool, garden pool, fountain, recreation or sports area, childrens play area,shrub and flower borders, hedges, screens, vegetable garden or other attractive features for family interest and recreation.

Locate desired features in proper landscape areasPlace a fresh sheet of tracing paper over the base plan, and roughly sketch in the outdoor features on your list (Figure 5).

This will give you an estimate of the space available in relation to the number of features wanted in the landscape. You mayfind the area is not large enough for all the features listed and some with low priority will have to be dropped.

Next, determine more accurately how many square feet will be required for each of these items and fit them more precisely.This is when a base plan drawn to scale will be beneficial.

Figure 5Lay a second sheet of tracing paper over the base plan and on it locate the desired landscape features. Try different arrangements andsizes of areas.

Develop the final landscape plan

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General considerationsWhen developing a landscape plan, you do not need to name specificplant materials until the general plan is complete. Simply label plantsas trees, shrubs, groundcover or flowers, as appropriate. Someindication of the desired size of plants will be helpful when the timecomes to select plant types. Once the general plan is complete,search catalogs or local nurseries to select appropriate plants.

Although you may have some favorite plants, avoid using them unless

they fulfill the needs of a location in the plan. Complete the planbefore starting to plant.Public areaThis area (Figure 6) is designed to set off the house and make it moreattractive and inviting to the visitor. Landscaping should blend thehouse into the surrounding area so it appears natural. To accomplishthis, the strong vertical lines of the house are softened with plants.Trees are used to frame the house, and bedded shrub plantingscreate a transition from open lawn areas to the house itself. In thepublic area, the doorway is the focal point. Plantings should lead avisitors eyes to the entrance. To create this effect, use the largerplants at the corners and graduate to smaller plants toward the door.

Trees are used to break the roofline and give the home a feeling of permanence.

Figure 6Complete the landscape plan by selecting the most suitable features from the sketches.

Service areaBecause this area generally cannot be kept attractive, screenings are very important. Screens may be of fencing, plantmaterials to form hedges, or a combination of both. They may be located to block views from the private (living) area, publicarea or neighbors.Private (living) areaThis area, generally located behind the house, needs to be functional, comfortable and attractive to invite use. Toaccomplish this, it must have a feeling of privacy and enclosure. Shrubbery or fencing of some type is often used for privacyscreening. This area is used mainly during warm weather, so it should have some protection from the sun, either by trees oran overhead structure. To ensure maximum use, a portion should be of hard surface such as brick, concrete or stone.Two features often provided in the living area are light and water. Lights, either electric or gas, are used to accent plantmaterials at night and provide light for evening use. Water can be used in small garden pools or fountains. To be mosteffective, a pump is needed to circulate the water. The sight and sound of moving water are relaxing and enjoyable.

G6901, reviewed April 2010

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U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park ServiceNational Register, History and Education

Process & Policy Issues | Outreach to Diverse

Communities | Landscapes| Recent Past | Miscellaneous

Suburban Landscapes: The Federal Housing

Administrationss Principles for Neighborhood

Planning and the Design of Small Houses

Codified in the National Housing Act of 1934 (P.L. 73-479; 48 Stat. 1246), federal policy

for privately constructed and financed single and multiple family homes shaped the

character of American housing and suburban landscape in the mid-Twentieth Century.Garden City planning principles and naturalistic landscape design coincided in many

residential communities approved for federal mortgage insurance by the Federal Housing

Administration (FHA) in the 1930s. FHA standards for safe, self-contained neighborhoods

and small, efficient low-cost dwellings institutionalized the ideal of suburban life that hadbeen envisioned by several generations of American designers and established a foundation

for sound real estate investment. They further embodied the goals of the Better Homes

movement of the 1920s and reflected advances in zoning and subdivision regulation thathad been advocated by city planners, community builders, and the real estate industry.

FHA-approved and redesigned projects reflected New Deal economics and incorporated

the emerging technologies of prefabrication, standardization, and economies of scale.

