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August 2016
Food Waste Behaviours: Influences and Impacts on
Residential Waste and Waste Reduction
APreliminaryReport
Amanda Evans, Sustainability ScholarUniversity of Alberta, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, Department of Sociology Aurea Siemens, Mentor Waste Reduction Programs Supervisor, Utility Services, City Operations, City of Edmonton
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Acknowledgements
ThankyoutotheUniversityofAlbertaandtheCityofEdmontonforyoursupportofthe
SustainabilityScholarsprogramandthisproject.
AspecialthankyoutoRayleighConley,AlexisDeVilla,StefanieDrozda,ArdenL.Mathieson,everyonefromtheGoBaglessteamforyourassistancewiththisproject,andtotheresidentsofEdmontonwhogenerouslygavetheirtimetoparticipateinthisstudy.
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TableofContentsExecutiveSummary..............................................................................................................................4
Introduction............................................................................................................................................5
StudyObjectives....................................................................................................................................8
Methodology...........................................................................................................................................9
DoorstepSurveys............................................................................................................................................................9In-PersonInterviews..................................................................................................................................................11FoodWasteDiaries......................................................................................................................................................12DataCollectionandAnalysis...................................................................................................................................13
Results...................................................................................................................................................14DoorstepSurveys.........................................................................................................................................14Section1:Demographics...........................................................................................................................................14Section2:FoodWasteandHouseholdInformation.....................................................................................15
In-PersonInterviews..................................................................................................................................17Section1:Demographics...........................................................................................................................................17Section2:ShoppingHabits......................................................................................................................................20Section3:CookingHabits&Leftovers................................................................................................................21Section4:FoodStorageHabits...............................................................................................................................22Section5:FoodWaste................................................................................................................................................22
Pre-DiaryFoodWasteAudits...................................................................................................................26Garbage.............................................................................................................................................................................26Recycling..........................................................................................................................................................................28
FoodWasteDiaries......................................................................................................................................28QuantitiesofFoodWaste..........................................................................................................................................28CommonTypesofFoodWaste...............................................................................................................................30ReasonsforFoodWaste............................................................................................................................................31ComparisonofWasteAuditDatawithInterviewData................................................................................32
Discussion.............................................................................................................................................36
KeyFindings...................................................................................................................................................................36
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PossibleFactorsThatMayHelptoReduceFoodWaste.............................................................................40
Conclusions..........................................................................................................................................43
SuggestionsandRecommendationsforFutureResearch..........................................................................44RecommendationsforDataAnalysis...................................................................................................................44RecommendationsforDataCollection...............................................................................................................44RecommendationsforFurtherDevelopmentofResearchTools............................................................45
References............................................................................................................................................47
ListofFigures......................................................................................................................................49
ListofTables........................................................................................................................................51
Appendices...........................................................................................................................................52AppendixA:DoorstepSurveyandResults..........................................................................................52AppendixB:FoodWasteInterviewandResults................................................................................61AppendixC:FoodWasteDiary(excerpt).............................................................................................96AppendixD:WasteAuditCategories...................................................................................................100AppendixF:CompiledResultsforPre-DiaryWasteAudit...........................................................102AppendixF:CompiledResultsforFoodWasteDiary....................................................................103
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Executive Summary BetweenMayandAugust,2016,asmallscale,fourpartresearchprojectwasconductedin
Edmonton,withthepurposeofgatheringinformationaboutresidentialfood-relatedwaste
(FRW)andavoidablefoodwaste(AFW).Throughthisresearch,theobjectiveswereto
determine:whattypesofresidentialFRWwerebeingproduced;thereasonsandfactors
thatmaycontributetoproductionofFRWandAFW;residents’perceptionsand
understandingoffoodwaste,includingtheirownhouseholdfoodwasteoutputs;and
residenthabitsandbehavioursthatmayresultineitherincreasedorreducedproduction
ofAFW.
CityofEdmontonstaffvisitedatotalofthreeEdmontonneighbourhoodstorecruit
householdstoparticipateinthisstudy.Acrosstheseneighbourhoods,staffcompletedand
receivedresultsfor:
● 320short(3-minute)doorstepsurveys
● 64interviews
● 26wasteaudits(priortocompletionoffoodwastediaries),and
● 32week-longfoodwastediaries
Findingsindicatedthatparticipantswerefamiliarwiththeterm‘foodwaste’andbelieve
thatfoodwasteisanissueinEdmonton,butdonotregularlyhearanythingaboutfood
wasteinthemedia.Mostparticipantsreportedduringinterviewsthattheirhouseholds
threwawayverylittleAFW.However,thewasteauditdatashowedthatparticipant
householdsthrewawayanaverageof5kgofFRWonaweeklybasis.Leftovermealsand
spoiledproducecomprisedthemajorityofAFWinboththewasteauditsandthefood
wastediaries.Themostcommonreasonsparticipantsprovidedforfoodbeingwastedwere
thattheyhadmadetoomuchfoodforameal,orthattheyhadpurchasedtoomuchproduce
andwerenotabletouseitallbeforeitspoiled.
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Theresultsofthisprojectsuggestedthatthemajorityofparticipants’primarymotivations
forreducingfoodwasteweretoeathealthyandtosavemoney.Manyparticipantscited
thatwantingtohaveawidevarietyoffoodsonhandforhealthyeating,andnotknowing
howtoreducefoodwasteorhavingtimetoreducefoodwaste,werepotentialbarriersto
residentsreducingAFW.Theseresultswillbehelpfulindevelopingabetterunderstanding
ofpublicperceptionsandbehavioursassociatedwithfoodwaste,andwillbeusedfor
designingfutureresearchprojectsandeducationprogramstohelpreduceFRWandAFW
inEdmonton.
ThisprojectcontributestotheCityofEdmonton’sEnvironmentalStrategicPlan,TheWay
WeGreen(CityofEdmonton,2001,pp.58-59).Oneofthestrategicactionsincludedinthe
planistodivertupto90percentofresidentialwastefromlandfill,inpartbyencouraging
Edmontonians’participationinrecycling,grasscycling,composting,andreuse.Residential
wastehabitssignificantlycontributetooverallwastereductionanddiversiongoals.
Introduction Municipalitiesandgovernmentsarerecognizingtheneedtoaddressfoodwaste.Notonly
isorganicwasteagrowingconcernforwastemanagementservicesandfacilities,wasted
foodhasadditionaleconomic,environmental,andsocialimpacts.Initialpreventionoffood
wastemaybethebestapproachtotheissue.However,along-termsolutionwillrequirea
multi-facetedapproachtoaddressallfactors,perceptions,practices,andbehavioursthat
currentlycontributetoavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)productionthroughouttheentire
chain,fromproducertoconsumer.Inordertodevelopandimplementalong-termfood
wastestrategyandactionplanthatwilleffectivelyengageallstakeholders,municipalities
mustfirstunderstandthecurrentstatusoffoodwastewithintheirregions,andthefactors
andbehavioursthatarecurrentlycontributingtofoodwaste.Localresearchandstudies
needtobeundertakeninordertoassessthecurrentstateoffoodwaste.Aspartofan
overallfoodwastereductionstrategy,foodrecoveryanddiversioneffortsshouldalsobe
implemented,asmunicipalitiesworktowardtheirfoodwastepreventiongoals.
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Onlyafewmunicipalitiestodatehavedevelopedandimplementedfoodwastereduction
programs.Ofthosethathavehadprogramsinplaceforatleastfiveyears,measurable
successesof21-25percentreductioninresidentialfoodwastehavebeenobserved(Marsh,
2015;WasteandResourcesActionProgramme[WRAP],2013).Itispossiblethatafood
wastereductioncampaign,tailoredtotheneedsandfactorsspecifictoEdmonton,could
alsobesuccessfulinreducingavoidablefoodwaste.
DefiningFoodWaste
Theterm“foodwaste”encompassesallcategoriesofwastethatarerelatedtofood
(KelleherandRobbins,2013),whichinclude:
·Unavoidable–wastefromfoodandbeveragepreparationthatisnotnormally
consumed(e.g.,peels,fruitcoresandpits,meatcarcasses,bones,shells,teabags)
·Possiblyavoidable–foodandbeveragesthatsomepeopleeatbutothersdonot
(suchasbreadcrusts),orthatcanbeeatendependingonpreparation(e.g.,potato
skins)
·Avoidable–foodandbeveragesthatcouldhavebeenconsumedatsomepoint
priortodisposal(e.g.,foodthatwasnoteatenpriortospoilage,fooditemsstillin
original,unopenedpackages)
Anothercategoryoffoodwasteispackaging,whichconsistsofwrappingsandcontainers
thatareusedtosell,contain,andstorefood.Suchitems,whichmaybemadeofeither
recyclableornon-recyclablematerials,includebeverageandfoodcontainers,servingtrays,
andplasticandfoilwrap.
FoodWasteIssues
Currently,Canadaiswasting170,000tonnesoffoodannually,withlossesofatleast$31
billionindirectfoodcosts(Goochetal.,2014).Othercountriesarefacingsimilarlossesof
avoidablefoodwaste,withapproximatelyone-thirdofallfoodbeingwastedatdifferent
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stagesalongthefoodsupplychain(FoodandAgricultureOrganization[FAO],2011).The
reasonsfortheproductionofexcessfoodwastearecomplex,andvarybylocationandby
sector(e.g.,residentialvs.commercial).Factorsthatmaycurrentlycontributetofood
wasteincludebusinesspractices,governmentlegislation,foodregulations,consumer
habits,andwastemanagementprocesses.Findingeffective,long-termsolutionstoreduce
overallAFWthroughprevention,diversion,andrecoverywillrequireamulti-faceted
approachtoaddressthesesamefactors.
Wastedfoodhaseconomic,environmental,andsocialimplications.Financially,foodwaste
representslostmoneyfromproductthatisunabletobesoldtogeneraterevenueforprofit
andtocoveroperatingcosts,resultingin15-20percenthighercostsforthefoodindustry
(Goochetal.,2014).Notonlyarehouseholdsthrowingawayanestimated$2,000CADin
foodannually(Neffetal.,2015),increasedcostsoffoodanddrinkresultinanadditional15
percentor$1,000CADperyearinhouseholdspendingduetoincreasedfoodprices
(WRAP,2009).Transportationanddisposaloffoodwastealsocostsmoney,time,andfuel.
Whenallcostsrelatedtofoodproductionanddistributionaretakenintoaccount,Canadais
losinganestimated$107billionannually(Goochetal.,2014;NationalZeroWasteCouncil
[NZWC],2015).
Organicwaste,alargepercentageofwhichisfoodwaste,hasenvironmentalimpacts.
Wateruseandwaterconservationisaconcerninmanymunicipalities,andwastedfood
representswastedresources,includingwateruse.Whenburiedinlandfills,organicsdonot
decomposeproperlyinananaerobicenvironment,creatingconditionsforbacterial
productionofmethanegas.Organicwastegeneratesanestimated3percentofCanada’s
greenhousegasemissions(NZWC,2015).Manymunicipalitieshavebannedorganicsfrom
landfills,andareeitherdivertingthemintocompostingordigestionoperationsinan
attempttoreduceemissionsaspartoftheiroverallclimatechangemitigationstrategy
(UnitedStatesCompostingCouncil[USCC],2012).Foodwastediversionthroughtax
incentive-basedcharitabledonationscouldreduceCanada’semissionsbyalevelequivalent
totheeliminationof275,000carsfromroadways(NZWC,2015).Donatinganddiverting
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usablefoodisnotonlymoreenvironmentally-sustainable,itwouldhelpaddresssomeof
thesocialissuesassociatedwithfooddistribution,foodcosts,andhealthcare.Anestimated
13percentofhouseholdsinCanada(NZWC,2015),around4millionindividuals(Food
SecurityCanada,2015),arefood-insecure.Foodinsecurityhasbeenshowntoincreaserisk
formentalandphysicalillnesses(Tarasuketal.,2013).Investmentinfoodsecurity
initiativesisakeycomponentofEdmonton’scommitmenttoendpoverty(EndPoverty
Edmonton,2015).
Study Objectives Theprimaryobjectiveofthisresearchprojectwastocollectinformationfromresidents
abouttheirfoodwaste,aswellasinformationaboutresidentialhabitsandbehavioursthat
maycontributetoorhelpreducefoodwaste,throughasmall-scalehouseholdstudy.
Informationwascollectedinthefollowingareas:whattypesoffoodwastewerebeing
producedandthrownawaybyresidents;residents’shopping,cooking,andfoodstorage
habits,andhowthesemayhaveinfluencedtheproductionofhouseholdfoodwaste;public
perceptionsandunderstandingoffoodwaste,andhowthesemayrelatetohabitsthat
couldincreaseordecreasetheamountofhouseholdfoodwasteproduced;andwhich
behavioursresidentsmightbemostwillingorabletoalterinordertoreducetheir
productionofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW).
Becausethisisasmallscaleresearchproject,thesecondaryobjectiveoftheprojectwasto
testtheresearchmethodologyandtoolsforassessmentofresidentialfoodwaste.
Specifically,thisincludedthesmalldoorstepsurveyandassociatedArcGISmapping
software,thein-personinterviewprocess,thewastediaryprocessandformat,andthe
wasteauditprocedures.
Resultsandrecommendationsfromthisprojectwillbeusedtoinformfuturefoodwaste
researchprojects,andtodevelopfuturesocialmarketingandeducationprogramsthatwill
encourageresidentstoreduceAFW.
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Methodology Therewerefourmaincomponentstotheresearchproject:1)athree-minutedoorstep
survey;2)a45-minutein-personorphoneinterview;3)apre-diarywasteaudit;4)aone-
weekfoodwastediary.
Forthepurposesofthisproject,wewereprimarilyinterestedincollectingandanalyzing
datainthefoodrelatedwaste(FRW),andavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)categories.FRW
includedallthreecategoriesoffoodwaste(avoidablefoodwaste,unavoidablefoodwaste,
andfoodpackaging).AFWincludedfoodstillinitsoriginalpackaging(bothopenedand
unopenedpackageswhichcontainedsomeoralloftheoriginalcontents),andediblefoods
suchasleftovermeals.Foodwaste(FW),whenmentionedinthisreport,includedboth
avoidableandunavoidablefoodwastecategories.
Allparticipantswereaskedinadvanceiftheywantedtoparticipateinthisproject.
Participantswhoconsentedtoparticipateintheinterview,wasteaudit,andfoodwaste
diarycomponentswereprovidedaninformationletterandconsentform,andwerefully
informedoftheirrighttowithdrawfromtheprojectatanytime.Participantshadto
providewrittenconsenttoparticipateineachcomponentofinteresttothem.Theydidnot
havetoparticipateinallfourcomponents.
DoorstepSurveys
ThecanvassingphaseofthisprojectoccurredbetweenMay16andJune30,2016inthree
selectedneighbourhoods(locatedintheareasshowninFig.1).Canvassersconductedthe
surveywithresidentslivinginsingle-unitresidences.Thedoorstepsurveywasdesigned
tocollectinformationaboutresidents’knowledge,understanding,andawarenessoffood
waste,whetherornotthiswasatopicthatwasofconcerntothem,andwhatbarriersand
opportunitiestheyfelttheyfacedwhenitcametoreducingfoodwasteintheirhouseholds
(seeAppendixAforsurveyquestions).
Basedon2014MunicipalCensusresults,thethreeselectedresidentialneighbourhoods
hadhighpercentagesofresidentslivinginsingle-unitdetachedhousing,andhadhigh
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percentagesofresidentswhohadlivedattheircurrentresidencesforatleast3years.
Theseneighbourhoodsalsohadwastecollectionrouteswheregarbageandrecyclingwere
pickedupbyCitystaff.Thesefactorswerekeytoselectingneighbourhoodsforthisproject,
toensureagreaterlikelihoodthatprojectparticipantshadestablishedat-homeroutines,
andtofacilitatecollectionproceduresforthewasteaudit.
