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i * , : , ' . '
EVALUATION OF THE TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
OF THE HOUSATONIC RIVER VALLEY
JULY 26,1994
preparedfor:
The General Electric Company 100 Woodlawn Avenue
Pittsfield, Massachusetts 01201
prepared by:
ChemRisk A Division of McLaren/Hart
Stroudwater Crossing 1685 Congress Street
Portland, Maine 04102 (207) 774-0012
in collaboration with:
S.G. Martin & Associates, Inc. 7121 N. County Road 9
Wellington, CO 80549
(303) 568-9333
A Division of McLaren/HartEnvironmental Engineering
r fBcyc/ed paper oioH25
-
Area Environmental & Facility Programs General Electric
Company 100 Woodlawn Avenue, Pittsfield, MA 01201
July 26, 1994
Ms. J. Lyn Cutler Section Chief, Special Projects Department of
Environmental Protection 436 Dwight Street Springfield, MA
01103
Mr. Bryan Olson U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Waste
Management Division J.F. Kennedy Federal Building HRR-CAN3 Boston,
MA 02203
Re: Housatonic River (DEP # 1-0147P, EPA Permit Area 6)
Terrestrial Ecosystem Assessment
Dear Ms. Cutler and Mr. Olson:
Enclosed for your review is a report entitled "Evaluation of the
Terrestrial Ecosystem of the Housatonic River Valley," prepared by
ChemRisk in collaboration with Dr. Stephen G. Martin, a terrestrial
ecological expert. This report describes the methodology and
results of their study of the health of terrestrial wildlife
potentially exposed to PCBs in the Housatonic River floodplain.
In consultation with ChemRisk, GE plans to use this report as
one basis for the ecological risk assessment of the Housatonic
River.
We look forward to discussing this report with the DEP and EPA
at our meeting on August 18. Please call me if you have any
questions.
Sincerely yours,
Johohnn D. Ciampa Project Manager
Enclosure
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- 2
cc: Alan Weinberg, DEP WERO Stephen F. Joyce, DEP Office of
Commissioner Robert Bell, DEP WERO Stephen P. Winslow, DEP Susan
Steenstrup, DEP WERO Carol Rowan West, DEP ORS Meg Harvey, DEP ORS
Gary B. Gosbee, EPA Region I Douglas J. Luckerman, EPA Region I
Ruth Bleyler, EPA Region I Ronald F. Desgroseilliers, GE Stephen C.
Moore, GE Andrew J. Thomas, Jr., GE Ellen S. Ebert, ChemRisk
Stephen G. Martin, Ph.D., S.G. Martin & Associates Daniel M.
Woltering, ENVIRON Robert K. Goldman, Blasland, Bouck & Lee
James R. Bieke, Shea & Gardner Public Information Repositories
(ECL I-R-IV(A)(1))
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EVALUATION OF THE TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
OF THE HOUSATONIC RIVER VALLEY
prepared for:
The General Electric Company 100 Woodlawn Avenue
Pittsfield, Massachusetts 01201
prepared by:
ChemRisk Division of McLaren/Hart
Stroudwater Crossing 1685 Congress Street
Portland, Maine 04102 (207) 774-0012
July 26,1994 Reviewed and Approved By:
Miranda HenningTask Manager
C_3 'Date Ellen E.Ebert Project Manager
Russell E. Keenan, Ph.D.Principal-In-Charge
Date
ChemRisk A Division of McLaren/Hart Environmental
Engineering
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26,1994
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 METHODS 2-1
2.1 Ecosystem Selected for Evaluation 2-1 2.1.1 Characterization
of Habitats 2-3 2.1.2 Selection of Indicator Species 2-4
2.2 Characterization of Exposure Scenarios 2-4 2.2.1 Small
Mammal Exposure Profile 2-5 2.2.2 Song Bird Exposure Profile
2-6
2.3 Selection of Endpoints 2-7
2.4 Selection of Study Areas 2-8 2.4.1 Flood Plain Forest Target
Areas 2-8 2.4.2 Shrub Meadow Study Areas 2-10 2.4.3
Characterization of PCBs in Flood Plain Soils and River Sediments
2-11
2.5 Ecological Assessment Methods 2-14 2.5.1 Method of Comparing
Target Areas and Reference Areas 2-14 2.5.2 Method for Evaluating
Avian Population Structure 2-15 2.5.3 Method for Evaluating Avian
Reproductive Success 2-17 2.5.4 Method for Evaluating Small Mammal
Population Structure 2-21 2.5.5 Method for Evaluating Small Mammal
Age Structure 2-22 2.5.6 Method for Evaluating Small Mammal
Reproductive Success . . . . 2-22
3.0 RESULTS 3-1
3.1 Avian Population Structure 3-2 3.1.1 Avian Population
Structure in the Massachusetts Target Area 3-2 3.1.2 Avian
Population Structure in the Maryland Reference Area 3-3 3.1.3 Avian
Population Structure in the North Carolina Reference Area . . . 3-4
3.1.4 Summary of Findings on Avian Population Structure 3-5
3.2 Avian Reproductive Success 3-7 3.2.1. Clutch Sizes 3-7 3.2.2
Young Hatched 3-8 3.2.3 Hatching Success 3-9 3.2.4 Summary of
Findings on Avian Reproductive Success 3-9
3.3 Small Mammal Population and Density 3-9 3.3.1 Population and
Density of White-Footed Mice and Southern Red-
Backed Voles 3-9 3.3.2 Population and Density of Shrews 3-11
3.3.3 Summary of Findings on Small Mammal Populations and Density .
3-11
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D)
3.4 Small Mammal Age Structure 3-11 3.4.1. Findings on
White-Footed Mice and Southern Red-Backed Voles . 3-12 3.4.2
Summary of Findings on Small Mammal Age Structure 3-12
3.5 Small Mammal Reproductive Success 3-13 3.5.1 Reproductive
Success of White-Footed Mice and Southern
RedBacked Voles 3-13 3.5.2 Reproductive Success of Shrews 3-14
3.5.3 Summary of Findings on Small Mammal Reproductive Success ...
3-15
3.6 Additional Ecological Data 3-15 3.6.1. Observations of
Wildlife Species 3-15 3.6.2 Summary of Findings on Additional
Ecological Data 3-17
4.0 DISCUSSION 4-1
4.1 Uncertainty Analysis 4-1
4.2 Discussion of Results 4-4 4.2.1 Absence of a Species
Normally Expected to be Present 4-4 4.2.2 Reduction of a Population
or Subpopulation 4-5 4.2.3 Change in Community Structure 4-6 4.2.4
Bioaccumulation Associated with an Adverse Effect 4-7
4.3 Conclusions 4-8
5.0 REFERENCES 5-1
Appendix A - Selection of Indicator Species
Appendix B - Comparison of Target Areas and Reference Areas
Appendix C - Results of Statistical Analyses of Avian
Reproductive Data
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 Map of the Housatonic River Flood Plain Between Lenox
Rd. & Woods Pond Dam 2-2a
Figure 2-2 Summary of River Sediment and Flood Plain Soil
Sampling Results & Study Area Locations 2-2b
Figure 2-3 Summary of River Sediment and Flood Plain Soil
Sampling Results & Study Area Locations 2-2c
Figure 2-4 Summary of River Sediment and Flood Plain Soil
Sampling Results & Study Area Locations 2-2d
Figure 2-5 Summary of River Sediment and Flood Plain Soil
Sampling Results & Study Area Locations 2-2e
Figure 2-6 Avian Census Observation Route 2-15a
Figure 3-1 Nest Heights of Avian Species Observed in
Massachusetts Target Area . . . . 3-2a
Figure 3-2 Avian Population Study: Density 3-5c
Figure 3-3 Avian Population Study: Plot Size and Number of
Species 3-6a
Figure 3-4 Avian Population Study: Diversity 3-6b
Figure 3-5 Avian Reproduction Evaluation: Clutch Size 3-7a
Figure 3-6 Comparison of Observed Clutch Sizes to Ranges
Reported in the Literature . 3-8a
Figure 3-7 Avian Reporoduction Evaluation: Young Hatched
3-8b
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 Rationale for Selection of Indictor Species 2-4a
Table 2-2 Ecosystem Characterization 2-4b
Table 2-3 Exposure Analysis Summary 2-4c
Table 2-4 Candidate Reference Areas and Rationale for Exclusion
2-9a
Table 2-5 Summary of April 27 - June 7,1994 Flood Plain Soil
Sampling and Analysis Program 2-13a
Table 3-1 Summary of 1993 Avian Census Results for Massachusetts
Target Area . . . . 3-2b
Table 3-2 Summary of 1991 Avian Census Results for Maryland
Reference Area . . . . 3-3a
Table 3-3 Summary of 1991 Avian Census Results for North
Carolina Reference Area 3-4a
Table 3-4 Comparison of Avian Census Results 3-5a
Table 3-5 Comparison of Species Densitiies in Three Reference
Areas and in the Literature (territories/40ha) 3-5b
Table 3-6 Small Mammal Population Estimates 3-10a
Table 3-7 Summary of Flood Plain Forest Small Mammal Population
Study 3-1 Ob
Table 3-8 Summary of Shrew Population Study 3-1 la
Table 3-9 Summary of Small Mammal Population Age Structure