The creation of a permanent, national program of mutual mortgage insurance, under Title IIof the National Housing Act of 1934 revolutionized home financing. The Federal

government insured loans granted by private lending institutions for as much as 80% of a

propertys value. Mortgages were to be fully amortized through monthly paymentsextending over 20 years. Interest rates were to be relatively low, not exceeding 6 percent at

the time, and required downpayments were set at 20% of the cost of a home. Amendments

to the Act in 1938 and 1948 and the Veterans Readjustment Act of 1944 liberalized theterms for home mortgages by lowering (and in some cases eliminating) downpayments and

extending the payment period to 25 and eventually 30 years.

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The driving force behind the 1934 legislation was to stimulate the building industry, to gain

the confidence of private lenders including the nations largest insurance companies as well

as local savings and loan associations, and to ensure a sound and solid foundation forprivate real estate investment. For FHA administrators and designers setting the national

standards that would be used to rate neighborhoods and homes for loan approval, thedesign of safe and healthy neighborhoods and efficient small houses offered an

unprecedented opportunity an opportunity to bring together the best practices of theirrespective professions and affect broad-sweeping change that would not only improve the

quality of life for the average American family but also provide models for the growing

metropolis of the future. FHA standards followed the established principles of landscapearchitecture and city planning, drew from successful garden city and curvilinear models,

and reflected Clarence Perrys Neighborhood Unit

concept which had been endorsed at the PresidentsConference on Home Building and Home Ownership in

1931.

FHAs Land Planning Division, headed by Seward

Mott, used the legislations mandate as an opportunityto redirect the design of suburban America and to create

conditions that would force public officials and planners

alike to adopt planning measures and to abandon therectilinear grid in favor of plans of curvilinear streets.

This office translated desirable neighborhood

characteristics into written standards and basic design

principles that could be uniformly applied across thenation to the design of neighborhoods of small houses. The FHA not only approved or

rejected plans they actually redesigned many of the neighborhood plats submitted forreview and approval (see illustration).

FHA-approved plans, such as the one for a Pontiac, Michigan, neighborhood of single-

family dwellings, fostered a sense of community by providing harmonious and interesting

streetscapes, discouraging through traffic, and excluding non-residential uses. These plans

made extensive use of cul-de-sacs, courts, and minor residential streets interlinked bycollector streets. FHAs curvilinear plans provided for long blocks of evenly sized house

lots and streets of varied widths that were laid out in a hierarchy from perimeter access

roads to cul-de-sacs. Such plans discouraged through traffic, eliminated dangerous four-way intersections, and offered an efficient arrangement of house lots, greatly reducing the

cost of street construction and utilities.

The FHA set forth seven minimum requirements for new subdivisions:

1. Location exhibiting a healthy and active demand for homes.2. Location possessing a suitable site in terms of topography, soil condition, tree

cover, and absence of hazards such as flood, fog, smoke, obnoxious odors, etc.

3. Accessibility by means of public transportation (streetcars and buses) and adequate

FHA redesign of a neighborhood in

Pontiac, MI, from FHA's Planning

Profitable Neighborhoods (1938).

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the street system increasing traffic hazards, adding to

construction costs, and creating a monotonous,

uninteresting architectural effect. A hierarchy of roadswas recommended, which included 1) major

thoroughfares to provide quick and convenient access toprincipal centers; 2) minor residential streets where

traffic was reduced to a minimum, eliminating wideintersections and following topography with the result

"that an attractive and unforced curvilinear layout is

secured at reduced improvement cost, creatinginteresting vistas and doing away with the monotony of

long, straight rows of houses; and 3) cul-de-sacs, courts,

and crescents which eliminated traffic hazards, cut downon paving costs, and reduced the cost of laying water

and sewer mains.