Figure1:WastecollectionareasinEdmonton.Thesectionshighlightedingreenrepresenttheareasfromwhichneighbourhoodswereselectedfortheproject.
Thesurveywasalsousedasaselectiontooltoidentifyhouseholdsandparticipantswho
werequalifiedandwillingtocompleteanin-personinterview.Participantsqualifiedfor
theinterviewiftheyhadlivedattheircurrentresidenceforatleastthreeyears,andifthey
reportedthattheycookedandatemealsathomeatleastthreetimesduringtheweek.
Thesequalifyingattributesweretoensurethatparticipantsweremorelikelytohave
establishedroutinesrelatedtofoodshopping,foodpreparation,cooking,andwaste
disposalhabits.Theminimumtargetwas65surveysperneighborhood,or200surveys
acrossallthreeneighbourhoods.Atotalof363householdswerecanvassed,with3201
surveyscompleted(equalto320participanthouseholds),foraresponserateof88%
1Thisresponserateisbasedonpercentofpeoplewhoansweredthedoor(nottotalresidencesvisited).
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(Table1).SurveydatawereentereddirectlyintoArcGISsoftwaremapsusingiPadtablets,
whichallowedfordirectdatacollectionandupdatedinformationforcanvassedareas.
In-PersonInterviews
Thesecondpartofthestudyentailedalonger(uptoonehour)structuredin-personor
phoneinterview,whichincludedmorein-depthquestionsabouthouseholdhabits
surroundingfoodshopping,cookingandfoodstoragehabits,behavioursrelatedto
leftoversandfoodwaste,andperceptionsregardingfoodwaste(seeAppendixBfor
interviewquestions).Theminimumtargetnumberofinterviewswas16per
neighborhood,oratotalof50interviewsacrossallthreeneighbourhoods.Datacollected
byinterviewerswereenteredeitherdirectlyintoGoogleFormsorontopaperformsfor
dataentryatalatertime.Participanthouseholdsreceivedathankyouitem(City
Attractionsfamilyadmissionpassortransittickets)fortheirtimeandparticipationinthe
interview.Atotalof64interviewswereconducted,approximatelytwentyper
neighbourhood,witharesponserateof25%(Table1).Followingtheinterview,each
participantwasinvitedtopartakeintheoneweekfoodwastediaryandwasteaudit.
Pre-DiaryWasteAudits
WasteauditswereconductedbetweenJune17andJuly8,2016.Theminimumtarget
numberofauditswastenperneighbourhood,oratotalof30auditsacrossallthree
neighbourhoods.Wasteauditswereonlyconductedforhouseholdsthatalsoagreedto
participateinthefoodwastediarycomponent.Foreachhouseholdthatagreedto
participate,Citystaffcollectedgarbageandrecyclingduringtheregularweekdaycollection
datefortheneighbourhood,uptotwoweekspriortothestartofthefoodwastediaries.
Uptosixbagsofwaste,whichincludedgarbageandrecycling,werecollectedforeach
household.Thiswasduetothecapacityofthevehicleusedforwastecollection,andthe
timelimitsforsortingwasteatthefacilityoneachsortingday.Ifhouseholdshadmorethan
sixbagsofwaste,onlysixbags(1or2bagsofrecyclingandupto4or5bagsofgarbage)
weretakenforsorting.Ifhouseholdshadbagscontainingonlygrassclippingsoryard
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waste,thesebagswereweighedatthecurbwithaluggagescaletorecordapproximate
weights,andwereleftatthecurbsideforregularcollection.Collectedwastefromall
householdswastakentoKennedalewastecollectionfacility,andsortedintoseveral
categories(seeAppendixDforcategorylist).Theamountsofwasteineachcategorywere
weighedandtotaled.Asaresultofsomeresidentsnotsettingoutwasteforcurbside
collectionduringwastecollectiondates,wasteauditswereonlyconductedforatotalof26
households,approximately8-10perneighbourhood.
Inthisaudit,food-relatedwaste(FRW)wasclassifiedintoatotalofsixcategories:
1) Avoidablefoodwaste(AFW)
a) Inpackaging(foodspartiallyeaten,andintactitemsstillinoriginal
packaging)
b) Edible(includingleftoversandtablescraps)
2) Unavoidablefoodwaste(UFW)
a) Householdcompostable(vegetableandfruitpeels,coresandtrimmings)
b) Householdnon-compostable(bones,fatsandoils)
3) Foodpackaging(FP)
a) Recyclable(paper,cardboard,plastic,andmetalcans)
b) Non-recyclable(plastic,paper,foil)
FoodWasteDiaries
FoodwastediarieswerecompletedfromJune22toJuly19,2016.Theminimumtarget
numberofdiarieswas10perneighborhood,oratotalof30diariesacrossallthree
neighbourhoods.Participantsreceivedapapercopyofaone-weekfoodwastediaryanda
wastemeasuringkitinadvanceoftheirselectedstartdate.Participantswereaskedto
recordthetypesandamountsoffoodthrownawayathomefortheirhouseholds,the
reasonsfordisposal,originalquantitiesandconditionsofthoseitemspurchased,and
methodsoffoodwastedisposal(seeAppendixCfordiaryexample).
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Oncecompleted,diarieswerecollectedfromresidents,andthedatawereenteredbyCity
staffintoMicrosoftExcelsheetsforsummaryandanalysis.Becausevaryingmeasurements
wereusedbyparticipantstorecordfoodwaste,allfoodwastedatawerestandardizedby
convertingreportedquantitiesintolitres(L),sothatdiarydatacouldbeaggregated.
Participantswhocompletedthewastediarywereallowedtokeepthewastemeasuringkit,
andalsoreceivedathankyouitem(giftcardforalocalstore)fortheirtime.Atotalof32
households,approximately10-11perneighbourhood,completedthefoodwastediaries.
DataCollectionandAnalysis
AlldatawerecollectedandstoredsecurelyinCitynetworkfolders.Consentformsand
personalinformationwerestoredinsecure,lockedcabinets.Papercopiescontaining
survey,interview,ordiarydatawereshreddedonceallinformationhadbeenentered
electronically.
Becausetheparticipantsinthisstudywerenotselectedrandomly,andthetotalsample
sizeofthegroupofparticipantswassmall,thedataandresultsofthisprojectcannotbe
usedtomakecity-widegeneralizationsorextrapolationsforallsingle-unitresidents.
However,thedatadoprovideasnapshotofindividuals’foodwastehabitsandhowthose
habitsandbehavioursmayaffectthetypeandamountoffoodwasteproduced.
Somedatawerecomparedbetweenneighbourhoods,toensureconsistencyin
methodologyandtodetermineiftherewereanylargevariationsbetweendifferentareasof
thecity.Itwasdeterminedthatmostofthedataandresultswerecomparableand
consistentbetweenthethreeneighbourhoods.Therefore,mostofthedatapresentedin
theresultssectionisaggregated,representingparticipatinghouseholdsacrossallthree
neighbourhoods.
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Table1:Numbersandpercentagesofparticipantsinvolvedwithprojectcomponents.
PeopleCanvassed
CompletedDoorstepSurveys
In-PersonInterviewOffered
CompletedInterviews
CompletedPre-DiaryWaste
AuditsCompletedFoodDiaries
Neighbourhood1 130 114 89 22 8 10
Neighbourhood2 119 105 80 20 10 11
Neighbourhood3 114 101 89 22 8 11
Total 363 320 258 64 26 32
% -- 88.15 -- 24.81 40.63 50
Results
DoorstepSurveys
Section1:Demographics
Throughoutthisproject,itwasassumedthatdemographicsofallsurveyparticipants
(n=320)wereconsistentwiththoseofEdmontonresidentslivinginsinglefamilydetached
housing.Mostparticipants(70%)hadlivedattheircurrentresidenceforatleastfiveyears,
ownedtheirhouse(89%),andwereeithermarriedorinacommon-lawrelationship
(74%).Mostparticipantswerebetweentheagesof35and64yearswiththehighest
frequencyofparticipantsbetweentheagesof45and54years(Fig.2).
Figure2:Distributionofparticipants’agesindoorstepsurvey.
Whilehouseholdsizesrangedfromonetoelevenpeople,themajorityofparticipantslived
intwo-tofour-memberhouseholds(Fig.3).Ofthe300participantswhorespondedtothe
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question,‘Aretherechildrenunder18yearsinthehouse?’,overone-third(37%)saidthey
hadatleastonechildlivingwiththem(Fig.4).
Figure3:Distributionofhouseholdsizesforparticipantsindoorstepsurvey.
Figure4:Distributionofhouseholdswithchildrenunder18yearsofageindoorstepsurvey.
Section2:FoodWasteandHouseholdInformation
Mostparticipants(83%)wereawareoftheterm“foodwaste.”Amajority(79%)also
thoughtthatfoodwastewasanissueinCanada,butslightlyfewer(74%)thoughtoffood
wasteasanissueinEdmonton.Whenaskediftheyhadheardanythingrecentlyinthenews
oronsocialmediaaboutfoodwaste,only30percentofparticipantsagreed,with
referencestohavingheardaboutfoodwastethroughnewspapersoronTV.Nearlytwo-
thirds(64%)ofparticipantssaidtheyhadthoughtaboutfoodwasteintheirown
householdwithinthepastyear,eitherweeklyormonthly(AppendixA).
Two-thirds(67%)ofparticipantsreportedthattheyhadtriedtoreducetheamountof
householdfoodwasteinthepastyear,eitheronaweeklyormonthlybasis(Fig.5).Ofthose
(32%)thathadnottriedtoreducewasteintheirhomes,themostcommonreasonsforthis
were:theyonlyhadabitofwastedfood(40responses)orneverhadfoodwaste(11
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responses);theydidnotknowhoworhavethetimetoreducetheirfoodwaste(20
responses);foodwastewasunavoidable(13responses)(Fig.6).
Figure5:Responsestothedoorstepsurveyquestion:“Inthepastyear,howoftenhaveyoutriedtoreducetheamountofwastefoodinyourhousehold?”
Figure6:Responsestothedoorstepsurveyquestion:“Ifyouhaven’ttriedtoreducefoodwasteinyourhousehold,whynot?”
Almosthalf(49%)ofrespondentshadsomeformofvegetablegarden,eitherathomeor
elsewhere(Fig.7).Approximatelyone-fifth(22%)ofparticipantshadeitheracomposter
orwormbinthattheyusedfordisposalofkitchenscraps,andone-third(33%)ofthose
whogardenedalsopracticedbackyardcompostingorvermicompostingasawayofdealing
withorganicfoodwasteproducedintheirhomes.
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Figure7:Percentagesofdoorstepsurveyparticipantswhohadagardenandpracticedhomecomposting.
SeeAppendixAforthefulllistofsurveyquestionsandresponses.
In-PersonInterviews
Section1:Demographics
Atotalof64participants(n=64)completedtheinterview.Allwerehomeownersand69
percenthadlivedintheirhouseforfiveyearsorlonger.Similartotheresultsfromthe
doorstepsurvey,themostfrequentagerangeofparticipantswas45to54years(Fig.8).
Participantsmostcommonlylivedintwo-tofour-personhouseholds(Fig.9),andoverhalf
(58%)didnothavechildrenunder18yearsofagelivingathome(Fig.10).
Figure8:Distributionofagesofparticipantsinterviewed.
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Figure9:Distributionofhouseholdsizesforparticipantsinterviewed.
Figure10:Distributionofhouseholdswithchildrenunder18yearsofage.
Comparedwiththesurvey,aslightlyhigherpercentage(75%)ofinterviewparticipants
saidthattheytryonaweeklyormonthlybasistoreducefoodwasteintheirhomes(Fig.
11).Ofthe16participantswhorarelyornevertriedtoreducefoodwaste,theirreasons
weresomewhatsimilartothoseinthedoorstepsurvey.Primaryreasonsgivenwerethat:
participantscompostedintheirbackyard;thattheywouldliketotrybutdidnotknowhow
ordidnothavetime;theyfeltthatfoodwastewasunavoidable(Fig.12).Unlikethesurvey,
havingonlyalittleornofoodwastewasnotoneoftheprimaryreasonsstated.
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Figure11:Responsestotheinterviewquestion:“Inthepastyear,howoftenhaveyoutriedtoreducetheamountofwastedfoodinyourhousehold?”
Figure12:Responsestotheinterviewquestion:“Ifyouhaven’ttriedtoreducefoodwasteinyourhousehold,whynot?”
Incontrasttothedoorstepsurvey,whereabouthalfoftheparticipantsreportedthatthey
hadahomegarden,thepercentagesofgardenersandhomecomposterswerehigherinthe
interview.Nearlytwo-thirds(64%)ofthoseinterviewedwerehomegardeners.Ofthose
whogardened,overtwo-thirds(40%)hadacompostorwormbinthattheyusedforfood
waste(Fig.13).
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Figure13:Percentagesofinterviewparticipantswhohaveagardenandpracticehomecomposting.
Section2:ShoppingHabits
Themajorityofparticipantsinterviewedwereresponsibleformost(67%)oratleasthalf
(14%)ofthehouseholdshopping.Householdsmostfrequentlywentonabigshoppingtrip
onceperweek(Fig.14).Severalhouseholds(40%)regularlyshoppedatonlyonetypeof
store,whichwerethemediumtolargesupermarkets(e.g.,Sobey’s,SuperstoreorSave-On-
Foods)(88%ofone-storehouseholds).Householdsmostfrequentlyshoppedattwotypes
ofstoresforfoodpurchases(47%ofhouseholds),whichincludedtheaforementioned
supermarkets(50%oftwo-storehouseholds)aswellaswarehouse-typestores(e.g.,
Costco,TheGroceryPeople)(32%oftwo-storehouseholds).
Figure14:Responsestotheinterviewquestion:“Howoftendoesyourhouseholdgoonamainshoppingtripforgroceries?”
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Whileoverhalfofparticipants(52%)usedsomeformofwrittenshoppinglist,whetherit
wasarunninglist(21%)oralistmadejustpriortogoingonashoppingtrip(31%),48%of
householdsusedmemoryandhabittoguidethemthroughtheirshoppingtrips(Fig.15).
Regardlessofwhetherornotparticipantsusedsomekindoflist,themajorityof
households(70%)boughtitemsthatwerenotontheirlistduringtheirlastbigshopping
trip.
Figure15:Responsestotheinterviewquestion:“BEFOREyougoonamainshoppingtrip,doyouusually:keepawrittenlist,makealistpriortoshopping,memorizewhatyouneedorhaveageneralideaofwhattobuy?”
Section3:CookingHabits&Leftovers
Similartoresponsesforshoppinghabits,theparticipantsinterviewedwereresponsiblefor
most(62%)oratleasthalf(14%)ofthecooking.Themajority(89%)alsostatedthatthey
ateathomeeverydayormost(fiveormore)daysoftheweek.Mostparticipants(76%)
decidedwhattheyweregoingtohavefordinnerthatdayorafewdaysaheadoftime.Only
fourparticipantsstatedthattheyhadsomeformofweeklymealplan.Nearlytwo-thirds
(64%)ofparticipantsstatedthatallorpartoftheirleftoversfromtheirlastmealwere
savedandusedforanothermeal.