3-12a
Table 3-10 Summary of Small Mammal Reproductive Analyses
3-14a
Table 3-11 Expected and Observed Wildlife Species of the
Housatonic River Valley . . 3-16a
Table 3-12 Rare Bird Species Observed in the Housatonic River
Valley 3-16b
Table 4-1 Summary of Potential Exposure-Effect Relationships by
Measurement Endpoint and by Species 4-8a
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ChemRisk* - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page
1-1
EVALUATION OF THE TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM OF THE HOUSATONIC RlVER
VALLEY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
ChemRisk, the risk assessment division of McLaren/Hart
Environmental Engineering, in
collaboration with S.G. Martin & Associates, Inc., was
retained by the General Electric Company
(GE) to conduct an evaluation of the health of terrestrial
wildlife populations and communities
potentially exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils
of the Housatonic River flood plain. McLaren/Hart's ChemRisk
Division is one of the largest groups of professionals
dedicated
to the use of risk assessment to understand and solve problems
associated with exposure to
chemicals released to the environment. More than 20 members of
the ChemRisk staff have
advanced training in ecotoxicology, aquatic toxicology, wildlife
toxicology, ecology, marine
biology, wetlands and environmental science; the team together
has published more than 30 papers
on ecotoxicological risk assessment in peer-reviewed journals
and books. Stephen G. Martin
holds a Ph.D. degree in Animal Ecology; he has 30 years of
experience in designing, conducting,
and evaluating research programs pertaining to environmental and
anthropogenic perturbations to
animals.
PCBs were used as insulating liquids in select transformer
applications at the GE facility in
Pittsfield from 1932 until March 1977 (Blasland & Bouck,
1991). Before 1977, inadvertent
releases of these materials from the facility were conveyed to
the East Branch of the Housatonic
River. Use of PCBs at the facility was discontinued in 1977.
Flood plain soils between the GE facility and Woods Pond Dam
have been investigated for the
presence of PCBs that may have resulted from deposition of river
materials on the flood plain
during flooding events (Blasland & Bouck, 1991, 1992a,
1992c, 1993, 1994a). Data from these
sampling efforts indicate that the current composition of PCB
Aroclors in Housatonic River flood
plain soils is approximately 99 percent Aroclor 1260, with the
remainder being Aroclor 1254.
This ecological evaluation focuses on Aroclor 1260 as the
primary stressor of interest
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 1-2
It has been determined that PCBs in flood plain soils are
largely limited to the approximate 10-year
flood plain between the GE facility and Woods Pond Dam (Blasland
& Bouck, 1991, 1992a,
1993, 1994a). The great majority of samples collected beyond the
approximate 10-year flood plain
contained concentrations less than 1 ppm (Blasland & Bouck,
1991, 1992a, 1993, 1994a). In
those few areas where PCB levels greater than 1 ppm were found
outside of the approximate 10
year flood plain, these exceedances were, in general, either the
result of inaccuracies in the
topographic mapping or interpretation used in modeling the
limits of the approximate 10-year flood
plain in a couple of areas (the flood plain limits in these
areas have since been corrected) or else
were found very close to (e.g., within two feet of) the limit of
the approximate 10-year flood plain
(see Blasland, Bouck & Lee, 1994b).
In evaluating whether the presence of PCBs in the flood plain
soils has potentially stressed the
Housatonic River valley ecosystem, a number of additional
factors must be considered as potential
stressors. Physical stressors may include both natural and
anthropogenic events, such as extremes
in natural conditions, habitat alteration, direct manipulation
of wildlife and resource management
practices. Several natural conditions may stress the Housatonic
River valley ecosystem, including
flooding, storms, and extreme temperatures. Flooding may result
in drowned individual biota and
destruction of food resources, nests, and cover. Storms, with
their associated precipitation,
winds, and extreme temperatures, can stress wildlife through
starvation, freezing, drowning, and nest destruction or
abandonment. Such extremes in weather are not unusual in
Massachusetts.
Alteration of habitat along the Housatonic River is most
apparent within the city of Pittsfield and
downstream to the New Lenox Road bridge. Within this reach,
residential, commercial and
industrial structures have been constructed, oxbows have been
filled, native vegetation has either
been completely removed or replaced with ornamental shrubs and
grasses, and the river channel
has been straightened for flood control purposes. In many areas
upstream of the New Lenox Road
bridge, these activities have resulted in the complete removal
of suitable foraging and nesting
habitats, thereby limiting wildlife inhabitation in these areas.