FHA standards provided recommended widths for

streets, walks, and pavements based on the volume andcharacter of traffic expected. The right-of-way for

through streets was to be at least 50 feet in width

whereas that for cul-de-sacs could be as narrow as 30feet with a paved strip as narrow as 18 feet. The FHA

suggested that the services of a landscape architect be

retained. Recommended were street plantings of

permanent shade trees such as red oak, pin oak, hardmaple, American and English elm, sycamore, and

American and European linden at forty-foot intervals oneither side of the street and groupings of low shrubssuch as snowberry, rosa rugosa, prairie rose, Japanese

barberry, regal privet, and hawthorn.

FHA recommendations called for the subdivision of

house lots in sizes (ordinarily up to 5,000 or 6,000square feet) and in shapes that assured "privacy, pleasant outlook, and attractive setting."

Lot lines were to be drawn at right angles to street lines, corner lots were to be of generous

size, and houses were to be attractively grouped in relationship to each other. Houses wereto be in harmony with each other, and monotony and excessive architectural ornamentation

were to be avoided. The FHA suggested ways to vary a limited number of house designs,

stating: "variety and interest may be secured by sometimes having the end elevation andsometimes the side elevation toward the street, by the placement of the garages, and by

varying the setback line and the planting so that interesting groupings are secured."

FHA's Planning

Neighborhoodsrecommended that cul-

de-sacs and courts "be fitted into the

plan so that odd-shaped inaccessible

remnants of a subdivision, which

would otherwise have little value, are

converted into desirable lots."

Elevations of neighborhood rights-of-way from Planning

Neighborhoods specified the width of

paved strips varying from 18 to 24 feet

depending on the type of road and

included four-foot sidewalks and

eight-foot planting strips.

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The design of

house lot for

"economy,

livability, and

convenience,"

illustrated

inPrinciples ofPlanning Small

Houses (1940),

included house,driveway, and

attached garage,

front and side

entrances,shade

and fruit trees,

lawn and garden

areas, and

inexpensiveshrubbery.

FHA's Planning

Neighborhoodsprovided

recommendations fro the

design for neighborhoodshopping centers which

were located adjacent to,

but separate from,

residential streets and

whose commercial

activities could be

controlled by deed

restrictions.

On the value of zoning and deed restrictions to ensure neighborhood stability, Planning

Neighborhoodsstated: "Proper attention to such relationships will tend to establish the newneighborhood on a sound basis as regards its general environment, to preserve it from loss

due to overdevelopment of certain types of land use, such as commercial and apartment

areas, and to provide a reasonable permanence of the use for which the area is designed."Such concerns extended to the recording of neighborhood plats and the use of deed

restrictions that controlled the density of development and the size of lots, prohibited

offensive or annoying activities, set a minimum cost for construction, and established

mandatory set-backs. Such covenants were to run with the land and be binding for aspecified period of time, after which they would terminate or be renewed. Restrictions were

enforceable through civil law suits brought before local courts by any other owner ofproperty within the subdivision. (Note: FHAs Underwriting Manual also recommendeduse of restrictions to maintain homogenous populations within subdivisions. In Shelley vs.

Kraemer (1948), the U.S. Supreme Court determined restrictions excluding residents on the

basis of race unenforceable.)

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Promoting uniform standards for the construction of

homes that many Americans could afford became a

primary objective of the Federal HousingAdministration. Through the approval of properties

for federal mortgage insurance and the publication ofstandards, the FHA regulated the home-building

industry for many decades. House designs, firstpublished in the FHAs Bulletin No. 4,Principles of

Planning Small Houses in 1936, were updated

periodically, and circulars such asPropertyStandards,Recent Developments in Building

Construction, andModern Housingaddressed issues

such prefabrication methods and materials, housingstandards, and principles of design.