Participantswereaskedtodescribethelasttimethatfoodwasthrownoutintheir
households,andthereasonsorcircumstancesforthatparticularfooditembeingthrown
away(AppendixB).Themostcommontypesoffoodthatwerethrownoutweremeal
leftovers(51%ofresponses),followedbyproduce(25%ofresponses).Theprimaryreason
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forfoodbeingthrownwasfoodthathadbeenleftorstoredfortoolong,andfoodthathad
lostitsorganolepticallyappealingqualities(i.e.,itdidnotlook,smellortastegoodany
more.)Anothercommonreasonforfoodbeingthrownawaywashouseholdmembers’
disinterestinconsumingtheleftovermealitem.Forexample:
“Wewillthrowoutleftoversiftheyaremorethanthreedaysinthefridge.”-35-44yearoldfemale,parent
“Basicallyifit’sgettingtobemorethanfiveorsixdays,andnoone'seatingit,thenitgets
thrownaway.” -45-54yearoldmale,parent
“Ihadpastaleftoversfromthemealbefore,therewasonlyalittlebitleft,andthe
secondtimeIateit,soIthrewitout.”-25-34yearoldmale,nochildren
Section4:FoodStorageHabits
Whilemostparticipantsdidsaythattheyusedtheirfreezerstostorehome-mademeals
andleftovers,many(40%)participantsstatedthattheydonotusetheirfreezertostore
leftoverfoodfrommeals.
Section5:FoodWaste
Whenparticipantswereaskedtoconsidertheiravoidablefoodwaste(AFW)habitsin
relationtootherhouseholds,participantspredominantlystatedthattheythoughtthey
threwawaylessfoodthanhouseholdsofsimilarsize(Fig.16).
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Figure16:Typesoffoodwaste(FW)inthehousehold.Responsestothequestion:“Overthepasttwoweeks,howmuchofthefollowingfoodtypeshasyourhouseholdthrownaway(eitherinyourgarbage,compostpile,downthesink,orfedtopets)incomparisontohouseholdsyoursize?”
Therewasaslightdifferencewhenaskedaboutdifferenttypesoffoodwaste(FW),which
includedbothavoidable(AFW)andunavoidablefoodwaste(UFW).Ahighernumberof
participantsreportedthattheythrewout‘alot’or‘anaverageamount’ofUFW,suchas
foodscraps,andAFW,suchasuneatenfoodleftonaplate,unfinishedpackagesoffood,and
spoiledfood(Fig.17).Regardingparticipants’overallperceptionoftheirfood-related
waste(FRW),themajority(84%)statedthattheythrewouta‘belowaverage’amountin
comparisontohouseholdsofsimilarsize(AppendixB,Section5).
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Figure17:Typesofavoidable(AFW)andunavoidable(UFW)foodwasteinthehousehold.Responsestothequestion:“Overthepasttwoweeks,howmuchofthefollowingtypesoffoodrelatedwastehasyourhouseholdthrownaway(eitherinyourgarbage,compostpile,downthesink,orfedtopets)incomparisontohouseholdsyoursize?”
Section6:FoodWasteBehavioursWhenparticipantswereasked‘Towhatextentdoyoucurrentlydoanyofthefollowingtominimize
theamountoffoodandfood-relatedwastethatyourhouseholdthrowsaway?’,thetopthreemost
frequentbehaviourswere:preparationandcookingofmealsathome(60responses);preparing
mealsfromscratch(58responses);andsavingleftoversforanothermeal(54responses)(Appendix
B,Section6).
Intermsofreasonsthatmaypreventresidentsfromtryingtoreducefoodwaste,19households
reportedthattherewerenobarriers.Oftheremaininghouseholds,thetoptworeasonsprovided
werehavinglotsofvarietyandchoicesonhand(26responses),andneedingtobuyawiderangeof
foodforhealthyeatingoptions(25responses)(Fig.18).
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Figure18:Responsestothequestion:“Which(ifany)ofthefollowingreasonspreventyourhouseholdfromtryingtoreducetheamountoffoodthatisthrownaway?”
Whenparticipantswereaskedabouttheirreasonsthatwouldencouragethemtoreducefood
waste,themostimpactfulreasonswere:eatingahealthydiet(43responses)orgettingkidstoeat
healthy(30responses);financialsavings(38responses);andfeelingsofguiltaroundthrowing
awayediblefood(30responses)(Fig.19).
Figure19:Responsestothequestion:“Thinkaboutfactorsthatmightencourageyourhouseholdtoreducefoodwaste.Towhatextentdoanyofthefollowinghaveanimpactonyouractions?”
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SeeAppendixBforthefulllistofinterviewquestionsandresponses.
Pre-DiaryFoodWasteAudits
Garbage
Ofthe26households(n=26)fromwhichwastewasabletobecollectedontheircollection
days,therewasatotalof163.98kgoffood-relatedwaste(FRW).Thiswasapproximately
one-third(33%)ofthetotalweight(502kg)ofgarbage.Thequantityoftotalgarbage
includedyardwastebutdidnotincluderecycling.Eachhouseholdhadanaverageof4.95
kgofFRW(rangeof0.54-19.76kg)(Fig.21).AmountsofFRWweresimilarbetween
neighbourhoods(Fig.22)
Figure20:Citystaffconductingfoodwasteaudit.
Figure21:Weightoffood-relatedwaste(FRW)ingarbageforeachhouseholdbyneighbourhood.
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Figure22:Percentageoffood-relatedwaste(FRW)ingarbagebyneighbourhood,asapercentageofthetotalweightofFRWacrossallthreeneighbourhoods.
OfthetotalFRWfoundingarbagebags,overone-quarter(27%)ofthiswasfoodinoriginal
packaging(Fig.23).Nearlyone-quarter(24%)wasediblefoodwaste,themajorityofwhich
consistedofintactproduceandleftovermealitems.Nearlyone-third(32%)was
unavoidable,home-compostablefoodwaste,includingpeels,cores,andstemsthatarenot
normallyeaten.Overhalf(52%)ofthetotalavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)(83.13kg)inthe
garbagewasfoodinoriginalpackaging(Fig.24).
Figure23:Percentagesofthesixcategoriesoffood-relatedwaste(FRW)foundingarbage(recyclingnotincluded).Resultsincludeallneighbourhoodsandallhouseholds.
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Figure24:Percentagesofediblefoodandfoodinpackaging(twocategoriesofavoidablefoodwaste,AFW)foundingarbage.
Recycling
Althoughsimilarwasteauditdatawasalsocollectedforrecycling,theseresultsarenot
presentedinthispaper.Theprimaryfocusofthisreportwastocollectandanalyzedataas
itpertainedtoFWandAFWingarbage.
SeeAppendixEforcompiledresultsfromthewasteaudit.
FoodWasteDiaries
QuantitiesofFoodWaste
Atotalof206.23Loffoodwaste(FW)wasrecordedinjournalscompletedby32
participants(n=32).Eachneighbourhoodhadanaverageof68.74LoftotalFW(rangeof
54L-83L)(Fig.25).NeighbourhoodthreerecordedtheleastamountofFW(26%)and
neighbourhoodtworecordedthemostFW(41%)(Fig.26).Theseresultsdifferfromthe
wasteauditresultswhereallthreeneighbourhoodshadsimilaramountsofFRW(Fig.22).
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Figure25:Amountoftotalfoodwaste(FW)(includesavoidableandunavoidable)thrownawaybyhouseholds,asreportedinone-weekfoodwastediaries,separatedbyneighbourhood.Numbersbelowthegraphindicatethevolumes,inlitres,ofwastereportedinthediaries.
Figure26:Percentagesoftotalfoodwaste(FW)(includesavoidableandunavoidable)thrownawaybyhouseholds,asreportedinone-weekfoodwastediaries,separatedbyneighbourhood.
Overall,therewasmoreAFW(59%)thanunavoidablefoodwaste(UFW)(41%)(Fig.27).
NeighbourhoodthreehadtheleastdifferencebetweenAFW(30L)andUFW(24L)(Fig.
25).
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Figure27:Percentagesoftotalfoodwaste(FW)thrownawaybyhouseholds,asreportedinone-week
foodwastediaries.Resultsincludeallneighbourhoods.
CommonTypesofFoodWaste
Accordingtothediariesacrossallthreeneighbourhoods,themostcommontypesofAFW
wereproduce(30%)andleftovers(19%)(Figs.28,29).Theseresultswereconsistentwith
theinterviewresults,whereparticipantsreportedthatthemostrecenttypesoffoodwaste
thrownawayweremealleftovers(51%)andproduce(25%).2
Figure28:Mostcommontypesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW),basedonthefrequencytheywerereportedbeingthrownaway,inone-weekfoodwastediaries(allhouseholds)
2Thedifferencesintheseresultsmaybeduetomeasuring.Wasteauditmaterialswereweighedinkilogramswhilewastediaryitemswerereportedinlitres.
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Figure29:Volumesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)foodthrownaway,asreportedinone-weekfoodwastediaries(allhouseholds)
ReasonsforFoodWaste
Outof549instancesinthediarieswherereasonsweregivenforAFW,mostofthetimeit
wasduetomakingtoomuchfood(41%),orbecausethefoodhasspoiled(40%)(Fig.29).
Otherreasonsincludedfoodnotbeingliked(15%),andthatthefoodwasnotproperly
prepared(4%).
Figure30:Reasonsforavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)foodthrownaway,asreportedinone-weekfooddiaries(allhouseholds)
SeeAppendixFforacompiledlistofresultsfromthefoodwastediary.
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ComparisonofWasteAuditDatawithInterviewData
TimeofCollection
Duringthestudy,theauditoverlappedwiththeCanadaDaylongweekend.Althoughitwas
possiblethatcelebrationsorlongweekendvacationscouldhaveresultedineitheraspike
orasignificantdropinfoodwasteproducedbyhouseholds,theresultsshowedthatthere
waslittledifferenceinFRWandAFWcollectedbeforetheweekend(June17,30),
comparedwithaftertheweekend(July5,7,8)(Table2).
Table2:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andfood-relatedwaste(FRW),groupedbydateofwastecollection.
Collection Date(# of households)
Food-Related Waste (kg) Avoidable Food Waste (kg)
Range Average Range Average
Before July 1 (14) 2.65-13.40 6.52 0.10-9.75 3.18
After July 1 (12) 10.54-14.74 5.79 0.30-7.95 3.12
HouseholdSize
Two-memberhouseholdsgeneratedthemostFRWandAFW,comparedwithlarger
householdsizes(Table3).
Table3:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andfood-relatedwaste(FRW),groupedbysizeofhousehold.
Household Size (# households)
Food-Related Waste (kg) Avoidable Food Waste (kg)
Range Average Range Average
2 (4) 4.60-13.40 8.77 3.25-9.25 6.06
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3 (12) 0.54-5.61 3.97 1.03-3.40 2.04
4 (6) 3.30-14.74 7.52 0.35-7.65 3.48
5 (4) 2.65-19.76 8.23 0.10-9.75 3.39
ChildrenintheHousehold
ThetotalamountofFRWingarbageassociatedwiththepresenceofchildren(under18yrs
ofage)wasslightlyhigher(average6.61kg)comparedwithhouseholdsthatdidnothave
children(average5.69kg).However,theaverageweightsofAFWweresimilarbetween
householdswithandwithoutchildren(Table4).
Table4:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andfood-relatedwaste(FRW),groupedbypresenceofchildrenunder18yearsofage.
Children (# households)
Food-Related Waste (kg) Avoidable Food Waste (kg)
Range Average Range Average
Yes (14) 2.69-19.76 6.61 0.10-9.75 3.37
No (12) 0.54-13.40 5.69 0.30-9.25 3.00
NumberofAdultsintheHousehold
Fromallthehouseholdswherewasteauditswereconducted,eightoutofthetwelve
householdsthatdidnothavechildrenunder18yearsofagehadmorethan2adultsliving
intheirhousehold.Householdswith3ormoreadultmembershadconsiderablylower
amountsofFRW(average4.14kg)andAFW(average1.47kg),comparedwith2-adult
householdswithoutchildren(averagesof8.77kgand6.06kg,respectively)(Table5).In
thecaseofAFW,thetwo-adulthouseholdsproducedmorethantwicetheamount,
comparedwithhouseholdswith3ormoreadults.
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Table5:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andfood-relatedwaste(FRW),groupedbythepresenceofmorethan2adults.
3 or More Adults (# households)
Food-Related Waste (kg) Avoidable Food Waste (kg)
Range Average Range Average
Yes (8) 0.54-7.57 4.14 0.30-2.80 1.47
No (4) 4.60-13.40 8.77 3.25-9.25 6.06
ShoppingHabits
HouseholdswhowentshoppingonceperweekhadbothloweraverageFRW(5.21kg)and
AFW(2.16kg)(Table6),comparedwithhouseholdswhoshoppedeithermoreorless
frequently.Householdsthatmadeashoppinglistjustpriortoashoppingtriphadlower
FRW(averageof4.52kg)andAFW(averageof2.12kg),comparedwithhouseholdsthat
didnotmakeashoppinglist,orthatkeptarunninglistofneededitems(Table7).
Table6:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andfood-relatedwaste(FRW),groupedbyfrequencyofshoppingtrips.
Frequency of Shopping Trips (# households)
Food-Related Waste (kg) Avoidable food waste (kg)
Range Average Range Average
More than once per week (3)
5.71-13.40 8.45 2.85-9.25 5.60
Once per week (14) 0.54-14.74 5.21 0.1-7.65 2.16
Every two weeks (6) 2.59-19.76 7.02 1.03-9.75 3.65
Once per month or longer (3)
4.93-10.59 6.82 2.80-7.95 4.72
Table7:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andfood-relatedwaste(FRW),groupedbyshoppinglisthabits.
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ShoppingListHabits(#households)
Food-RelatedWaste(Kg) Avoidablefoodwaste(Kg)
Range Average Range Average
WrittenRunningList(11) 2.65-14.74 6.58 .35-9.25 3.34
Writtenlistbeforeshopping(9) 2.59-7.57 4.52 0.10-4.70 2.12
Nolist(6) 2.90-19.76 7.95 1.55-9.75 4.55
HomeComposting
Duringinterviews,homecompostingwaslistedbyparticipantsasaprimaryreasonfornot
thinkingabouttryingtoreducehouseholdfoodwaste(Fig.12).Inordertodetermineif
compostinghouseholdshadlessfoodwaste,wecomparedamountsofAFWandhome
compostablefoodwasteinthegarbage(Table8).
Householdsthatusedacomposterfordisposaloffoodscrapshadaslightlyhigherweight
ofavoidablefoodwaste(averageof3.59kg),andaslightlylowerweightofhome
compostablefoodwaste(averageof1.84kg),comparedwithnon-compostinghouseholds.
Table8:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andhome-compostablefoodwaste,incompostingandnon-compostinghouseholds.
Composter (#households)
Avoidable food waste (kg) Home compostable food waste (kg)
Range Average Range Average
Yes (7) 0.54-9.25 3.59 0.03-4.70 1.84
No (19) 0.1-9.75 3.05 0.2-7.5 2.12
FoodWastePerceptions
Whenparticipantswereaskedabouthowtheirhousehold’sgarbagecomparedtoother
similarly-sizedhouseholds,19outof26participants(73%)statedtheyfelttheygenerated
asmallamountorverylittlefoodwastebycomparison.Whentheseperceptionswere
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comparedtothedatafromthewasteauditperhousehold,therewasapproximatelya
50/50splitbetweenperceptionandproductionoffoodwaste(Fig.31).Ofhouseholdsthat
perceivedtheywastedlessthanotherhouseholds,overhalf(53%)ofthemgeneratedthe
sameamountorslightlylessAFWthanotherhouseholdsofsimilarsize.Lessthanhalf
(47%)thehouseholdsproducedmoreAFWbyanaverageof1.7kg,incomparisonwith
similarly-sizedhouseholds.
Figure31:Participantperceptionsofhouseholdfoodwaste,comparedwithactualAFWobservedduringwasteaudit,observedamongstparticipantswhostatedtheyproducedverylittleornofoodwaste.3
Discussion
Key Findings
Wefoundthatfoodwaste(FW)madeuproughly27%ofblackbaggarbageproducedby
participanthouseholds(AppendixE),withjustoverhalf(51%)beingavoidablefoodwaste
(AFW).Thisisconsistentwiththefoodwastediarydata(59%or121.53LofAFW).The
foodwasteauditandthewastediariesindicatethatparticipantswereprimarilythrowing
awayleftoversandproduce.Intheaudit,moreleftoversthanproducewerethrownaway.