Where habitats have not been entirely
destroyed in the more developed portion of the river, they have
been substantially fragmented by
buildings, parking lots, and roads. The roads which dissect the
ecosystem of the Housatonic
River valley limit the natural (and necessary) movements of
wildlife, a situation analogous to an
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 1-3
island existence (Diamond and May, 1976). Ecosystems that are
fragmented, like the upper
Housatonic River valley, create small islands capable of
supporting small populations of a limited
number of species (Lovejoy and Oren, 1981).
Downstream of the New Lenox Road-bridge, in the Housatonic
Valley Wildlife Management Area
(HVWMA), the physical stressors associated with human
development are replaced by hunting,
trapping, and resource management practices. Wildlife species
legally hunted in Massachusetts
include crow, turkey, ruffed grouse, pheasant, quail, American
woodcock, various waterfowl,
snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit, opossum, raccoon, fox, coyote,
bobcat, gray squirrel, jackrabbit,
black bear, deer, bull frog, green frog, and snapping turtle
(MDFW, 1992). Species legally
trapped in Massachusetts include fox, coyote, skunk, opossum,
weasel, bobcat, fisher, mink,
raccoon, otter, muskrat, and beaver (MDFW, 1991). Because HVWMA
is actively managed to
promote hunting and trapping and since representatives of nearly
all levels of the food web may be
legally hunted or trapped, these activities could potentially
stress the overall ecosystem, should
overharvesting occur. In addition to these direct effects,
resource management practices, such as
mowing and herbicide application, may also stress the ecosystem
by changing vegetative structure,
thereby promoting occupancy by non-forest and exotic species,
and by limiting cover for feeding,
nesting, and rearing young. The direct effect of mowing on
reduced primary productivity may also
lead to increased competition among primary consumers for food
resources. Additionally, because mowing inhibits natural
succession, mowed areas are effectively maintained at stages of
early
successional development. Early successional habitats tend to be
dominated by opportunistic
species, which in turn limit species diversity and richness.
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of PCBs on
terrestrial wildlife by comparing the
health of wildlife populations within the flood plain downstream
of New Lenox Road bridge
(hereafter referred to as the target population) to the health
of reference populations that share the
characteristics and stressors of the target population, with the
exception of exposure to PCBs.
While there are a number of methodologies for evaluating
ecological effects presented in various
guidance documents (EPA, 1989a; EPA, 1989b; EPA, 1990; EPA,
1992), the study designs,
terminologies, and formats recommended by these sources are in
many cases inconsistent and in
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 1-4
other cases extremely general, making it difficult to select a
single methodology that conforms to all
available guidance and is appropriate to all sites. In designing
this study, professional judgment
has been employed in selecting a strategy that is best suited to
the specific character of the
Housatonic River flood plain target area.
Two basic types of study methodologies are typically used to
assess environmental risks. The first
includes predictive methods, which generally require the
application of mathematical models of
food webs to simulate the transfer of a chemical from sediment,
soil, or water to lower levels of the
food web and from these lower trophic levels to higher trophic
levels. The application of most
food web models, characterized as a "bottom-up" approach,
requires substantial extrapolation,
including:
from a species typically used in laboratory experiments (such as
the rat or chicken) to a variety of species found in the natural
environment;
from observed effects in the laboratory under very controlled
conditions to predicted effects in the natural environment;
from individuals to populations; and,
from acute effects (such as the lethal concentration to 50
percent of the population after a single exposure, the LCso) to
chronic effects.
There are several other limitations to the bottom-up approach.
First, the input data on toxicity that
are required by such models are very limited and are not
compiled in any guidance document or
database, let alone one which has received the EPA's approval.
As a result, it is necessary to
conduct a comprehensive literature review, compiling a range of
toxicity criteria. These studies
and data must then be critically evaluated for applicability to
the species and stressors of interest.
In the absence of toxicity criteria handbooks, criteria for
selecting input data and the values
themselves will vary among risk assessors.
Second, food web models do not realistically simulate varied
food sources for different species and
for individuals within a species. Typically, modelers may input
the fraction of the diet assumed to
be derived from a limited number of locations (e.g., chemically
exposed vs. unexposed) and/or
food groups (e.g., vegetation, invertebrates, small mammals).
Usually, these proportions are
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 1-5
assumed to remain constant over time and to be uniform for all
individuals within a species. In
reality, the diet of most wildlife is extremely variable; food
availability dictates the relative
proportions of different prey consumed, as well as the size and
location of the feeding range.
These factors vary on a daily and seasonal basis. Because models
cannot adequately simulate the
dynamics of feeding behavior, considerable uncertainty is
introduced with respect to the transfer of
chemicals up the food web.
Third, models cannot account for the movement patterns of
free-ranging animals or the individual
behaviors and foraging site preferences. Each of these factors
substantially influences dietary
exposure.