Through its Small House Program, FHArecommended five basic house designs inPrinciples

of Planning Small Houses, 1936, which wouldbecome the industry standards during the 1930s for houses approved for FHA loan

insurance. These appeared as in-fill in existing neighborhoods and as the basic units of new

subdivisions that conformed to the standards set by FHAs Land Planning Division. HouseA, the simplest of the FHA designs (two models and floor plan are shown above), became

known in the home-building industry as the "FHA minimum house." Measuring 534 square

feet, the prototype was designed for a family of three adults or two adults and two children.

The house contained four rooms plus a bath: a small kitchen and larger multipurpose livingroom extended across the front of the house, while two bedrooms and a bathroom were

located off a small hallway at the back of the house. The kitchens placement at the front ofthe house facing the street was an important departure from traditional layouts. Increasingthe homes efficiency, new labor-saving technologies were reflected in a kitchen equipped

with modern appliances and a utility room with an integrated mechanical system that

replaced the basement furnace of earlier homes.

House Type B House Type C House Type D House Type E

Successively the five FHA house types offered a "range in comfort of living" and "slightly

increasing accommodation" of space. Illustrated by simple elevations in one or two

variations and a floorplan, each type was presented without nonessential spaces,picturesque features, and unnecessary items that would add to their cost, following the

basic principle of "providing a maximum accommodation within a minimum of means,

and, consequently, cost." Houses could be built in a variety of materials, including wood

FHA House Type A

FHA House Type A floor plan

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siding, brick, concrete block, shingles, reinforced concrete, stucco, or stone. While Houses

A and B were simple two-bedroom, one-story designs, C and D offered the same

accommodations with the bedrooms placed on a second story. House D also had theaddition of an attached garage. House E, the largest of the houses, offered three upper-story

bedrooms and could be built with a basement; it was illustrated with simple ornamentationof a classically-inspired doorway and a semi-circular light in the street-facing gable,

demonstrating that such a house could be "attractively designed without excessiveornamentation."

The 1940 revision ofPrinciples offered

a dramatically different approach toillustrating sound principles for home

design and construction. Praised for its

livability, the one-story, two-bedroom

"minimum" house was presented as a

starting point from which manyvariations of houses could evolve

through a flexible system based on expandability and variability. Factors such asorientation to sunlight, prevailing winds, and view became as important to house design as

the efficient layout of interior space.

Streescape illustration from the 1940 edition ofPrinciples

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Interior spaces, most

frequently the living or

dining room, could beenlarged by extending

individual roomsoutward toward the

street, to the rear of thelot, or to either side,

creating an irregular

floor-plan and a gabled-extension on the

exterior. Fireplaces and

chimneys were added aswell as basements. The

revised principles called

for the standardizationof the parts of a house,

including plumbing,

floor and ceiling joists,

ceiling heights, pipes,ducts, closets, cabinets,

windows, doors sashes,

and even hardware.Standardization offered "economies in construction without loss in flexibility in planning."

Many variations were possible using this system and garages in several models were

integrated into the overall house design. The exterior appearance of houses of the same

plan could be varied by reversing and revolving the plan, by using different materials andcombinations of materials, and by introducing different roof types, entranceways, and

window types.

*This information is an excerpt from the National Register bulletin, Guidelines for

Evaluating and Documenting Historic Residential Suburbs for listing in the National

Register of Historic Places by Dr. David Ames, University of Delaware and Linda Flint

McClelland, National Park Service.

Examples of FHA Houses Listed in the National Register of HistoricPlaces

Elevations and floor plans from the 1940 edition of Principles

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Edwards Historic District

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

The Edwards Historic District is significant as

an African American community response tohousing segregation policies, and for its

association with its developers, Walter J. and

Frances W. Edwards, African Americanentrepreneurs. In 1937, the Edwards bought the

land on which the district is located from a

white developer. As part of the addition was stilloutside city limits, the city subsequently

declined to provide utility lines or paving, and

the couple paid for these amenities in 1937

when they began clearing the land. They hired

an experienced construction foreman and directed him to hire and train young AfricanAmerican men as bricklayers, electricians, plumbers and carpenters as houses were built.