Inthediaries,itwasreportedthatmoreproducethanleftoverswerethrownout.This
couldhavebeenduetodifferencesinmeasurementsused(byweightintheaudit,by
volumeinthediary).Sometypesoffoodwaste,especiallyfreshfoods,areheavier,but
occupylessvolume.3Thesedataonlyincludethe19householdswhostatedtheyproduced“asmallamount”or“verylittle”foodwaste.
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Theinterviewandwasteauditresultsshowedthattherewasadistinctivedifference
betweenhowmuchfoodwasteparticipantsthoughttheywerethrowingaway,relativeto
otherhouseholds,asopposedtohowmuchfoodwastetheywereactuallythrowingaway
(Fig.31).Residentperceptionsandbehaviours,suchaspurchasingandcookinghabits,
likelyplayasignificantroleinhowmuchfoodwasteisproducedbyhouseholds,andhow
muchfoodwasteresidentsthinktheyproduce.
PossibleFactorsContributingtoFoodWaste
Factorsthatmaycontributetotheproductionoffoodwasteincludehouseholdsize,the
presenceofyoungchildreninthehouseholdoradditionaladultsinthehousehold,
frequencyofhouseholdshopping,useofashoppinglist,homecomposting,andperceptions
offoodwaste.
HouseholdSizeandPresenceofChildren
Two-adulthouseholdsgeneratedmoreFRWandAFWthanhouseholdswithmorethantwo
adults.Thismaybetheresultofmultiplesocioeconomic,environmental,andlifestyle
factors,manyofwhichwerenotaddressedwithinthescopeofthisproject.Itispossible
thatsmallerhouseholdsdidnotendupconsumingfoodbeforeitspoils,eitherbecausethey
purchasedsizesofgroceryitemsdesignedforfamilies,orbecauseoflifestyle
considerations(e.g.,eatingout,orhavinglesstimetocookathomethananticipated).
Itwasinterestingtonotethatthepresenceofchildrenhadaslightimpactonincreasing
food-relatedwaste(FRW).Thismaybeduetotheprevalenceofsingle-servingfoodin
disposablepackaging,whichareoftenusedinchildren’slunchesandsnacks.Further
analysisofthewasteauditdatawouldbeneededtoseeifweightsofrecyclableandnon-
recyclablefoodpackagingwerealsohigherinhouseholdswithchildren.
Shopping,Cooking,andFoodStorageHabits
TwooftheprimaryreasonsgivenforAFWbeingthrownawayweremakingtoomuchfood
andspoiledfood.Fromtheresults,itappearedthatparticipantswerebuyingmoreproduce
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thantheirhouseholdscouldconsumebeforethefoodspoiled.Thisover-buyingmaybe
dueinparttotheprimaryreasonsthatparticipantscitedasbeingbarrierstoreducingfood
waste,whichwerewantingtoensureagoodvarietyoffoodsandarangeofhealthyfood
optionsforeatingathome.
Participantsfrequentlyrecordedthattheyweremakingandservingmorefoodthanwhat
theirhouseholdcouldeatinonemeal.Iftheyhadonlysmallquantitiesofleftovers,these
werebeingthrownawaybecausetherewastoolittleworthsavingforanothermeal.Larger
quantitiesofleftoverswerebeingstoredinthefridge,butiftheywerenoteatenwithina
fewdaystoaweek,theywerethrownaway.Inseveralinstances,thestatedreasonforthis
behaviourwasthat‘nobodywasinterestedineatingthem’,whichfurthersupportsthe
statementthatparticipantswantedawidevarietyofavailablefoods.Someofthe
interviewcommentssuggestedthateatingthesameleftoverstoomanytimesinarowcan
leadto“leftoverfatigue”,andlossofinterestineatingstill-ediblefoods.
Intheinterview,40percentofparticipantsdidnotusethefreezerformealleftovers,
optingtostoretheminthefridgeforshort-termstorage.Useofthefreezerinsteadofthe
fridgecouldhelptoreduceAFWforsomeresidents,andmayalsohelpreduce“leftover
fatigue”.Largeramountsofleftoverscouldbefrozenforalongerperiodoftime,insteadof
forcingtheideathatleftoversneedtobeconsumedrightaway,overmultipleconsecutive
days.
HomeComposting
Therecouldbeseveralpossiblereasonsforfindingslightlyhigheramountsofavoidable
foodwasteinthegarbageofhouseholdsengagedinhomecomposting,comparedwithnon-
compostinghouseholds.Itispossiblethatresidentsfamiliarwithcompostingareespecially
vigilantaboutwhatshouldandshouldnotbeputintocompostbins,andprefertoerron
thesideofcautionwhenitcomestomixedleftoverscontainingitemsthatarenot
recommendedforbackyardcomposters.Itisalsopossiblethatcompostbinsorpilesare
notbeingusedtotheirfullpotential,orthatsomeresidentsprimarilyusedtheircomposter
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foryardwaste.Additionally,someresidentsmayfeelthat,sincetheydocompostafair
amountoforganicwaste,puttingextrafoodwasteinthegarbageisnotanissue(i.e.,the
composterisbeingusedtomitigatebutnotnecessarilytoeliminatefoodwastefrom
enteringthewastestream.)Moreresearchisneededtobetterunderstandtherelationship
betweenhomecompostingandfoodwaste.Inthefuture,itmaybehelpfultoensurethat
educationalinformationandmessagingaboutfoodwastereductionareincludedinhome
compostinginformationandeducationalmaterials.
PerceptionsofFoodandFoodWaste
Mostparticipantsunderstoodtheterm‘foodwaste’,recognizedthefactthattheyproduced
differenttypesoffoodwastefordifferentreasons,andhadtriedtoreduceAFWathome
priortotheirparticipationintheproject.However,themajorityofparticipantswerenot
fullyawareoftheamountofFRWandAFWtheywerethrowingaway.Whenaskedduring
theinterview“Overall,howmuchuneatenfoodwouldyousayyourhouseholdendsup
throwingaway?”,83percentstatedthattheyproducedbelow-averageorverylittlewaste
comparedtootherhouseholdstheirsize(AppendixB,Section5).Comparedwithresults
fromthewasteauditandfoodwastediary,allhouseholdsproducedafairamountoffood
waste.Indeed,whiletheaverageamountofhouseholdFRWwasroughly5kg,some
householdsproducedupto19kg.Whilethismaynotseemlikealargequantity,anaverage
householdwith5kgoffoodwasteperweekwouldbeproducing260kg(equivalentto13
garbagebags4)offoodwasteperyear.
Participantsmaynothavebeenawareofhowmuchfoodwastetheyproduced,becausein
mostinstances,onlysmallquantitiesoffoodwastewerebeingthrownawayatatime.Of
the1,158recordedincidentswherefoodwaste(AFWandUFW)wasthrownout,774
incidents(67%)involvedquantitieslessthan120mL(½cup)involume5.Bythrowing
awayonlysmallamountsonafrequentbasis,especiallywheninterspersedwiththrowing4Basedon20kgrecommendedbagweightaspertheCityofEdmonton’sCollectionSafetyTips(2016)
5Legalimperialmeasureswereusedtoconverttometricwhere1Cup=0.24L
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awaynon-fooditemseveryday,itwouldbeeasyforresidentstounderestimatetotal
quantitiesoffoodthey’rethrowingawayoveraperiodofaweek,month,oryear.This
patternofbehaviour(throwingawaysmallquantitiesmorefrequently)wouldlikely
influencehowapersonperceivestheiroverallfoodwaste.
“This[researchproject]makesmemoreawareofwaste....wehaveatwodoor[refrigerator]anditishardertoorganize--leftoversgototheback.Ineedtoorganizeonaweeklybasisandalsocutdownonfreshfruitandveggies.”
-56-65yroldfemale
Possible Factors That May Help to Reduce Food Waste
Thisprojectidentifiedcertainhabitsandperceptionsthatmaybekeytoreducing
residentialfoodwaste.Theresultsofthisprojectindicatethatincreasingresidents’
awarenessofhowtoreduceoravoidfoodwaste,andthebenefitsofreducingfoodwaste,
wouldbeanimportantfirststep.Additionalfactors,suchasshopping,cooking,andfood
storagehabits,aswellaspersonalmotivationsforhealthylivingandreducingfoodwaste,
shouldbeconsideredinthedevelopmentoffuturefoodwastereductionsocialmarketing
andeducationalprograms.
ShoppingHabits
Inthisproject,threeshoppinghabitsseemedtobeconnectedtohavinglessfoodwaste.
Makingalistjustpriortogoingonashoppingtrip,andshoppingonlyonceaweekseemed
toberelatedtolessfoodwasteintheaudit.Thesearetwoverysimplehabitsthatcouldbe
encouragedandadoptedeasilybymanyhouseholds.
Purchasingtoomuchproduceforthehouseholdtoconsumebeforeitspoiledwasalsoa
commonoccurrenceobservedinthewasteauditsandthediaries.Thiscouldbedueto
largepackagingsizes,forms,andpricingofproducebeingsoldinretailestablishments.In
somecases,themostcommonandeconomicalsizesofpackagedfoodsavailableat
supermarketsmaybesuitedforahouseholdoffourormoremembers,butmayresultin
moreAFWfora2-personhousehold.Forinstance,afamilyoftwomightfinditdifficultto
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consumeapackofthreeEnglishcucumbersbeforetheyspoil,butatthetimeofpurchase,
thatthree-packmayseemlikethebetterdeal.Encouragingpeopletopurchasesmaller
quantitiesofperishableitemscouldbeapossiblemessagetoincludeinfutureeducation
programs.Additionally,itmaybebeneficialforsomehouseholdstoconsiderjointproduce
shoppingtripswithotherhouseholds,amongfamilyorfriends.Householdscouldsave
moneybysharingcosts,aswellassplittingeconomy-sizebags,baskets,orcratesof
produce,especiallyforfoodsthatareavailableinlargequantitieswhentheyareinseason
(e.g.,earsofcorninJuly/August).
CookingandFoodStorageHabits
SomeAFWcouldbereducedifmoreresidentsusedafreezertostorelargermealleftovers.
Infooddiaries,acommonreasongivenforfoodbeingthrownoutwasthatitspent“too
manydayssittinginthefridge.”Encouragingresidentstousethefreezerforleftovers,and
labelingfoodswiththedateofstoragecouldhelpreducetheamountsofleftoversgoing
intothegarbage.
“SometimesImadetoomuchfoodbutnotenoughtokeepforleftovers.”-35-44yroldfemale,parent
HavingaplanforleftoversbeforemakinglargermealsmayalsohelpreduceAFW.Insome
cases,leftoverswerethrownawaybecausetherewasnotenoughlefttosaveforanother
meal.Forinstance,ifextraricewasmade,planninghowitcouldbeusedinanothermeal
mayhelpwithdivertingAFWfromthegarbage.
Itisunlikelythataneducationalcampaignthatencouragesresidentstomakelessfood
wouldbeveryeffective.Itisculturallynormative,especiallyinsocialsituations,toprepare
andmakeanabundanceoffoodforfamilyandguests.However,onebehaviourthatcould
beaddressedmaybetoencourageresidentstopackageanddistributeleftoversfortake-
homeamongguests,sothatonehouseholdisnotsolelyresponsibleforeatingthe
remainingleftoverfood.Infamilysituations,morepro-activeplanningwouldbeneededto
determinewhoisgoingtousetheleftovers,andhowtheywillbeused.
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OtherHabitsandLifestyleFactors
Overall,theprocessofparticipantscompletingafoodwastejournalprovidedconsiderable
feedbackstatingparticipants’increasedawarenessoffoodwaste,andtheirdesireto
furtherreducehouseholdfoodwaste.Participantsalsoprovidedseveralthoughtsand
commentsabouttheirbusyandcomplexlifesituations.Thesecond-mostfrequentreason
statedinthesurveyfornottryingtoreducehouseholdfoodwastewasthatparticipantsdid
notknowhoworhavethetimetoreducetheirfoodwaste.Residents’busylifestyleswould
likelyreducetheirwillingnessandabilitytoreducefoodwaste,especiallyifitmeantthat
moretimewouldbeneededforplanningandpreparation.Additionallifestyleand
socioeconomicfactorsthatwerenotwithinthescopeofthisprojectmayalsoaffect
residents’willingnessandabilitytoreducetheirfoodwaste.Furtherstudyofthesefactors
wouldlikelyberequiredtoassesswhichofthesemaybethebiggestbarrierstoovercome
inreducingAFW.Thesepreliminaryfindingsindicatethatanyfutureeducationprograms
shouldtargetsimple,easy-to-changehabitsthatdonotrequireasignificanttimeor
financialinvestmentfromresidents..
“Iwillbehappywhenschoolisfinishedasthekidsdonotwantsandwichesanymore”
-56-65yrsoldfemale
ThisstudywasconductedprimarilyinJuneandJuly.Duringthistime,thebigcalendar
eventsweretheendofschool,thestartofsummer,andtheCanadaDayweekend.Some
parentsreportedthatchildrenweregettingtiredoflunchroutines.Othersreportedthat
theyhadlargeamountsoffoodwastefrombarbecueget-togethers,andthosewhowent
campingovertheweekendhadverylittlefoodwasteathome.Lifeevents,changesin
routines,socialgatherings,andholidaysorvacationplanscananddoaffecttheamountof
foodwasteproduced,throughpurchasing,consumption,anddisposalpatterns.
PerceptionsofFoodWaste
Theresultshighlightedsomekeyperceptionsandbehavioursthatmaysignificantlyimpact
residents’willingnesstoreducehouseholdfoodwaste.Inordertodevelopaneducationor
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socialmarketingprogramtohelpresidentsreducetheirfoodwaste,theprogramwould
needtoeffectivelyaddressconcernsandtopicsthatmattermosttoresidents.Inthisstudy,
thebiggestmotivationsbehindresidents’food-relatedbehavioursincluded:providing
healthyfoodoptionsforthemselvesandtheirchildren;havingawidevarietyoffood
options;savingmoney;andsavingtime(ornothavingenoughtime).Anyfoodwaste-
savingideasorsuggestionsthatmaybeincludedinfutureprogramsshouldbelow-cost,
involveminimaltimecommitment,andprovideresidentswithavarietyofhealthyoptions
forusingleftoversandproduce.
Anessentialcomponentofanyfutureeducationofsocialmarketingprogramforresidents
willbetoprovideinformationandtoraiseawarenessaboutthetypesoffoodwaste,the
environmentalandfinancialimpactsoffoodwaste,andtoemphasizetheimportantrole
thateachresidenthasinreducingfoodwasteonalargerscale(e.g.,overtime,onacity-
widescale).However,awarenessonitsownmaynottranslateintobehaviouralchange.A
concertedeffortovertimewouldneedtobemadetodemonstratetoresidentshoweasyit
istoreducetheirownfoodwaste,andtohighlightthebenefitsofreducingfoodwaste,
withoutsacrificingdesireforfoodquality,variety,health,oragooddealatthe
supermarket.
Conclusions Thispreliminaryresearchproject,focusedmainlyondescriptiveunivariateanalysis,was
designedtotestresearchmethodologyandtogainsomeinitialinsightstothatwillbe
helpfulfordesigningfutureresearchprojectsandeducationalcampaignsrelatedtofood
wastereduction.Thescopeofthisprojectwastofindoutwhattypesoffoodwastewere
beingdiscardedandwhy,participantsthoughtsandperceptionsaroundfoodwaste,and
behavioursthatimpactfoodwasteproductioninhouseholds.Thereareothercomplex
factors(e.g.,demographics,socioeconomics,urbangeography,culture)thatmayhave
additionalimpactsontheproductionoffoodwastebyresidents,howeverthesevariables
wereoutsideofthescopeofthisproject.Despitethesmallscaleandscopeofthisproject,
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theresultsyieldedsomeinterestingobservationsandtrendsthatshouldbefurther
examinedwithadditionaldataanalysisorinfutureresearchprojects.