Finally, it is difficult, if not impossible, to adequately
simulate the effects of both competition and
predation in the natural environment. The fundamentals of
population ecology assert that the health
of a community is a function of all interactions within and
between species (Begon and Mortimer,
1986), as well as of physical and chemical stressors. The
primary interactions within and between
species are competition and predation. While predation is often
the focus of food web models,
competition also plays a critical role in the utilization of
limited resources, such as food, water, and
breeding territory. As such, competition directly impacts
potential exposure to stressors that are
present in these resources. By neglecting competition, food web
models may substantially over-or underestimate actual exposure.
The second type of methodology, retrospective assessment,
involves field observations and the
collection of community-level data on density, diversity, and
reproductive success to determine if
wildlife are adversely affected by the stressor. Because it is
possible to focus field monitoring
programs on those species at or near the top of the food web
which are likely to face the highest
levels of exposure, this approach may be described as
"top-down."
The "top-down" procedure ascertains whether diversity, density,
and the reproductive success of
wildlife living in contaminated areas lie within normal ranges
as reported in the literature, or
whether they compare favorably to populations inhabiting
uncontaminated reference areas. By
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 1-6
monitoring the actual ecosystem potentially at risk, this
approach determines whether wildlife are
healthy and whether the ecological system on which they depend
is healthy and functional.
Because of the different kinds of uncertainties associated with
the "top down" and "bottom up"
approaches, conclusions based on the two approaches may not
always agree. In cases where a
divergence exists between conclusions based on the "top down"
and "bottom up" approaches,
discrepancies likely reflect the extent of extrapolation
necessary to relate the two approaches. For
example, in a typical laboratory toxicity study, cohorts of
laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats)
would be administered a constant dose of a chemical in the diet,
via gavage, intraperitoneally, or
via inhalation over a relatively short period of time (days,
weeks, or months). Such conditions are
purposefully controlled in order to allow determination of a
dose-response relationship. These
same controlled conditions, however, narrow the applicability of
the laboratory study's findings.
In order to realistically apply the findings of this example
laboratory study to actual conditions in
the field, variability in the following factors would first need
to be accounted for: species,
exposure duration, no/lowest effects levels, genotype,
individual/ population/community/eco
system level effect, feeding preference, feeding behavior,
grooming behavior, home range,
metabolic rate, contaminant distribution, exposure route, and
stress associated with confinement.
Only the first three factors listed are normally accounted for
in such extrapolations and, even then,
the basis for the uncertainty factors which allow extrapolation
may have little scientific foundation.
In short, if a linkage is not apparent between results of field
studies and laboratory studies or
models, it is likely because one or more of these differences in
conditions has not or cannot be
accounted for. In the absence of a discernible relationship
between field and laboratory studies,
evaluation of a broader range of endpoints can help determine
which approach provides the most
accurate conclusions for the site in question.
Given the high level of uncertainty associated with the
"bottom-up" method, the "top-down"
approach was selected as the more appropriate study design to be
applied in this evaluation of the
terrestrial ecosystem of the Housatonic River flood plain. This
assessment focuses on potential
impacts related to exposure to PCBs in materials deposited on
the flood plain during flooding
events. Because this investigation focuses on community
structure and dynamics, the density,
diversity, and reproductive success of two groups of animals
that occupy key roles in the terrestrial
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 1-7
ecosystem (birds and small mammals) were studied. Species
density and diversity were evaluated
using standard field censusing techniques, including
mark-recapture studies for small mammals
and plot censuses for birds. Reproductive success of small
mammals was evaluated by counting
the number of placental scars and/or embryos in female
specimens. To study avian reproductive
success, natural nests were monitored for the numbers of eggs
laid and young hatched. Data
collected for birds and small mammals inhabiting the flood plain
were then compared to data for
reference populations living in areas in which PCBs are not
present and to data reported in the
scientific literature.
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ChemRisk* - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page
2-1
2.0 METHODS
To evaluate the potential effects of Aroclor 1260 on the
terrestrial ecosystem of the Housatonic River valley, it was first
necessary to:
select the ecosystem to be evaluated, identify types of habitats
present in that ecosystem, identify and select indicator species
within those habitats, identify potential exposure scenarios,
select endpoints to be evaluated, identify and select target areas
and either reference areas or literature studies, demonstrate
comparability of target areas and reference areas, identify study
methodologies, identify statistical and analytical methods with
which to compare the ecological health of target areas and
reference areas, and
perform the field studies.
The methodologies used in evaluating each of these initial steps
are discussed in the following
sections.