Edwards Real Estate Investment Company sold the homes primarily to African Americanfamilies; and for the first two years, 1937-1939,

the couple personally provided financing at 6%

interest to prospective buyers. After aconsiderable political struggle, in 1939 Mr.

Edwards was at last able to persuade the FHA to

approve mortgage loans to African Americans

and by 1940, 40 homes had been completed andoccupied.

Mesa Journal--Tribune FHA Demonstration

Home

Maricopa County, Arizona

TheMesa Journal-Tribune FHA Demonstration House was built in 1936 by the local Mesa

Journalnewspaper with an FHA-approved loan. Equipped with all the modern

conveniences and materials of its day (such as central air-conditioning and heating, copperwater pipes, custom built-in cabinets, a copper roof, and an attached garage), the house was

constructed to encourage the people of Mesa to use FHA-backed loans to build new small

house construction in Mesa in the late 1930s. Editorial columns which appeared in the

newspaper and advertisements placed in the paper by contractors who were constructingthe home provide an unusually detailed chronicle of its construction.

National Register Home | Publications

Home|Workshop HomeComments or Questions

Mesa Journal-Tribune FHA DemonstrationHouse, Maricopa County, Arizona

Typical houses within the Edwards Historic

District, Oklahoma City, OK

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JPJ

Second,

identify exactly where plantsshould go, using appropriately sizedcircles on yourdrawing. Except for verylarge trees, which are usually drawn abouttwo-thirdstheir maximum size, drawcircles representing approximate matureplant spread.

Unless otherwise specified inplant descriptions, spread is usually abouttwo-thirdsof listed height. You may wantto differentiate deciduous and evergreenplants with

different symbols.29

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Finally,

decide what plants and buildingmaterials will fulfill your designrequirements. Thegoal is to select plantsthat will grow well in your planting siteswhile providingforms, textures and colorsthat complement your design.Also choose building

materials whose tex-tures and colors complement your design.Structures should

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blend in with house andplants. If you have a wood-surfaced house,for example,youll probably want awooden fence, and its color should be thesame as or

complement your house color.30

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For Further ReadingMany publications on subjects related to home landscaping are availablethrough UW-

Extension county offices.Site planning

Catalog number

G8lNH153A3382A2865G1609A3434G2736A1771

A1817A1730NCR356

A3073A3435A1990NCR 26

A3383A2305Planning a Play Area in Your Residential Landscape DesignPlant selection

Container GardeningA Guide to Selecting Landscape Plants for WisconsinLandscape PlantsThat Attract BirdsLawn EstablishmentPrairie Primer

Plant care

Caring for Deciduous ShrubsCaring for Your Established Shade TreesEvergreens:Planting and CareFertilizing Garden and Landscape Plants and LawnsIdentifying Shade

Tree ProblemsLawn Maintenance and ProblemsLawn Weed Prevention and ControlLawnWeeds and Their ControlMulches for Home Gardens and PlantingsOrganic Soil Conditions

Catalog numberA2079A3067A2308A2934A3134

Plant care (continued)Recognizing Common Shade Tree InsectsSelecting, Planting and Caring for Your ShadeTreeTree and Shrub FertilizationTurf Insect Pest Control GuideWoody Ornamental Insect

Pest Control GuideYard Care and the Environment

is a series of publications developed byUW-Extension and the Department of NaturalResources. Titles include:

l

Rethinking Yard Carel

Shoreline Landscape Options and Plantsl

Landscape Practices for Healthier Plants and Improved Water Qualityl

Lawn and Garden Fertilizersl

Lawn and Garden Pesticidesl

Selecting a Lawn Care Companyl

WateringOther publications

Landscaping for Wildlife,

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available from the Department of NaturalResources, Box 7, St. Paul, MN 55155-4007. A landowners guide todeveloping a beautiful

yard that attracts wildlife.Livable Landscape Design

(141IB-211), available from Cornell University

Distribution Center, Seven Research Park, Ithaca, NY 14850. Provides afairly detailedreference on the process and principles of livable residentiallandscape design.Basic bookson home landscape design are also available at libraries,bookstores and garden centers.