Suggestions and Recommendations for Future Research
Giventhesmallsamplesizeofthehomeinterviewandwasteaudit,inferencescannotbe
madeaboutEdmontonians’foodhabitsasawhole.Forfuturestudies,itisrecommended
thatalargerscalesurveywithrandomsamplingbeconducted,combinedwithaseriesof
sub-samplewasteaudits.Theseresultscouldbeusedtogetaclearerimageofhow
residentsacrossEdmontonpurchase,store,cook,use,anddisposeoffood-relatedwaste.
Recommendations for Data Analysis
Thisreportonlyprovidedsummariesofdatafromeachoftheprojectcomponents.
Datasetsshouldbefurtheranalysedwithstatisticalsoftware(e.g.,SPSSorSTATA)tofind
bivariateandmultivariaterelationships,aswellastotestthestrengthofthose
relationships.Thewasteauditandhomeinterviewdata,whencombined,couldproduce
interestingresultsinregardstohowshoppinghabitsrelatetoFRWandhowhousehold
sizefactorsintoFRW.
Wastediarydatashouldalsobecomparedandcorrelatedwithhomeinterviewandwaste
auditdataforanalysis.Duetotimeconstraintsduringthisphaseoftheproject,itwasnot
possibletocombinethewastediarydatawiththedatafromtheinterviewandwasteaudit
forthisreport.Oncedataarecombined,itmaybepossibletofurtheranalyzeifandhow
keepingafoodwastediaryaffectedtheresultsfromthediary.Participantswhocompleted
diarieswereawarewhentheirjournalresultswouldbecollectedandanalyzed.However,
participantsdidnotknowexactlywhentheirwasteauditswouldtakeplace.Theresults
andtrendsfromthediaryandwasteauditdatamaythereforediffer.
Recommendations for Data Collection
Forfuturedatacollection,afullrangeofdemographicinformation,includinggender,
income,occupation,andeducation,isrecommended.Thesevariablescouldprovidefurther
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insightregardingpatternsandcorrelationsseeninthedata,aswellasadditionalfactors
thatmayaffectfoodwasteproduction.
Recommendations for Further Development of Research Tools
1) UserInterfaceoftheGISMapandSurveyKeepingtrackofthetotalhousesvisited.Thereisanaccuratecountofhowmany
residentsansweredthedoorduringcanvassingforsurveys,butthereisnotanaccurate
recordofhowmanyhouseswerevisitedintotal.Forfutureprojects,itisrecommended
thatatotalcountofhousescanvassedbetrackedandrecorded.
Includingopt-outfunctionsintosurveyquestions.Theabilitytoskipquestionsinthe
surveyresultedinmissingdata.Primarilythisoccurredwiththequestion“Doyouhave
children17yearsandunderlivingathome?”Addinga“Prefernottosay”optionwouldbe
preferablethanhavingincompletedataforresidences.
2)HomeInterviews
Participantswhotookpartinthehomeinterviewwereoftenconfusedbythewordingof
Question52(Section6,Question4):“Which(ifany)ofthefollowingreasonspreventyour
householdfromtryingtoreducetheamountoffoodthatisthrownaway?”Themajorityof
listedstatementswereposedinwaythatmaybecountertothevaluesofparticipants,and
mayneedtoberewordedinfutureinterviewsforclarity.
Somequestionsneededtobepulledapartbecausetheywereaskingaboutmorethanone
food-relatedbehaviour.Forexample,Section6,question1:“Towhatextentdoyou
currentlydoanyofthefollowingtominimizethatamountoffoodandfood-relatedwaste
thatyourhouseholdthrowsaway?”Responsesincludedbuyinginbulkandbuyingfood
withlesspackaging.Somerespondentsansweredthattheydidtrytobuyfoodwithless
packagingbutnotparticularlybulksectionproducts.Anotherquestionthatcouldhave
beenpulledapartwasfromthedoorstepsurvey(SectionB,QuestionB2):“Doyouhavea
backyardcomposterorwormbinforcompostingfoodscraps?”Bypullingthisquestion
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apartintotwoseparatequestions,therecouldbemoredetailedinformationabout
percentagesofparticipantsthatusedifferenttypesofcomposters.
Thereweresomedefinitionsthatwerenotunderstooduniversally.Inparticular,theterm
“fromscratch”wassometimesnotunderstoodbypeoplewhospokeEnglishasasecond
language.Aswell,wordssuchas“expired”haddifferentmeaningsforpeople,andrequired
furtherdefinitionandexplanation.Alternatewordingmayneedtobeconsideredinfuture
surveys,toensureparticipantsfullyunderstandthequestions.
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References CityofEdmonton.(2011).TheWayWeGreen:TheCityofEdmonton’sEnvironmental
StrategicPlan.CityofEdmonton.Retrievedfromhttp://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/PDF/TheWayWeGreen-approved.pdf(accessedAug15,2016)
CityofEdmonton.(2016).CollectionSafetyTips.CityofEdmonton.Retrievedfromhttp://www.edmonton.ca/residential_neighbourhoods/garbage_recycling_waste/waste-collection-safety-tips.aspx(accessedAug15,2016)
EndPovertyEdmonton.(2015).Endpovertyinageneration:Astrategy.EndPovertyEdmonton.Retrievedfromhttp://static1.squarespace.com/static/54eb5df3e4b0904aceb80bc4/t/56705e1569492e2ff76c460a/1450204693098/EPE_Strategy_Dec2015_WEB_v5.pdf(accessedAug15,2016)
FoodandAgricultureOrganization.(2011).Globalfoodlossesandfoodwaste–Extent,causesandprevention.FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,Rome.Retrievedfromhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/014/mb060e/mb060e.pdf(accessedAug15,2016)
FoodSecurityCanada.(2015).FoodSecurityMoreSeriousthanAcknowledgedbyStatsCan:HouseholdFoodInsecurityInCanada2012.Retrievedfromhttp://foodsecurecanada.org/resources-news/news-media/food-security-more-serious-acknowledged-stats-can(accessedAug15,2016)
Gooch,M.V.,Felfel,A.,&Glasbey,C.(2014).“$27Billion”revisited:ThecostofCanada’sannualfoodwaste.ValueChainManagementInternational.Retrievedfromhttp://vcm-international.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Food-Waste-in-Canada-27-Billion-Revisited-Dec-10-2014.pdf(accessedAug15,2016)
Kelleher,M.,&Robbins,J.(2013).Whatiswastefood?BioCycle,54(8),36.Retrievedfromhttp://www.biocycle.net/2013/08/20/what-is-waste-food(accessedAug15,2016)
Marsh,P.(reporter)(2015,June8).FoodwasteinDenmarkdownby25percent.OnlinePost.Retrievedfromhttp://cphpost.dk/news/food-waste-in-denmark-down-by-25-percent.html(accessedAug15,2016)
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NationalZeroWasteCouncil(2015).AtaxincentivetopreventfoodwasteinCanada.NZWC,IssuesBrief,Fall2015.http://www.nzwc.ca/food/FoodIncentives/NZWCTaxIncentiveBriefingNotice.pdf(accessedAug19,2016)
Neff,R.A.,Spiker,M.L,,Truant,P.L.(2015).Wastedfood:U.S.consumers'reported
awareness,attitudes,andbehaviors.PLoSONE,10(6),e0127881.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127881(accessedAug15,2016)
Tarasuk,V.(reporter)(2015,Nov2).Donating‘ediblewaste’tofoodbanksinexchangefortaxcredit?Nowthat’sarubbishidea.GlobeandMail.Retrievedfromhttp://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/donating-edible-waste-to-food-banks-in-exchange-for-tax-credit-now-thats-a-rubbish-idea/article27064689/(accessedAug15,2016)
UnitedStatesCompostingCouncil.(2012).USCCpositionstatement:Keepingorganicsoutoflandfills.USCompostingCouncil,July18,2012.Retrievedfromhttp://compostingcouncil.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Keeping-Organics-Out-of-Landfills-POSITION-STATEMENT-Final-7-18-12.pdf(accessedAug15,2016)
WasteandResourcesActionProgramme[WRAP].(2009).Finalreport:HouseholdfoodanddrinkwasteintheUK.WRAP,UK.Retrievedfromhttp://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Household_food_and_drink_waste_in_the_UK_-_report.pdf(accessedAug15,2016)
WasteandResourcesActionProgramme[WRAP].(2013).ExecutiveSummary:HouseholdfoodanddrinkwasteintheUK2012.WRAP,UK.Retrievedfromhttp://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/hhfdw-2012-summary.pdf(AccessedAug15,2016)
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List of Figures Figure1:WastecollectionareasinEdmonton.Thesectionshighlightedingreenrepresenttheareasfromwhichneighbourhoodswereselectedfortheproject.
Figure2:Distributionofparticipants’agesindoorstepsurvey.
Figure3:Distributionofhouseholdsizesforparticipantsindoorstepsurvey.
Figure4:Distributionofhouseholdswithchildrenunder18yearsofageindoorstepsurvey.
Figure5:Responsestothedoorstepsurveyquestion:“Inthepastyear,howoftenhaveyoutriedtoreducetheamountofwastefoodinyourhousehold?”
Figure6:Responsestothedoorstepsurveyquestion:“Ifyouhaven’ttriedtoreducefoodwasteinyourhousehold,whynot?”
Figure7:Percentagesofdoorstepsurveyparticipantswhohadagardenandpracticedhomecomposting.
Figure8:Distributionofagesofparticipantsinterviewed.
Figure9:Distributionofhouseholdsizesforparticipantsinterviewed.
Figure10:Distributionofhouseholdswithchildrenunder18yearsofage.
Figure11:Responsestotheinterviewquestion:“Inthepastyear,howoftenhaveyoutriedtoreducetheamountofwastedfoodinyourhousehold?”
Figure12:Responsestotheinterviewquestion:“Ifyouhaven’ttriedtoreducefoodwasteinyourhousehold,whynot?”
Figure13:Percentagesofinterviewparticipantswhohaveagardenandpracticehomecomposting.
Figure14:Responsestotheinterviewquestion:“Howoftendoesyourhouseholdgoonamainshoppingtripforgroceries?”
Figure15:Responsestotheinterviewquestion:“BEFOREyougoonamainshoppingtrip,doyouusually:keepawrittenlist,makealistpriortoshopping,memorizewhatyouneedorhaveageneralideaofwhattobuy?”
Figure16:Typesoffoodwaste(FW)inthehousehold.Responsestothequestion:“Overthepasttwoweeks,howmuchofthefollowingfoodtypeshasyourhouseholdthrownaway(eitherinyourgarbage,compostpile,downthesink,orfedtopets)incomparisontohouseholdsyoursize?”
Figure17:Typesofavoidable(AFW)andunavoidable(UFW)foodwasteinthehousehold.Responsestothequestion:“Overthepasttwoweeks,howmuchofthefollowingtypesoffoodrelatedwastehas
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yourhouseholdthrownaway(eitherinyourgarbage,compostpile,downthesink,orfedtopets)incomparisontohouseholdsyoursize?”
Figure18:Responsestothequestion:“Which(ifany)ofthefollowingreasonspreventyourhouseholdfromtryingtoreducetheamountoffoodthatisthrownaway?”
Figure19:Responsestothequestion:“Thinkaboutfactorsthatmightencourageyourhouseholdtoreducefoodwaste.Towhatextentdoanyofthefollowinghaveanimpactonyouractions?”
Figure20:Citystaffconductingfoodwasteaudit.
Figure21:Weightoffood-relatedwaste(FRW)ingarbageforeachhouseholdbyneighbourhood.
Figure22:Percentageoffood-relatedwaste(FRW)ingarbagebyneighbourhood,asapercentageofthetotalweightofFRWacrossallthreeneighbourhoods.
Figure23:Percentagesofthesixcategoriesoffood-relatedwaste(FRW)foundingarbage(recyclingnotincluded).Resultsincludeallneighbourhoodsandallhouseholds.
Figure24:Percentagesofediblefoodandfoodinpackaging(twocategoriesofavoidablefoodwaste,AFW)foundingarbage.
Figure25:Amountoftotalfoodwaste(FW)(includesavoidableandunavoidable)thrownawaybyhouseholds,asreportedinone-weekfoodwastediaries,separatedbyneighbourhood.
Figure26:Percentagesoftotalfoodwaste(FW)(includesavoidableandunavoidable)thrownawaybyhouseholds,asreportedinone-weekfoodwastediaries,separatedbyneighbourhood.
Figure27:Percentagesoftotalfoodwaste(FW)thrownawaybyhouseholds,asreportedinone-weekfoodwastediaries.Resultsincludeallneighbourhoods.
Figure28:Mostcommontypesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW),basedonthefrequencytheywerereportedbeingthrownaway,inone-weekfoodwastediaries(allhouseholds)Figure29:Volumesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)foodthrownaway,asreportedinone-weekfoodwastediaries(allhouseholds)
Figure30:Reasonsforavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)foodthrownaway,asreportedinone-weekfooddiaries(allhouseholds)
Figure31:Participantperceptionsofhouseholdfoodwaste,comparedwithactualAFWobservedduringwasteaudit,observedamongstparticipantswhostatedtheyproducedverylittleornofoodwaste.
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List of Tables
Table1:Numbersandpercentagesofparticipantsinvolvedwithprojectcomponents.
Table2:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andfood-relatedwaste(FRW),groupedbydateofwastecollection.
Table3:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andfood-relatedwaste(FRW),groupedbysizeofhousehold.
Table4:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andfood-relatedwaste(FRW),groupedbypresenceofchildrenunder18yearsofage.
Table5:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andfood-relatedwaste(FRW),groupedbythepresenceofmorethan2adults.
Table6:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andfood-relatedwaste(FRW),groupedbyfrequencyofshoppingtrips.
Table7:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andfood-relatedwaste(FRW),groupedbyshoppinglisthabits.
Table8:Averagesandrangesofavoidablefoodwaste(AFW)andhome-compostablefoodwaste,incompostingandnon-compostinghouseholds.
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Appendices
AppendixA:DoorstepSurveyandResults0.1Date:_____________________________________________________0.2Neighbourhood:_____________________________________________0.3StreetAddress:_____________________________________________Hello,I’m___(Name)___,I’mwiththeCityofEdmonton’sWasteManagementServices.We’reinyourneighbourhoodtodayconductingapilotstudyonfoodwastehabitsandperceptions.Doyouhavetimetocompleteathreeminutesurveywithme?Areyouabletospendafewminutestotakeoursurvey?
YesNo/NotInterested
Byfoodwastewearetalkingaboutfood,solidsandliquids,thatendupinthegarbage.Thisincludestablescraps,vegetableandmeattrimmingsandfoodthathasgonebad.Basedonpreviousstudies,weknowthatabout47%offoodwasteinCanadaiscreatedbyresidents.InEdmonton,42%ofhouseholdgarbageisfoodwaste.TheissueoffoodwasteisbecomingincreasinglyimportantformanycitiesinCanadaandaroundtheworld.FoodWasteInformation(A)A1.Beforetoday,haveyoueverheardoftheterm“foodwaste”
YesNoNotsure/Don’tknow…
A2.DoyouthinkthatfoodwasteisanissueinCanada?
YesNoNotsure/Don’tknow…
A3.DoyouthinkthatfoodwasteisanissueinEdmonton?
Yes
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NoNotsure/Don’tknow…
A4.Withinthelast12months,haveyouheardanynewsaboutfoodwaste?
YesNoNotsure/Don’tknow…
A5.IfYES,wheredidyouhearaboutfoodwaste?(selectallthatapply) a)Newspaper
b)TVc)CommunityNewsletterd)FreePaperse)Radiof)Socialmediag)E-newsoremail
h)Other:_____________________________________________________________
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A6.Withinthelast12months,howoftenhaveyouthoughtaboutwastedfoodinyourhousehold?
