Evaluation of water quality in an agricultural watershed as affected by almond pest management practices Xuyang Zhang a , Xingmei Liu a,b , Yuzhou Luo a , Minghua Zhang a,c, * a Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA b Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China c California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA article info Article history: Received 22 February 2008 Received in revised form 16 May 2008 Accepted 20 May 2008 Available online 24 June 2008 Keywords: Water quality Pest management practices Organophosphate Pyrethroid SWAT abstract In the last decade, the detection of organophosphate (OP) pesticides in the San Joaquin River watershed has raised concerns about water quality. This study examined the influ- ences of almond pest management practices (PMPs) on water quality. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was employed to simulate pesticide concentration in water as affected by different PMPs. California Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR) data were used to investigate PMP use trends. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to test the correlation between specific PMP use and pesticide concentrations in surface water and sediment. Our results showed an increasing use of reduced risk pesticides and pyre- throids on almonds. SWAT simulation over the period of 1992–2005 showed decreases in OP concentrations in surface water. High OP and pyrethroid use in dormant sprays was associated with high pesticide concentrations in water and sediment. Almond pesticide use was proved to have significant impacts on the pesticide load in the San Joaquin River watershed. The PMP which combines the use of reduced risk pesticides with no dormant spray was recommended for almond orchard use. This paper presented a novel method of studying the environmental impacts of different agricultural PMPs. By combining pesti- cide use surveys with watershed modeling, we provided a quantitative foundation for the selection of PMPs to reduce pesticide pollution in surface water. ª 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction California produces 99% of the US almond crop, 58% of which was located in the San Joaquin Valley in 2006 (CDFA and USDA, 2006). Major pests of almonds include navel orange worm (NOW), San Jose scale (SJS), peach twig borer (PTB), and European red and brown mite. Pest management prac- tices (PMPs), such as the application of organophosphate (OP) pesticides and oil mixtures during the dormant season, are considered effective in controlling these pests (Rice et al., 1972; UCIPM, 1985). However, the dormant period, which is from December to February, coincides with the rainy season in California potentially causing off-site movement of OP pes- ticides to water bodies (Zhang et al., 2005; Bacey et al., 2005; Guo, 2003; Dubrovsky et al., 1998). OPs such as diazinon and chlorpyrifos have been routinely detected in the surface water bodies of the San Joaquin River (SJR) watershed during the rainy season (Spurlock, 2002; Domagalski et al., 1997). Studies have indicated that runoff from orchards is a source of these OPs (Domagalski et al., 1997). Although aerial drift contributes to off-site movement, surface runoff is the main pathway by which OP pesticides * Corresponding author. Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA. Tel.: þ1 530 752 4953; fax: þ1 530 752 5262. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected](M. Zhang). Available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/watres 0043-1354/$ – see front matter ª 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.05.018 water research 42 (2008) 3685–3696
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w a t e r r e s e a r c h 4 2 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 3 6 8 5 – 3 6 9 6
Avai lab le a t www.sc iencedi rec t .com
journa l homepage : www.e lsev ie r . com/ loca te /wat res
Evaluation of water quality in an agricultural watershedas affected by almond pest management practices
Xuyang Zhanga, Xingmei Liua,b, Yuzhou Luoa, Minghua Zhanga,c,*aDepartment of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USAbInstitute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, ChinacCalifornia Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 22 February 2008
Received in revised form
16 May 2008
Accepted 20 May 2008
Available online 24 June 2008
Keywords:
Water quality
Pest management practices
Organophosphate
Pyrethroid
SWAT
* Corresponding author. Department of LandTel.: þ1 530 752 4953; fax: þ1 530 752 5262.
E-mail addresses: [email protected], m0043-1354/$ – see front matter ª 2008 Elsevidoi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.05.018
a b s t r a c t
In the last decade, the detection of organophosphate (OP) pesticides in the San Joaquin
River watershed has raised concerns about water quality. This study examined the influ-
ences of almond pest management practices (PMPs) on water quality. The Soil and Water
Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was employed to simulate pesticide concentration in
water as affected by different PMPs. California Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR) data were
used to investigate PMP use trends. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to test
the correlation between specific PMP use and pesticide concentrations in surface water
and sediment. Our results showed an increasing use of reduced risk pesticides and pyre-
throids on almonds. SWAT simulation over the period of 1992–2005 showed decreases in
OP concentrations in surface water. High OP and pyrethroid use in dormant sprays was
associated with high pesticide concentrations in water and sediment. Almond pesticide
use was proved to have significant impacts on the pesticide load in the San Joaquin River
watershed. The PMP which combines the use of reduced risk pesticides with no dormant
spray was recommended for almond orchard use. This paper presented a novel method
of studying the environmental impacts of different agricultural PMPs. By combining pesti-
cide use surveys with watershed modeling, we provided a quantitative foundation for the
selection of PMPs to reduce pesticide pollution in surface water.
ª 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction is from December to February, coincides with the rainy season
California produces 99% of the US almond crop, 58% of which
was located in the San Joaquin Valley in 2006 (CDFA and
USDA, 2006). Major pests of almonds include navel orange
worm (NOW), San Jose scale (SJS), peach twig borer (PTB),
and European red and brown mite. Pest management prac-
tices (PMPs), such as the application of organophosphate
(OP) pesticides and oil mixtures during the dormant season,
are considered effective in controlling these pests (Rice
et al., 1972; UCIPM, 1985). However, the dormant period, which
w a t e r r e s e a r c h 4 2 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 3 6 8 5 – 3 6 9 63696
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