2.1 Ecosystem Selected for Evaluation
The reach of the Housatonic River with the highest
concentrations of PCBs in flood plain soils is
the 10-year flood plain between the GE facility and Woods Pond
dam (Blasland & Bouck, 1992a,
1993, 1994). From the GE facility to the New Lenox Road bridge,
habitats are either small or
have been substantially altered and/or fragmented. This would
confound any evaluation of
ecological communities within this reach. Between the New Lenox
Road bridge and Woods Pond,
there are more widespread and unfragmented wildlife habitats.
Although other physical stressors
(such as hunting, trapping, and natural resource management
practices) may be present
downstream of the New Lenox Road bridge, these stressors should
not confound the assessment,
provided they are also present in reference areas that are
evaluated and that species that are hunted
or trapped are not included as indicator species.
Areas of the Housatonic River valley downstream of Woods Pond
dam are less suitable for
evaluating the effects of PCBs on ecological receptors for
several reasons. First, the PCB
concentrations in both sediments and flood plain soils are
substantially lower downstream of
Woods Pond dam than they are upstream, with concentrations
detected in flood plain soils
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 2-2
downstream of the dam averaging below 1 ppm (Blasland &
Bouck, 1991). Accordingly, the
potential for PCB exposure along this stretch of the river would
likewise be substantially lower.
Moreover, the habitat in this portion of the flood plain is less
suitable for wildlife than the habitat
between the New Lenox Road bridge and Woods Pond. In virtually
all areas downstream of
Woods Pond dam where the flood plain is broad, land use is
dominated by agriculture. Regular
plowing, tilling, and harvesting practices on agricultural land
strongly affect the natural ecosystem,
rendering most agricultural lands suitable habitat only for
opportunistic and tolerant species. In
other areas downstream of Woods Pond dam, the flood plain is so
narrow as to be practically
nonexistent; PCBs would not likely be deposited on these steep
banks, which are characteristic of
scouring environments.
For these reasons, the present evaluation focuses on the
ecosystem located within the 10-year flood
plain of the Housatonic River between the New Lenox Road bridge
and Woods Pond dam, as
illustrated in Figure 2-1. The concentrations of PCBs in flood
plain soils within this reach range
from below detection to around 100 ppm, as illustrated in
Figures 2-2 through 2-5. Given the
elevated concentrations of PCBs in flood plain soils, coupled
with the widespread availability of
desirable wildlife habitat along this stretch of the Housatonic
River, this study area allows for the
assessment of potential effects under worst-case (maximum)
exposure conditions. If adverse
effects are not observed in this ecosystem, then they would not
be expected to occur where the
potential for exposure is lower.
The flood plain south of New Lenox Road to Woods Pond dam is
relatively wide. Approximately
one-half mile south of New Lenox Road, the flood plain along the
east bank of the river is
confined by October Mountain, while the west bank has a
relatively flat topography resulting in an
extended flood plain (Blasland & Bouck, 1991). Within this
reach, the Housatonic River is
associated with substantial wetland flood plains and backwater
areas. Here, the river is slow-
mixing and meandering as it travels through relatively flat
areas of local topography, and
deposition of sediment within the backwater areas is pronounced
(Stewart Laboratories, 1982).
Because the mesic flood plains between New Lenox Road and Woods
Pond dam also provide the
largest intact wildlife habitat upstream of Woods Pond dam, they
were targeted for ecological
study.
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CtemRisk-A DMston of McLaren/Hart JULY29, 1994 PAGE 2-2A
SEE FIGURES 2-2 THROUGH 2-5 FOR DETAIL mi >
1200' 1200'
APPROXIMATE SCALE
24-00
LIMIT OF APPROXIMATE FLOOD PLAIN
EDGE OF WATER
ROADWA-T OR TRAIL
1 THE LIMIT OF FLOOD PLAIN REPRESENTS THE APPROXIMATE 10-YEAR
FLOOD PLAIN
Original includes color coding.
BLASLAND, BOUCK & LEE, INC. ENGINEERS & SCIENTISTS
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY PITTSFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS
MAP OF THE HOUSATONIC RIVER FIGURE FLOOD PLAIN BETWEEN
7/94 54-AK NES LENOX RD. & WOODS POND DAM
1019741R/CHEMRSK/10197G01 DWG
2-1
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Ctt*nRtek-A DMaton of McLaren/Hart JULY 29.1994 PAQE2-2B
1988-1989 PARCEL 29-1 SAMPLING LOCATION
PCB CONCENTRATION (PPM DRV WEIGHT) 0-4 DEPTH
PC8 CONCENTRATION (PPM DRY WEIGHT) 4"-8" DEPTH
RESULTS Of DUPLICATE ANALYSIS
FLOOD PLAIN TRANSECT LINE
TRANSECT SAMPLE LOCATION (1990-1992)
TRANSECT SAMPLE LOCATION NAME PCB CONCENTRATION (PPM) 0"-6'
DEPTH PCB CONCENTRATION (PPM) 6--12" DEPTH
ROOD PLAIN SIM EVALUATION SAMPLE LOCATION (AUGUST 1992)
DECKER CANOE LAUNCH STM EVALUATION SAMPLE LOCATION (JULY
1993)
SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION
PCB CONCENTRATION (PPM DRV WEIGHT) a'-e' DEPTH SEDIMENT SAMPLING
LOCATION (1981-1982) r / SEDIMENT SAMPLING LOCATION (1990-1991)
FLOOD PLAIN COMPOSITE SAMPLING LOCATION (APRIL & MAY
1994)
LIMIT OF APPROXIMATE IDYEAR FLOOD PLAIN
NOTES.