Yes--atleastonceaweekYes--atleastonceamonthNo--AfewtimesayearNo--NeverDon’tknow
A7.Withinthelast12months,howoftenhaveyoutriedtoreducetheamountofwastedfoodinyourhousehold?
Yes--atleastonceaweekYes--atleastonceamonthNo--AfewtimesayearNo--NeverDon’tknow
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A8.(Iftheyanswer"No"inthelastquestion)Whichofthesixstatementsthatbestdescribesyou?
1. I'dliketotrybutIdon'tknowhowordon'thavetime.2. Thecitycompostsorganicwaste/foodsnaturallybreakdowninlandfills3. Foodwasteisunavoidable,Idon'tthinkabout,ortrytoreducefoodwaste4. Weneverhavefoodwaste.5. Weonlyhaveabitofwastedfood.6. Icompostandusefoodwasteformylawnandgarden.
A8a.Other:_______________________________________________________________
AboutYourHousehold(B)B1.Doyouhaveahomegardenorgardenplotwhereyougrowfoodforpersonalconsumption?
YesNo
B1a.Other:________________________________________________________________
B2.Doyouhaveabackyardcomposterorwormbinforcompostingfoodscraps?
YesNo
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B3.Doyougogroceryshoppingonceormoreperweek?
YesNo
B3a.Other:_________________________________________________________________
B4.Areyoutheprimaryshopperand/orcookinyourhousehold?
YesNo--someoneelseisIsharetheresponsibilityequallywithanother
B4a.Other:_________________________________________________________________
B5.Howoftendoesyourhouseholdcookandeatathome?
Everydayormorethanhalftheweek**2-3timesperweek**61-2timesperweekAfewtimespermonthRarelyoronspecialoccasions
6**Onlythosewhoansweredwiththeseresponseswereinvitedtoparticipateinthein-personinterview
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Never
Demographics(C)C1.Howlonghaveyoulivedatthisresidence?
Lessthan1year1-2years3-5years**Morethan5years**
C2.Doyouownorrent?
OwnRent
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C3.Howmanymembers(includingyourself)arelivingwithinyourhousehold? OpenQuestion
C4.Arethereanychildrenunder17inyourhousehold?
YesNo
C5.Howwouldyoudescribeyourmaritalstatus?
Single/NeverMarriedMarried/Common-LawSeparated/DivorcedWidowed
C5a.Other_______________________________
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C6.Whatisyouragerange?
18-2425-3435-4445-5455-6465-7475+
Offeroflongerinterview(D)D1)Thankyoufortakingthetimetoanswerourquestionstoday.Basedonyourresponses,wewouldbeinterestedininterviewingyoumorein-depth.Aninpersoninterviewwouldbeabout45minuteslongandtakeplaceinalocationofyourchoosing.YouwouldbecompensatedforyourtimewithafamilypasstotheMuttartConservatoryortheValleyZooortwobooksofbustickets.Wouldthatbesomethingthatwouldinterestyou?
YesNo
D2)CanIscheduleyounoworshouldIcontactyoulatertoscheduleadateandtime?
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Schedulenow Call/emailmeD3:InterviewSchedulerdate:____________________________________________D4.InterviewSchedulertime:____________________________________________D5.Name:___________________________________________________________Whatisthebestwaytocontactyou?D6.Phone:___________________________________________________________D7.PhoneAlternate:___________________________________________________D8:Email:____________________________________________________________D9:Whatisthebesttimetoreachyou?(Day/Eve/Weekend)
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AppendixB:FoodWasteInterviewandResultsSection1:DemographicInformation(A)
A01.Howlonghaveyoulivedatthisresidence?1-2years3-5yearsMorethan5yearsPrefernottosay/Other
A02.Whatisthetotalnumberofresidentsinyourhousehold?
A03.Whatistheagerangeofadult(s)inyourhousehold?
18-24yrs25-34yrs35-44yrs45-54yrs55-64yrs65-74yrs75+yrsN/APrefernottosay
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A04.Whatistheemploymentstatusofadult(s)inyourhousehold?
StudentHomemakerWorkPart-time(1-30hrs/wk)WorkFull-Time(30+hrs/week)UnemployedRetiredPermanentlyunabletoworkOtherPrefernottosay
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A05.Arethereanychildren(under18years)inyourhousehold?
A. YesB. NoC. Prefernottosay
A06.Whatis/aretheagerange(s)ofthechild(ren)inyourhousehold?
A. 0-5yrsB. 6-10yrs
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C. 11-14yrsD. 15-17yrsE. NoneF. Prefernottosay
Section2:ShoppingHabits(B)B1a.Towhatextentareyouresponsibleforfoodshoppingforyourhousehold?
AllormostofitAbouthalfofitLessthanhalfofitVerylittleornotatallPrefernottosay
B1b.Ifyoudolessthanhalfoftheshopping,isthereanotherpersoninyourhouseholdthatisprimarilyresponsibleforfoodshopping?
YesNo
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B1c.Ifyouanswered"Yes"tothepreviousquestion,whatisthisperson'srelationshiptoyou?(Open)
B2.Whenitcomestoshopping,selectthestatementthatbestdescribesyourhousehold:
I/WebuyallormostofthefoodinonemainshoppingtripI/Webuyatleasthalfofthefoodinonetrip,andmakesmallerin-betweentripsfortherest.I/Wemakeseveral,smallshoppingtripsPrefernottosay
B3.Inyourownwords,couldyoudescribeformethelastgroceryshoppingtripyoumade?TypesofStores
Code Frequency Definition
MediumtoLargeSupermarket 34 IncludingSafeway,Superstore,Save-OnFoods,Sobey's.
Warehouse-typeStores 5 IncludingCostco,TheGroceryPeople,andotherwarehouse-typestores.
SpecialtyStore 4 Storesspecializinginproduce,ethnicfoods,importedfoods,deliitems,orbakedgoods.
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Didnotspecifytypeofstore 23 Theintervieweedidnotspecifythetypeofstoretheywereshoppingatinthisinstance.
TypesofProducts
Code Frequency Definition
Produce 41 Vegetables,fruit,andherbs.
Dairy 24 Milk,icecream,cheese,andotherdairyproducts.
DryGoods 6 Driedgoodsincludepasta,crackers,rice,beans,andsimilarproducts.
Meat,Fish,and/orEggs 20 Includingfresh/rawandfrozenmeatandfish.
Juice,Pop,orOtherNon-DairyBeverages 3 Beverages,notincludingmilk.
CannedGoods 3 Storeboughtcannedgoodssuchasfruit,chili,orcorn.
BakeryProducts 14 Includesbread,muffins,pastries,anddesserts.
Didnotspecifytypeofproducts 11 Theintervieweedidnotspecifythetypeproductstheypurchased.
Whowent
Code Frequency Definition
Household 60 Familyandroommateslivinginthehouseholdinquestion.
OtherFamily 1 Familylivingoutsidethehouseholdinquestion.
Didnotspecifywhodidtheshopping 3 Theintervieweedidnotspecifythepeoplewhowereshopping.
Whoitwasfor
Code Frequency Definition
Household 61 Familyandroommateslivinginthehouseholdinquestion.
OtherFamily 4 Familylivingoutsidethehouseholdinquestion.
Didnotspecifywhoshoppingwasfor 3 Theintervieweedidnotspecifywhothegrocerieswerefor.
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VerbatimResponses
Sec2Q3.Inyourownwords,couldyoudescribeformethelastgroceryshoppingtripyoumade?
1 WewenttoSave-OnFoodstobuymilkandalsopickedupbananasandtea.
2 Wehadtobuymeatandveggiesforchilliatagathering.
3 WewenttoCostcoforfruits,vegetables,andothermiscellaneousitems.
4 WewenttoSuperstoretobuytoiletriesandthenonthewayhomewestoppedatSave-OnFoodsforfruitandon-salepop.
5 IwenttoSobey'swithmypartnerandroommatetogetgroundbeef,tomatoes,cheese,andtacoshellsfordinner.
6 Wewentshoppingforfreshproduceandformymotherinlaw;weshopweeklyforbothofus.
7 WewenttoH&Wspecialtystoreforacoupledaysworthofproduce.
8 IwentwithmyhusbandtoSave-On-Foodsandboughtabout1weekworthofgroceries,mainlyproduce.
9 WewenttoSobey'sandbought6bagsofgroceriesincludingmeat,produce,cannedgoods,bakerygoods,toiletries,andpetfood.
10 Notapplicable
11 Everytwomonthswestockuponlaundrysoap,cleaningsupplies,papertowelsupplies,meatsandcondimentsitisourbigshoppingtrip.Inbetweenwegoweeklyandshopaccordingtothesalesintheflyers.
12 Wewenttogetproduce.
13 IwenttogetthingsIforgotinthebigshoppingtrip,includinggroceriesanddiapers.
14 Yesterday,IwenttoSobey'stobuyproduce.
15 WewenttoSave-OnFoodstoboughtmilkandfruit.
16 WewentonFridaytoNoFrillsandboughtmeat,produce,milk,andbakeryproducts.
17 TodayIgotpotatoesfromSobeys.Weweregoingtoeatpotatoesandicheckedthepantrytofindtherewerenone,soIranouttothestore.
18 WewenttoWalmarttobuymeatandproduce.
19 WewenttoaproducemarketwhereIpickedupaweek’sworthofproducethentoamediumtolargesupermarkettopickupeggs,milk,etc.
20 ThewholefamilywenttoWal-Martandgotmeat,veggies,fruits.
21 WewentSobey'stobuyfruits,vegetables,anddairyproducts.
22 Mypartnerwentonherweeklyshoppingtripwithhermomandpurchasedproduceandmilk.
23 WewenttoCostcoformilkandcameoutwithlotsmore.
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24 WewenttoCostcoandboughtvegetables,rice,bread,fruit.
25 WewenttoSafewaytobuybreadandmilk.
26 WewenttoSuperstoreandboughtmilk,veggies,andsomeham.
27 WewenttoH&Wproduceforfreshvegetablesandfruit.
28 TodayIwenttoH&Wforherbs,vegetables,fruits,andbread.
29 YesterdaywewenttoSuperstoreandSave-OnFoodstogetproduce,dairy,anddrygoods.
30 Wegotabagofbunsforhamburgers.
31 WewenttoSobeystobuybread,toothpaste,andwine.
32 IwenttoNofrillsanddidmyweeklyshopforeverything.
33 YesterdayIwenttoSuperstoreforproduce,meat,somecannedgoods.
34 WewenttoCostcoandWalmart;Costcoforboxedstuff(likegrocery)andthenWalmartforfreshstuff(deli,milk,juice).
35 WewenttoSobey'sforvegetables,milk,breadandfruits.
36 WewenttoWal-Martforbottledwater,fruits,veggies,anddairy.Itwasasmalltripthattotalledapproximately$100.
37 Wejustboughtfoodfortheweek,basicstuffforlunchanddinner.
38 WewenttoSuperstoreforpastaandmeatsinbulk,sauces,etc.WegetfreshproducefromSuperstoreorSobey's.
39 Wetookashortrunouttobuysomeoddsandendsfood,likemilkandbutter.
40 Todaywegotbabyformulaandsomedessertforadinnerpartytonight.
41 Wewentononeofthesmallertripsforbabyitemsandproduce.
42 WetookaquickruntotheSuperstore.
43 WewenttoSuperstoreforfruit,veggiesandmeat.
44 WewenttoSobey'sforafewingredientsforthedishwewerecookingthatnight.
45 OnourlasttripmyhusbandwenttoCostcotopickupavarietyoffood,mainlygroceryandsomeproduce.Wemadeasmallaswelltogetmilkandbananas.
46 OnSaturdayandSundaywewentforproduceandmeat.
47 WentovertoCo-Optogettomatoesandcucumbers,becauseweforgotthematSuperstore.
48 WewenttoSave-OnFoodstobuyitemsonsale;includinghouseholditems,somegifts,candy,coffee,andcleaningsupplies.
49 Wewentforsauerkraut,cheese,milk,andpharmacyitems.
50 NotApplicable
51 Wewentthismorningto10%TuesdaytogetallourfoodforabigeventonJune29.
52 Ontheweekendweshoppedat2stores:Save-OnFoodsformostitemsandSobey'sforafewotheritems.
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53 Iwasn'ttheresoIdon'tknow.
54 Wewentasateamandshoppedforusandourmother.Weboughtdairy,meat,fruit,veggies.
55 WewenttotheWal-MartSuperCentreandgotfoodfortwoweeks,includinghamburger,chicken,pasta,sauces,potatoes,veggies(lettuce,cucumber,tomatoes,mushrooms,onions),andfruit(watermelon,oranges).
56 MywifewentonSundayformeat,bread,vegetables,andfruit.
57 Wewentthismorningjustformilkandeggs.
58 Ionlydooneshoppingtripeverytwoweeks.Iwentforeverythingbutmostlyfruits,vegetables,meat,anddairy.Ialsogotsomecannedstuffincludingbeansandcornforchili.
59 WewenttobuymilkatCo-op.
60 TodayIboughtmilk,bread,fruits,andvegetables.
61 WewenttoSave-on-Foodsandboughtmostlyproduce.
62 Halfanhouragowegotafewthingsonthelistandacoupleextrathingsfordinner.
63 Iboughtbread,icecream,cream,milk,vegetables,somemeat,andpotatochipsforthegrandkid.
64 WewenttoSave-OnFoodsPurchasedmostlyproduce,chicken,andafewbreaditems.B4.Howoftendoesyourhouseholdgoonamainshoppingtripforgroceries?
MorethanonceaweekOnceperweekOnceeverytwoweeksOncepermonthOnceeverytwomonthsRarelyorneverPrefernottosay
B5.Thinkaboutyourlastbighouseholdshoppingtrip.Didyoucheckyourfridge,freezerand/orcupboardstoseeifyouhadanyofthefollowingbeforeyouwentshopping?
FreshVegetablesFreshBreadandBakeryProductsFreshFruitsFreshMeatorFishMilkandDairyProducts
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FreshPre-MadeMealsandDeliItemsCanned,Dried,andPreservedFoodFrozenFoodsDryGoods(e.g.,pasta,crackers,rice,beans)IdidnotcheckforanyoftheseitemsOther/Don’tknow/Prefernottosay
B6.Atwhattype(s)ofstoresdoyouusually(50%ormoreofthetime)shopforgroceries?
Farmer'smarketsSpecialtyshops(e.g.,ethnicfoods,importedfoods,smalldelis/bakeries)BulkStores(e.g.,BulkBarn)Warehouse-typestores(e.g.,Costco,TheGroceryPeople)StoresspecializinginhealthfoodproductsandorganicfoodMediumtolargesupermarkets(e.g.,Safeway,Superstore,Save-OnFoods,Sobey's)LocalcornerstoresandconveniencestoresOnline/directdeliveryservices(e.g.,OrganicBox,GroceryLink)IdonotshopatanyoftheselocationsPrefernottosay
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B7.Howoftenisyourshoppinglistdeterminedbythemealsyouhavedecidedtoprepareorcookathome?
AllormostofthetimeSomeofthetimeOccasionally/RarelyNeverPrefernottosayWecheckthesefirsttokeepthehousewellstockedCookwhat’sonhand
B8.BEFOREyougoonamainshoppingtrip,doyouusually:
KeeparunninglistofneededitemsandtakeitwithyouMakealistjustbeforeyougoandtakeitwithyouKeepaspecificlistofitemsyouneedtobuyinyourhead(nowrittenlist)Haveageneralideaofthingsyouneedtobuy(nowrittenlist)Havenoplanaheadoftime.Whenshopping,youbuybasedonwhatyoufindorwantatthattime.Prefernottosay
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B9.Thinkaboutyourlastmainshoppingtrip.Howmuchofthefoodyouboughtwaspre-made,orconveniencefooditemsthatrequiredlittleornopreparationbeforeserving?