31

F o r A s s i s t a n c e

Homeowners who need assistance with developing and carryingLandscapeindustries that offer some landscape design servicesout a landscape plan can

turn to several sources of professionalmay employlandscape horticulturists

trained specialists inand technical services:ornamental horticulture who mayhave some experience in plant-

Landscape architectsare professional consultants who plan anding design and

landscape designers individuals who maydesign the arrangement of outdoor areas. Of all the

sources ofhave some experience in residential design, but notnecessarilylandscape services, only landscape architects offer assistanceanyformal training in landscape design.with site selection and planning, preparing

alternative plans andselecting a final plan that includes plants and hard-surfacematerials and working drawings. Some states have regulatory

lawsgoverning the practice of landscape architecture. Wisconsin doesnot requirelicensing, but only a person who has a degree from anaccredited program can

properly be called a landscape architect.Most landscape architects specialize inplanning and design anddo not sell plants or other materials or do landscapeconstruction,in contrast to the following segments of the landscape industry.

Nurserymengrow plants for wholesale or retail sale. Some mayoffer landscape design

assistance, particularly with plant selectionand placement. Some may do theplanting. Some nurseriesoperate garden centers.

Landscape contractorsspecialize in landscape constructionThey do rough and finish grading, seedingand sodding, concretework for drives, walks and low retaining walls. They place

land-scape plants and supply topsoil, asphalt and other constructionmaterials.Some install fences, decks, patios, sprinkler systemsand pools. As a rule,landscape contractors do not grow plants,operate garden centers or offer

extensive design assistance.Garden centers

sell seeds, fertilizer and plants that they may ormay not have grown themselves.Most sell a wide variety ofmaterials, including bedding plants, pottery and patio

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and lawn fur-niture. Some may deliver large plants, but few install them.Somegarden centers offer limited planting design services.Most

sod producerssell sod wholesale, but some retail and in-stall sod for homeowners. As a rule,

they do not offer landscapedesign services.

32

Editing, Jerry L. Mosser

Graphic Design, Martha FishIllustration, Renee Graef

Authors:

Dan A. Wilson and Thomas J. Wilson are University of WisconsinExtensioncommunity resource agents in Washington and MarathonCounty, respectively.

Both are landscape architects. Wayne G. Tlusty is a professor of landscapearchitecture at the College of Agricultural andLife Sciences, University of

WisconsinMadison and the University of WisconsinExtension, CooperativeExtension.Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8

and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department ofAgriculture,University of WisconsinExtension, Cooperative Extension. University

of WisconsinExtension provides equal opportunities in employmentandprogramming, including Title IX and ADA requirements. If you need this

information in an alternative format, contact the Office of EqualOpportunity andDiversity Programs of call Extension Publishing at 608-262-2655 .

2003 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Sendinquiries about copyright permission to: Cooperative ExtensionPublishing

Operations, 103 Extension Building, 432 N. Lake St., Madison, WI 53706.To seemore publications or to order copies of this publication, visit our web site at

http://cecommerce.uwex.edu or call toll-free: 877-WIS-PUBS (947-7827).

Planning and Designing Your Home Landscape (G1923)RP-02/2004

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I love this nice book. Thank you.

11 / 19 / 2009

Cultura florilor in ara noastr este cunoscut din cele mai vechi timpuri iar provenienta lor este foarte diferit. n

lucrrile scriitorului antic Dioscoride se semnaleaz c n Dacia exista cultura roiniei, cimbrului i calomfirului, iar o

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serie de denumiri de origine roman i greac a unor specii floricole , spre exemplu busuiocul, menta, trandafirul,

crinul, salvia i altele ne arat c acestea au existat nc de pe vremea romanilor.