1 THE BASE MAP FEATURES PRESENTED ON THIS FIGURE WERE
PHOTOGRAMMETRICALl'i MAPPED FROM APRIL 1990 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
(AREA NORTH OF NEW LENOX ROAD) AND FROM APRIL 1983 AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHS (AREA SOUTH OF NEW LENOX ROAD
2 THE LIMIT OF FLOOD PLAIN REPRESENTS THE APPROXIMATE 1O-YEAR
FLOOO PLAIN DELINEATION OF 10-YEAR FLOOD PLAIN IS BASED ON HEC-2
HYDRAULIC MODELING PERFORMED BY BLASLAND & BOUCK ENGINEERS P C
(1991) AND AVAILABLE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING
3 TAX ASSESSORS PARCEL IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS AND BOUNDARY
INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM CITl OF PITTSFIELD S TAX ASSESSORS OFFICE
AND IS CURRENT THROUGH DECEMBER 31 1991
4 ALL SAMPLE LOCATIONS ARE APPROXIMATE
5 DATA QUALIFIERS REFERENCE NO NOT DETECTED J ESTIMATED VALUE
BELOW OUANT1TAT10N LIMIT fSHRUB MEADOW
DECKER CANOE LAUNCH AREA APPROXIMATE SCALE
BLASLAND, BOUCK & LEE, INC ENGINEERS & SCIENTISTS
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY PITTSFIELD MASSACHUSETTS
CONTINUED ON SHEET 2-3
SUMMARY OF RIVER SEDIMENT X 10197G03 DWG AND FLOOD PLAIN SOIL
SAMPLING LA ONOFFREF. -MAP_NUM -PROPERTY -ROW GC-OBG 7/94 54- RLP
NES
RESULTS & STUDY AREA LOCATIONS 10I9741R/10197GO.'!
-
ChemR&F-A Division of McLaren/Hart JULY 29, 1994 PAQE
2-2C
CONTINUED ON SHEET 2-2
SHRUB MEADOW
TARGET ARE
SEDIMENT SAMPLING LOCATION (1981-1982)
SEDIMENT SAMPLING LOCATION (1990-1991)
FLOOD PLAIN COMPOSITE SAMPLING LOCATION (APRIL In MAY 1994)
FLOOD PLAIN SAMPLING LOCATION (JUNE 1991)
PC9 CONCENTRATION (PPM DRY WEIGHT) 0"-6" DEPTH
NEST LOCATION
FLOOD PLAIN LIMIT OF APPROXIMATE 10 -YR FLOOD PLAIN
FOREST TARGET AREA EDGE OF WATER PAVED ROADWAY
UNPAVED ROADWA1 OR TRAIL
RAILROAD
VEGETATION
THE BASE MAP FEATURES PRESENTED ON THIS FICURF WERE
PHOTOGRAMMETRICALLY MAPPED FROM APRIL 1983 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
THE LIMIT OF FLOOD PLAIN REPRESENTS THE APPROXIMATE 10-YEAR
FLOOD PLAIN DELINEATION OF 10-YEAR FLOOD PLAIN IS BASED ON HEC-2
HYDRAULIC MODELING PERFORMED B~i BLASLAND & BOUCK ENGINEERS P C
(I9S1) AND AVAILABLE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING
TAX ASSESSORS PARCEL IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS AND BOUNDARY
INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM CITY OF PITT5FIE1D S TAX ASSESSORS OFFICE
AND IS CURRENT THROUGH DECEMBER 31 1991
4 ALL SAMPLE LOCATIONS ARE APPROXIMATE
5 DATA QUALIFIERS ND NOT DETECTED J ESTIMATED VALUE BEIOW
QUANflTATION LIMIT
APPROXIMATE SCALE
BLASLAND, BOUCK & LEE, INC. ENGINEERS & SCIENTISTS
CONTINUED ON SHEET 2-4 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY PITTSFIELD,
MASSACHUSETTS
SUMMARY OF RIVER SEDIMENT FIGURE X 10197G04 DWG LA ON-'
OFF>REF MAP_NUM -PROPERT1 -ROW GE> 06O 7/94 54 RLP NES
AND FLOOD PLAIN SOIL SAMPLING RESULTS & STUDY AREA LOCATIONS