AllormostofmygroceriesAbouthalfofmygroceriesLessthanhalfmygroceriesOnlyafewitemsIdidn'tpurchaseanypre-madeitemsPrefernottosay
B10.Thinkaboutyourlastmainshoppingtrip.Selectthestatementthatmostappliestoyou:
Iboughtallormostoftheitemsonmylist,butNOextraitemsIboughtallormostoftheitemsonmylist,ANDafewextraitemsIboughtSOMEoftheitemsonmylist,butNOextraitemsIboughtSOMEoftheitemsonmylist,ANDsomeextraitemsIdecidedwhattobuyasIshoppedIusuallybuythesamethingseachweekDon'tknow/Can'trememberPrefernottosay
B11.Wouldyousayyourfoodpurchases(types,quantities,brands)areinfluencedbyothers?Thiscouldincludefriends,family,andmembersofyourhousehold.
Influence
Code Frequency Definition
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Yes 39 Ourpurchasesareinfluencedbyothermembersofthehousehold,familyoutsidethehousehold,and/orfriends.
No 25 Ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyanyoneotherthanthepersonshopping.
TypesofMainInfluences
Code Frequency Definition
Household 37 Othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
Friends 12 Friendsinfluenceourpurchases.
Family 17 Familyinfluencesourpurchases.
None 25 Ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
TypesofOtherInfluences
Code Frequency Definition
Brands 7 Brandsinfluenceourpurchases.
Activities 2 Ourpurchasesareinfluencedbyactivitiesweplantotakepartin.
LocalFood 2 Originofproductsinfluencesourpurchases.
Season 1 Ourpurchaseschangebasedontheseason.
ReligiousPreferences 1 Religiouspreferencesinfluenceourpurchases.
Cost 1 Costinfluencesourpurchases.
Organic 1 Availabilityoforganicfoodsinfluencesourpurchases.
Fresh 1 Freshnessinfluencesourpurchases.
Nootherinfluencesdescribed 49 Theintervieweedidnotdescribeanyotherinfluencesbeyondhousehold,family,andfriends.
Sec2Q11.Wouldyousayyourfoodpurchases(types,quantities,brands)areinfluencedbyothers?Thiscouldincludefriends,family,andmembersofyourhousehold.
VerbatimResponses
1 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
2 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
3 Yes,ourfriendsinfluenceourpurchases.
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4 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.Ifaneventishappening,thatwillalsoaffectourpurchases.
5 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
6 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdandfamilyinfluenceourpurchases.Wemakesuretobuythebrandswelikebutwealsoshopformymother-in-law.
7 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.Wepreferqualitylocalfoodratherthanbigbrands.
8 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
9 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
10 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
11 Yes,friendsandfamilyinfluenceourpurchaseswhenbuyingnewspecialtyitems.
12 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.WebuywhitebreadalthoughIdon'tlikeit,becauseeveryoneelseinthehousedoes.
13 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdandfamilyinfluenceourpurchases.MysistertoldusthatHeinzwasnolongerCanadian,soweswitchedtoFrench'sketchup.
14 Yes,ourpurchasesareinfluencedbyfriendsandothermembersofourhousehold.
15 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
16 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.Myelderlyparentslivehereandtheyhavereligiousfoodpreferences.Wealsohavetobuycertainproductsforournewbabyandforourdaughterwhowon'tbeneedingschoollunchesoverthesummer.
17 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdandfamilyinfluenceourpurchases.IdomostoftheshoppingbutI'msuretoconsidermywife'sbrandpreferencesaswellasthatofourgrandkidsiftheyarecomingtovisit.
18 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdandfamilyinfluenceourpurchases.
19 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
20 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
21 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
22 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
23 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
24 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
25 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.Costinfluencesourpurchases.
26 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
27 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
28 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdandfamilyinfluenceourpurchases.
29 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
30 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.Mydaughtergetssaladeventhoughwedon'treallylikeit.
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31 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
32 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdandfamilyinfluenceourpurchases.About33%ofmyshoppingisinfluencedbyfamily.
33 Yes,othermembersofourhousehold,family,and/orfriendsinfluenceourpurchases,specificallywithethnicfoods.
34 Yes,othermembersofourhousehold,family,and/orfriendsinfluenceourpurchases.Brandsalsoinfluenceourpurchases;wepreferHeinzketchupandavoidno-namesaladdressing.
35 Yes,othermembersofourhousehold,family,and/orfriendsinfluenceourpurchases,butIusuallyknowwhattobuy.
36 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
37 Yes,othermembersofourhousehold,family,and/orfriendsinfluenceourpurchases.Brandsalsoinfluenceourpurchases.
38 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
39 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
40 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
41 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
42 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
43 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
44 Yes,othermembersofourhousehold,family,and/orfriendsinfluenceourpurchases.
45 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdandfamilyinfluenceourpurchases.Wegetspecialcookiesforourgrandsonandglutenfreefrozendinnersforwhenourdaughtervisits.
46 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
47 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
48 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
49 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
50 Yes,othermembersofourhousehold,family,and/orfriendsinfluenceourpurchases.
51 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
52 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
53 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
54 Yes,othermembersofourhousehold,family,and/orfriendsinfluenceourpurchases.
55 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
56 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
57 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
58 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
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59 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.
60 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
61 Yes,othermembersofourhousehold,family,and/orfriendsinfluenceourpurchases.Webuymostlyorganicproductsandfreshproductsinsteadofregularprocessedfoodsandgrocery.
62 Yes,othermembersofourhousehold,family,and/orfriendsinfluenceourpurchases,especiallywithHeinzketchup.
63 No,ourpurchasesarenotinfluencedbyothers.
64 Yes,othermembersofourhouseholdinfluenceourpurchases.B12.Thinkaboutyourhousehold'shabitsinregardstobuyingadditionalfoodasaresultofdiscountsandspecialoffers.WhichofthefollowingstatementsMOSTappliestoyou?
Itrytobuyfoodonsaleallormostofthetime(discountsandspecialoffers),evenifit'snotsomethingIusuallybuy.Ioftenbuyfoodonsalewhentherearespecialoffers,buttendtoavoiddiscountedfood.Itrytobuydiscountedfood,buttendtoavoidspecialoffers.Iwillonlybuyfoodonsale(discountsand/orspecialoffers)ifit'ssomethingIusuallybuy.Irarelyorneverbuyfoodonsale.Prefernottosay
Section2A:BuyingDiscountedFood(B)B13.Followingupfromthepreviousquestion:whatis/arethemainfactor(s)thatdetermineif/whenyouBUYdiscountedfood?
Ifthefood(e.g.,fruit,cannedorboxedgoods)lookstobeinverygoodcondition,withnodamage.IfIthinkIcanuseitallbythe"bestbefore"date.Ifit'ssomethingIusuallybuy.Ifit'ssomethingIdon'tusuallybuybecauseit'stooexpensive.Iwillbuyfruitsandvegetablesthatareoddlyshaped.Iwillbuyfruitsandvegetableswithsoftspots.Iwillbuyfruitsandvegetableswithbruises.Other/Prefernottosay.
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B14.Inyourhousehold,whatusuallyhappenstoextrafoodpurchasedasaresultofdiscountsand/orspecialoffers?
Mostorallofitiseaten.Abouthalfiseaten,halfisthrownaway.Mostoftheextrafoodisthrownaway(spoilsbeforeitcanbefullyused).IusuallybuylessofsomethingelsethatIhadintendedtobuy.IusuallywaituntilthefoodisfullyconsumedbeforeIbuythatsameitemagain.Don'tknow/Can'tremember.PrefernottosayOther
Section2B:AvoidingDiscountedFood(B)B15.Followingupfromthepreviousquestion:whatis/arethemainfactor(s)thatdetermineif/whenyouAVOIDdiscountedfood?
Ifthefood(e.g.,fruit,cannedorboxedgoods)lookstobeinverybadcondition,ordamaged.IfIcan'tthinkofauseforitbythe"bestbefore"date.Ifit'snotsomethingIusuallybuy.It'ssomethingusuallybuybutthefullpriceditemisin-expensive.Iwon'tbuyfruitsandvegetablesthatareanoddshape.Iwon'tbuyfruitsandvegetableswithsoftspots.Iwon'tbuyfruitsandvegetableswithbruises.Other/Prefernottosay.
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Section3:CookingHabits&Leftovers(C)C1.Howoftendoesyourhouseholdcookandeatathome?
Everydayormostdaysperweek3-4timesperweek1-2timesperweekAfewtimespermonthRarelyoronspecialoccasionsNeverPrefernottosay
Section3A:MealPreparation(C)C2a.Towhatextentareyouinchargeofcookingforyourhousehold?
AllormostofitAbouthalfofitLessthanhalfofitVerylittleornotatallPrefernottosay
C2b.Ifyoudolessthanhalfthecooking,istheresomeoneelseinyourhouseholdthatisprimarilyresponsibleforthecooking?
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YesNoOther
C2c.Ifyouanswered"Yes"tothepreviousquestion,whatisthisperson'srelationshiptoyou?(Open)
C3.Formainmealsthatarepreparedathome,whendoyoudecidewhatyou'regoingtohave?
I/Wedecidethatday,oracoupleofdaysaheadoftimeI/Weknowwhatsomeofthemainmealswillbeforthisweek,butnotyetfornextweek.I/Weknowwhatmostofthemainmealswillbeforthisweek,andafewmainmealsfornextweek.I/WeknowwhatmostofthemainmealswillbeforthisweekANDnextweek.Prefernottosay.
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Section3B:Leftovers(C)C4.Thinkaboutthelasttimeyoucookedamealbasedonpastaorrice.Didyouhaveanyleftovers?
YesNoDon'tknow/Can'trememberI/Wedon'tcookoreatthisitemPrefernottosay
C5.Thinkaboutthelasttimeyouhadleftoversormademorefoodthanwasneeded.Whatdidyoudowiththoseleftovers?
I/WeusedalltheleftoversforanothermealI/WeusedpartoftheminmakinganothermealI/Wekeptthemwiththeintentofusingthem,buttheyspoiledandhadtobethrownaway.They'restillbeingstored.I/Wedidn'thaveauseforkeepingthem,andthrewthemaway.Other/Don'tknow/Can'trememberPrefernottosay
Section4:FoodStorageHabits(D)D1.Thinkaboutthepast12months.Foranyfresh(non-frozen)foodyouhavebought,ormealsyouhavepreparedathome,haveyouusedthefreezertostoreanyofthefollowingitems:
UncookedmeatorfishCommerciallypre-mademealsFoodclosetotheir"bestbefore"dateMilkordairyproductsCookedmeatorfish
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Home-mademealsandmealleftoversBreadandbakeryproductsNothing(Idon'tusethefreezer)Idon'thaveafreezerOther/Can'tremember/Don'tknowPrefernottosay
D2.Thinkaboutthelasttimeyouopenedapackageofcheese(e.g.,cheddar).Howdidyoustorethecontentsafteropening?
OriginalpackagingPlasticbag(zipper-typeseal)Reuseablefoodcontainer(e.g.,Tupperware-type)ClingwraporfoilWithoutwrappingDon'tknowDon'tbuy/eatthisfoodPrefernottosayOther
D3.Thinkaboutthelasttimeyouopenedapackageofslicedmeat(e.g.,turkeyorham).Howdidyoustorethecontentsafteropening?
OriginalpackagingPlasticbag(zipper-typeseal)Reuseablefoodcontainer(e.g.,Tupperware-type)ClingwraporfoilWithoutwrapping
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Don'tbuy/eatthisfoodOther/Don'tknowPrefernottosay
D4.WhenyouhavefreshAPPLESthatneedstorageinyourkitchen,howdoyoustorethem?
Inbowl/oncounterIncupboard/onshelfInfridgeInthedarkInclothbagInplasticbagDon'tbuy/storetheseOther/Don'tknowPrefernottosay
D5.WhenyouhavefreshCARROTSthatneedstorageinyourkitchen,howdoyoustorethem?
Inbowl/oncounterIncupboard/onshelfInfridgeInthedarkInclothbag
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InplasticbagDon'tbuy/storethesePrefernottosayOther/Don'tknow
D6.WhenyouhavefreshPOTATOESthatneedstorageinyourkitchen,howdoyoustorethem?
Inbowl/oncounterIncupboard/onshelfInfridgeInthedarkInclothbagInplasticbagOtherDon'tbuy/storethesePrefernottosay
D7.Withinthepast12months,haveyoucheckedthetemperatureofyourfridge?
Yes-withathermometerYes-withthethermostatsettingandfridgedisplayNo-neverorrarelycheckDon'tknow/Can'trememberPrefernottosay
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Section5:FoodWaste(E)E1.Thinkaboutthelasttimepotentiallyediblefoodwasthrownoutinyourhousehold,eitherleftoversorexpiredfood.Couldyoudescribeformethecircumstancessurroundingwhythatfoodwasthrownout?
TypesofFood
Code Frequency Definition
Leftovers 36 Home-madefoodsomehowalteredsincebeingpurchasedfromthestore.
Produce 18 Thefooditemwasatypeofproduce(fruitorvegetable).
Cookedmeat 3 Thefooditemwasatypeofcookedmeat.
Pasta/rice 9 Thefooditemwasatypeofgrain.
Pre-mademeal/processedfood
2 Thefooditemwasatypeofprocessedfoodorapre-mademeal.
Dairy 2 Thefooditemwasatypeofdairyproduct.
Drygoods 1 Thefooditemwasatypeofdrygood.
ReasonforDiscarding
Code Frequency Definition
Expiredfood 25 Foodpurchasedfromthestorethathasnotyetbeenalteredtomakeameal.
Time 47 Toomuchtimehaslapsedandthefooditemisnolongerfitforconsumption(basedonlook,smell,taste).Thefoodmayormaynothavebeenforgotten.
Forgot 7 Thefoodwasexplicitlyforgotten,whichwasafactorintheamountoftimelapsed.
Disinterest 20 Membersofthehouseholdweredisinterestedineatingthefood,whichwasafactorintheamountoftimelapsed.
Toomuch 9 Toomuchfoodwaspreparedatthetimeofconsumption.
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Unrefrigerated 3 Thefoodwasnotrefrigeratedcreatingafoodsafetyhazardand/orreducedquality.
Cleaning 1 Thefoodwasdisposedofasaresultofcleaningtherefrigerator.
VerbatimResponses
Sec5Q1.Thinkaboutthelasttimepotentiallyediblefoodwasthrownoutinyourhousehold,eitherleftoversorexpiredfood.Couldyoudescribeformethecircumstancessurroundingwhythatfoodwasthrownout?
1 Wethrewawayleftoversbecauseafewdayshadpassedafterwestoredthem.2 Lastweekweateporkroastforafewdaysandthendidn'twantitanymore,sowethrewitaway.3 Wepurgedspoiledfoodsafterashoppingtrip.4 Wehavetworefrigerators.Weboughtcauliflower,storeditinthesecondrefrigerator,andforgotaboutit.Thecauliflower
wentbadandwethrewitaway.5 Wemadetoomuchpastaforthethreeofustoconsume.Itwasamealthatweboughtgroceriesforthatday;weusedawhole
packageofpastaandawholejarofsauce.Noonetookanyleftoversforlunchthenextday.Theleftoverssatinthefridgeforawhileandthenwetossedit.