Din flora spontan autohton fac parte specia de bujoriPaeonia romanica, narcisele,Narcissus poeticus, ntlnite astzi n Poiana

Narciselor de lng Fgra, albstrelele, lcrmioarele, specia de liliacSyringa josikaea ntlnit astzi pe Valea Jadului i Valea

Drganului din Transilvania. O serie de specii, cum sunt trandafirii de dulcea cultivai n ara noastr nc din anul 1430, provenii din

Asia Mic, au fost adui de turci. De pe rmurile apusene ale Mrii mediterane ptrund n ara noastr , n anul 1453 , garofiele , iar n

anul 1545 s-a cultivat pentru prima dat la noi crinmul alb adus de turci din Asia Mic. Dup ce n anul 1554, i face apariia n Europa

laleaua, la numai 5 ani ptrunde i n ara noastr. Foarte cunoscut i rspndit , mai ales n mediul stesc, este leandrul, care a fost cultivat

n ara noastr pentru prima dat n anul 1572 ( cu toate c dup unii istorici se crede c a fost adus din Italia pe timpul Imperiului roman).

Din regiunea Mediteranei ptrund la noi n ar , n anul 1590 , zambilele, iar n anul 1806 , gura leului. Din America au fost aduse, n anul

1824 pentru prima dat n ara noastr dalia i florile de piatr , iar n anul 1878 salvia i mai trziu n anul 1925 cactusul ( limba soacrei).

Din China s-a adus n ara noastr n anul 1869 , primula, iar n anul 1883 bujorii.

O mare parte din speciile floricole ajunse n ara noastr se cultivau pe lng curile boiereti i pe lng mnstiri. Thomas Hope n

cartea Anastase sau memoriile unui grec , arat c grdina palatului lui Nicolae Mavrogheni , al crui plan era ntocmit chiar de

Mavrogheni, cuprinde o serie de plante decorative , dintre care nu lipseau lalelele i trandafirii. Nevoia de flori tiate nu putea fi satisfcut

exclusiv prin importana lor, de aceea n jurul anului 1840 , prima ntreprindere de acest gen din Romnia este cea a lui L. Leyvraz, ce a luat

fiin la Bucureti. La nceput se produceau flori modeste, pentru c cele mai pretenioase se importau. Tot n aceast perioad a nceput s

se nmuleasc i plantele de apartament precum ficuii, palmierii, Dracaena, Cycas, etc. n secolul trecut , horticultorul A. Montigny a

organizat parcul de la Mogooaia, unde s-au construit sere pentru flori.

J. Rathan specialist n culturi forate i J. Lacroix specialist n plante de apartament, au contribuit la la mbogirea sortimentului de plante

ornamentale. n primele decenii ale secolului XIX iau fiin I.A.S. Codlea Sere de la Braov, ntreprinderea Horticol 1 Mai din Bucureti.

Astfel horticultorii din acele vremuri sunt I. Haeganu, Ilie Morlova, D. tefnescu, F. Rebhuhn, W. Knechtel, etc.

Dac pe timpul comunismului, serele i suprafeele cultivate cu flori au crescut constant, nfiinndu-se n jurul fiecrui centru urban sere

de flori ce asigurau materialul dendro-floricol pentru amenajrile locale exterioare sau pentru alte evenimente locale, dup anul 1989 aceste

sere locale, ale comunitilor locale au fost distruse n totalitate. Chiar i cele mai mari sere de flori de la noi din ar , Serele Codlea, au fost

aduse spre desfiinare. Aadar, ultimii 20 de ani au adus o scdere considerabil n acest sector economic, piaa local funcionnd i

asigurnd cererea din material importat n detrimentul productorului autohton.

Autor : Constantin Claudiu

Publicat 19.10.2011

Bibliografie : Floricultura Dr. Ing. Milea Preda , Editura Ceres.

foto : adevarul.ro sera de flori Slobozia.