6 Weboughttoomuchfreshproduceforthetwoofusandwedidn'teatitallbeforeitspoiled.7 Wethrewawayleftovercabbagerollsthatnobodyclaimedafteroneweek.8 Wecookedtoomuchforonemealandtheleftoversdidnotgeteatenaftersittinginthefridgeforaperiodoftime.9 Wemadespaghettiandhad3/4cupofleftovers,butnooneateitafteraweeksoitwasthrownaway.10 Wemadetoomuchtoeatinonemeal.11 Wepurchasedtoomanyveggiesforababyshowerandwhatwasleftbegantorot.12 IthrewawayasaladIhadputtogetherbecauseitwentallwilty.13 I/weforgotthatthelettucewasinthebottomofthefridge.14 Wethrewawayleftoversthatwereinthefridgetoolong;itwaspastawithturkey.Wehadintendedtoreuseit,butitwent
bad.15 Yesterday,wetookfoodouttocookbutitwasahotdayandthefoodwasouttoolong.16 Wemadetoomuchriceandforgottorefrigerateitbeforegoingtobed.Whenwewokeinthemorningwethrewitout,butit
wasaverysmallamountbeingthrownout.17 Wethrewoutaboutahalfofacucumberthatwashiddenundersomelettuceinthefridge;itspoiledbecausewehaditin
therefortoolong.Cucumbersomethingwealwaysbuy.Wethrewitinthegarbage.18 Wehadvegetablesthathadgonebadbeforetheycouldbeused.19 Iliketobuybulkcontainersofyogurtandsometimestheygetmouldybeforetheexpirydate.
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20 Wepurchasedfoodthathadgonebadshortlyafter.21 Oursondidn'tfinishhisschoollunchanditwasthrownaway.22 Wemadetoomuchfood,whichwasthenstoredbutthenshovedtothebackofthefridge,forgotten,andhadtobethrown
awaybecauseitwentbad.23 Wethrowfoodawaybecausemembersofthehouserefusedtoeatit,weweretoobusytomakeitintosomething,orkids
don'tlikeit.24 Weleftriceinthefridgetoolong.25 Thechildrendidnotfinishtheirplatesduringamealandthescrapshadbeenleftoutofthefridgesowethrewthemaway.26 Weboughtmilkanditwentbadbeforeitwassupposedtoexpire.27 Ourchildrendidn'teatallofthetakeoutweorderedforthem.28 NoonelikedthespaghettiImadeanditdriedoutsowethrewitaway.29 Ourleftoversjustweren'tlookinggoodafteraweekinthefridge,sowethrewthemout.30 Mydaughterdidn'twanttoeathermealandmyhusbanddidn'twanttotakeitforlunchsoeventuallyIhadtothrowitout.31 Wemadetoomuchspaghettianddoesn'tstorewellsowethrewitout.32 Wehadleftoversthatsatinthefridgetoolongandtherewasnopurposeforit.33 Oursonsatforanhourandrefusedtoeathismealbeforebed.Thosetablescrapswentintothecompost.34 Myleftoversthatsatinthefridgetoolong,andtherecomesatimewhenyoucan'teatitanymore.35 Onceinawhile,wewillthrowoutleftoversiftheyspendmorethanthreedaysinthefridge.36 Whenfoodspendsmorethanfiveorsixdaysinstorageandnooneeatsit,itgetsthrownaway.37 Weusuallythrowawayvegetablesthatwejustdon'tgetaroundtoeating.38 Weusuallyforgetanitemisinthefridgeandbuyormakeanewitem.39 IhadfreshvegetablesandfruitthatlookedbruisedanddiscoloredsoIthrewthataway.Itincludedcarrotsinthebagpast
theexpirydate,four-day-oldtakeout,stuffinthefreezerthatwasinthereforoverfourmonths,andpantryfoodthathadbeenthereforovertwoyears.
40 Todaywethrewawayblueberriesthathadgonebadbeforemydaughteratethem.41 Icookedacurrydishandnooneateitintime,soitwasthrownout.42 Wehadapartyandtherewasleftovertablescrapsthatwerethrownaway.43 Apackagedlunchwasuneatenandhadtobethrownaway.44 Wehadasaladwithdressingonitthatwasthrownintothecomposter.Mostlythishappenswhenwegoonholiday.When
mysonishomebuthedoesn'talwayseatallthefoodhetakes.45 No,Itrynottocooktoomuchandhardlythrowoutfood;noneatall,Ithink.46 Wehadabigbagofspinachthatwentbadbeforeweusedallofit.47 Wepurchasedsomecilantroforarecipeandhadsomeleftover.
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48 Wewaitedtoolongtofinishaleftoversalad,sowethrewitaway.49 Wedon'tusuallythrowfoodaway.Ourboyswilleatit,butperhapstheturkeyskinonChristmas.50 Yesterdaywewererunningoutofmilk,therewasonlyahalfacup,sowedidn'thavecereal.51 Aportionofaready-madepastasaucewasthrownoutbecauseitwastoomuchfortwopeople.Wehadnotfoundawayto
useitsoonenoughandhadtothrowitout.52 Thefoodwasinthefridgesolongitgotgreenspots.53 Wethrewawaysourcream,becauseitwaspushedtothebackofthefridgeandwentbad.54 Usuallywethrowfoodawayifwemaketoomuchofsomething(ie.pasta).Somewillbesaved,butifthereistoomuchsome
willbethrownoutifIknowIwon'tuseit.WhenthereareleftoverstakenforlunchandIgettiredofeatingthesamething,sometimestheywillspoilandbethrownout.
55 Sometimeswethrowawayleftovers,butthere'sjustalittleleftandsometimesthedoggetsit.56 Wethrewoutanrottenappletodayandlettucethatwastooold.57 Ihadpastaleftoversfromthemealbefore,therewasonlyalittlebitleftsothesecondtimeIateitIthrewtherestout.58 MyhusbanddecidednottoeatthefoodandIendedupthrowingitout.59 Wethrewoutfoodweforgotinthefreezer,butusuallywefinishmeals.60 Wethrewoutleftoverpancakemix;wemakepancakesalmosteveryday.Thenwethrewoutsomeproducetrimmingsand
stuff.61 Ifthere'snotenoughleftoverstomakeitintoanothermealorifit'ssomethingthatIwon'teatagain(becausemyhusband
won'teatleftovers),thenwewillthrowawayfood.62 Wethrewoutahomemadesaladthatwentbad.63 Ourdaughterisavegetarianandpurchasedalargeeggplantbutdidn'tendupusingitbeforeitspoiled.
E2.Overthepastmonth,haveyouthrownawayanyofthefollowingitemsbecausethe"bestbefore"datehaspassed?
1. Pre-cooked(notfrozen)meatorfish2. Raw,freshmeatorfish3. Milk4. Otherdairyproducts5. Pre-mademealsanddeliitems6. FreshFruit7. FreshVegetables8. Canned,Dried,orJarreditems9. Drygoods(e.g.,cereal,crackers)10. FrozenItems11. Don'tknow/Can'tremember12. Juice,Pop,orothernon-dairybeverages13. Bread14. None15. Wedon’tthrowoutfoodaccordingtothedate
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E3.Overthelasttwoweeks,howmuchofthefollowingfoodtypeshasyourhouseholdthrownaway(eitherinyourgarbage,compostpile,downthesink,orfedtopets)?
1. Vegetables&Salad2. Cheese&Yogurt3. Fruit4. BreadandBakeryItems5. CookedMeatorFish6. RawMeatorFish7. Home-madeMeals8. Milk9. Juice,Coffee,Tea&Pop,orothernon-dairybeverages
Responsesare:ALot(AboveAverage)AverageAmountSmallAmount(BelowAverage)VeryLittle/NotOftenNoneDon'tConsumeorUsePrefernottosay
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E4.Overthelasttwoweeks,howmuchofthefollowingtypesoffoodwastehasyourhouseholdthrownaway(eitherinyourgarbage,compostpile,downthesink,orfedtopets)
1. Foodscrapsnotnormallyeaten(e.g.,cores,peels,bones,eggshells)2. Leftovers(excesscookedfoodthatwasnotservedagain)3. Uneatenfoodleftonplateaftermeal4. Foodboughtbutnotused(e.g.,unopenedpackages,wholefruit)5. Unfinishedpackagedfood(e.g.,slicesofbreadormeat,cookingsauce)6. Spoiledormouldyfood7. Foodpastthe"bestbefore"date8. Non-recyclablefoodpackaging(e.g.,clingwrap,Styrofoam,foil)9. Recyclablefoodpackaging(e.g.,paper,cardboard,plasticcontainers)
Responsesare:ALot(AboveAverage)AverageAmountSmallAmount(BelowAverage)VeryLittle/NotOftenNoneDon'tConsumeorUsePrefernottosay
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E5.Thinkaboutthetypesoffoodwastelistedintheprevioustwoquestions.Overall,howmuchuneatenfoodwouldyousayyourhouseholdendsupthrowingaway?
ALot(AboveAverage)AverageAmountSmallAmount(BelowAverage)VeryLittleNoneDon’tknowPrefernottosay
E6.Whatmethod(s)doesyourhouseholdusetodisposeoffoodanddrinkwaste?
Garbagebag/binDownthedrain/sinkGarbagedisposal(e.g.,garburator)Homecomposting(backyardcomposterorwormbin)FedtopetsPrefernottosay
Section6:FoodWasteBehaviours(F)F1.Towhatextentdoyoucurrentlydoanyofthefollowingtominimizethatamountoffoodandfood-relatedwastethatyourhouseholdthrowsaway?
1. Buyinbulk,buyfoodwithlesspackaging2. Buyonlywhathouseholdneedsfortheweek3. Saveleftoversforfuturemeals
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4. Prepareandcookmoremealsathome(lesstakeout,lessdiningout)5. Preparemostofmealsfromscratch6. Prepare/serveonlywhathouseholdmemberscanconsumeinonemeal7. Maintainandsticktogrocerybudget8. Decidewhattomakeformealsbeforegoingshopping9. Labelleftoversandfooditemswiththedateofstorage
Responsesare:AllormostofthetimeAbouthalfthetimeLessthanhalfthetimeRarelyorneverDon'tknowPrefernottosay
F2.Thinkaboutfactorsthatmightencourageyourhouseholdtoreducefoodwaste.Towhatextentdoanyofthefollowinghaveanimpactonyouractions?
1. Adesiretobeenvironmentally-consciousofhowmuchI/wethrowaway2. Foodshortageselsewhereintheworld3. Money-savingopportunities4. Managingmyhouseholdandtimeefficiently5. Feelingsofguiltwhenthrowingawayfoodthatcouldhavebeeneaten6. Desiretoeatahealthydiet7. Gettingmykidstoeathealthy(ifapplicable)
Responsesare:BigImpactSomeImpact
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MinimalImpactNoImpactDon'tknowPrefernottosay
F3.Thinkaboutthepastthreemonths.Onaverage,howoftenwouldyousayyoudideachofthefollowing?
1. Forgotaboutfood/drinkintheFRIDGE(whichendedupbeingthrownaway).2. Forgotaboutfood/drinkintheFREEZER(whichendedupbeingthrownaway).3. Boughtfoodwiththeintentionofmakingsomething,butdidn'tuseallofit.4. Eatenamealorfoodyoudidn'tlike,justtouseupleftoverfood.5. Whenshopping,consideredhouseholdmembers'schedulestodecidehowmuchfoodwas
neededfortheweek.6. Boughtfood/drinkonsale,andendedupnoteatingallofit.7. Boughtalargepackorcaseoffood/drink,butwasn'tabletouseitall(endedupbeing
thrownaway).8. Plannedtomakeamealbutplanschanged.
Responsesare:MorethanonceaweekOnceaweekOnceamonthOnceinlast3monthsRarely/NeverCan'trememberPrefernottosay
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F4.Which(ifany)ofthefollowingreasonspreventyourhouseholdfromtryingtoreducetheamountoffoodthatisthrownaway?
Idon'tknowhowIcanreducefoodwasteKidsdon'talwaysfinishtheirmealsoroftenwon'teatwhatImakeI/WeneedtobuyawiderangeoffoodsforhealthyeatingoptionsI/Welikehavinglotsoffoodvarietyandchoicesonhandathome.Idon'tthinkthrowingawayfoodhasanegativeimpactontheenvironment.I/Wegiveawaymostofmyleftoverfood(tocharities,neighbours,family/friends)TheCitycompostsalloftheorganicwasteinourgarbage.I/WecompostmostofourfoodwasteathomeI/Wedon'tlosemuchmoneybythrowingfoodaway(theextraeffortisnotworththecostsavings)I/Wedon'thaveenoughtimeormoneyTherearemoreimportantthingstothinkaboutNoneoftheaboveareabarrierformePrefernottosay
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F5.Approximatelyhowmuchmoneydoyouthinkyousaveeachmonth(onaverage)ifyouavoidedthrowingawayuneatenfood?
$0-25$25-50$50-100$100-200Over$200Prefernottosay
Section7:FoodWastePerceptions(G)Note:graphshowsquestionresultsinreverseorder.G1.TheaverageCanadianhouseholdcouldsaveanestimated$160permonth(or$2,000peryear)iftheyavoidedhavingtothrowediblefoodaway. True
FalseDon'tKnow/Prefernottosay
G2.A"bestbefore"datemeansthatIcanusuallystillsafelyconsumeafooditemoncethedatehaspast,butthequality(texture,taste,nutrients)maybereduced.G3.Foodpackagingwasteisaworseenvironmentalproblemthanwastingfood.
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G4.Buyingfoodonsale(two-for-onedealsordiscounts)usuallyleadstomorefoodbeingthrownaway.
G5.Buyingfoodinlargevolumes(suchascasesormulti-packs)leadstomorefoodbeingthrownaway.
G6.Inordertosafelystorefoodinyourfridgesoitlastslonger,yourfridgetemperatureshouldbebelow4degreesC.
G7.Foodsuchasrawchickenbreastscanbesafelyfrozenforlonger-termstorage,ifit'sfrozenbeforeoronthe"bestbefore"date. G8.Byreducingtheamountoffoodwethrowaway,wecouldreducegreenhousegasemissions.
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AppendixC:FoodWasteDiary(excerpt)
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AppendixD:WasteAuditCategories
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AppendixF:CompiledResultsforPre-DiaryWasteAudit
Weights(kg)andtypesofitems,separatedbycategory,foundingarbagebags.
Percentagesofitemsbyweight(kg),separatedbycategory,foundingarbagebags(allhouseholds)
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AppendixF:CompiledResultsforFoodWasteDiaryTypesoffoodwaste
Percentagesofavoidable(AFW)andunavoidable(UFW)foodwaste,calculatedbyvolume,reportedinfoodwastediaries.
Percentagesofavoidableandunavoidablefoodwaste,calculatedbyvolume,asreportedinfoodwastediariesforallneighbourhoods.
Totalvolumesoffoodwaste(avoidableandunavoidable)thrownawaybyhouseholds,asreportedinone-weekfoodwastediaries,separatedbyneighbourhood.
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Scatterplotofvolumesofwastereportedinfoodwastediaries.Eachneighbourhoodisrepresentedbyadifferentcolourofdatapoints.
Typesofavoidablefoodwaste
Volumesofavoidablefoodwastetypes,asreportedinfoodwastediariesforallneighbourhoods.
Proportionofavoidablefoodwastetypes,bytotalvolume(L),asreportedinfoodwastediariesforallneighbourhoods.
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FoodwastedisposalReasonsfordisposingofavoidablefoodwaste.Percentagesrepresentnumberofinstancesreportedinfoodwastediariesacrossallneighbourhoods.
Wastedisposalmethods,calculatedaspercentagesoutoftotalinstancesofdisposal,reportedinfoodwastediariesacrossallneighbourhoods(includesavoidableandunavoidablefoodwaste).
Volumesoffoodwaste(avoidableandunavoidable),separatedbydisposalmethod.**7Series1indicatesreportedandcalculatedvolumes(L).
7**ThissumwillbelessthanthetotalweightcalculatedinFigure25becausethecalculationisdependantondiaryinformationbeingcompletefortwocategories(weightofwasteandmethodofdisposal).Incompletediaryentrieswerenotincludedinthesecalculations.
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Percentagesofavoidablefoodwaste,separatedbyvolumesthrownawayatonetime,asreportedinfoodwastediaries.
Frequencyoffoodwastevolumesthrownaway,asreportedinfoodwastediaries.