2-3
1019741R/10197G04DVK:
-
ChemfVsk'-A DMslon of McLaren/Haft JULY29. 1994 PAGE2-2D
CONTINUED ON SHEET 2-3
FLOOD PLAIN TRANSECT LINE
TRANSECT SAMPLE LOCATION (1990-1992)
TRANSECT SAMPLE LOCATION NAME PCB CONCENTRATION (PPM) 0"-6"
DEPTH PCB CONCENTRATION (PPM) 6"-12" DEPTH PCB CONCENTRATION (PPM)
12"-18" DEPTH PCB CONCENTRATION (PPM) 18"-24" DEPTH
SEDIMENT SAMPLING LOCATION (1931-1932)
SEDIMENT SAMPLING LOCATION (1990-1991)
FLOOD PLAIN SAMPLING LOCATION (JUNE 1994)
PCB CONCENTRATION (PPM DRY WEIGHT! 0"-6" DEPTH
NEST LOCATION
LIMIT OF APPROXIMATE 10-YEAR FLOOD PLAIN
EDGE OF WATER
PAVED ROADWAY
UNPAVED ROADWA't OR TRAIL
RAILROAD
VEGETATION
MOTtS
1 THE BASE MAP FEATURES PRESENTED ON THIS FIGURE WERE
PHOTOGRAMMETRICALLY MAPPED FROM APRIL 198"* AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
? THE LIMIT OF FLOOD PLAIN REPRESENTS THE APPROXIMATE 10-YEAR
FLOOD PLAIN DELINEATION OF 10-YEAR FLOOD PLAIN IS BASED ON HEC-2
HYDRAULIC MODELING PERFORMED BY BLASLAND & BOUCK ENGINEERS, PC
(1991) AND AVAILABLE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING
3 TAX ASSESSORS PARCEL IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS AND BOUNDARY
INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM CITY OF PITTSFIELD S TAX ASSESSORS OFFICF
AND IS CURRENT THROUGH DECEMBER 31 1991
4 ALL SAMPLE LOCATIONS ARE APPROXIMATE
5 DATA QUALIFIERS ND NOT DETECTED
Original includes color coding.
APPROXIMATE SCALE
BLASLAND, BOUCK & LEE, INC. ENGINEERS & SCIENTISTS
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY PITTSFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS
SUMMARY OF RIVER SEDIMENT FIGURE AND FLOOD PLAIN SOIL
SAMPLING
RESULTS & STUDY AREA LOCATIONS 2-4 X 10197GOSDWG LA ON->
OFF-.REF- MAP_NUM.'PROPERTY -ROW.GE- OBG> 7/94 54- RLP, NES
1019741R/10197G05 DWG
-
ChemRlsk^A DMslon of McLaren/Hart JULY29. 1994 PAGE 2-2E
1-3A (008 PPM)
1-36 (1 2 PPM)
1-3C
(029 PPM)
A FLOOD PLAIN STM EVALUATION SAMPLE LOCATION (AUGUST 1992)
1-3A SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION
^0 06 PPM) PCS CONCENTRAT10N-(PPM DRY WEIGHT) 0"-6" DEPTH
SEDIMENT SAMPLING LOCATION IB (1981-1982)
SEDIMENT SAMPLING LOCATION a (1990-1991) FLOOD PLAIN SAMPLING
LOCATION (JUNE 1994)
PCB CONCENTRATION (PPM OR) WEIGHT) (46) 0"-6 DEPTH
NEST LOCATION
* LIMIT OF APPROXIMATE 10-YEAR FLOOD PLAIN
EDGE OF WATER
PAVED ROADWAY
UNPAVED ROADWAt OR TRAIL
RAILROAD
VEGETATION
NOTES.
1 THE BASE MAP FEATURES PRESENTED ON THIS FIGURE WERE
PHOTOGRAMMETRICALL1 MAPPED FROM APRIL 1983 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
2 THE LIMIT OF FLOOD PLAIN REPRESENTS THE APPROXIMATE 10-YEAR
FLOOD PLAIN DELINEATION OF 10-YEAR FLOOD PLAIN IS BASED ON HEC-2
HYDRAULIC MODELING PERFORMED BY BLASLAND * BOUCK ENGINEERS P C
(1991) AND AVAILABLE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING
3 TAX ASSESSORS PARCEL IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS AND BOUNDARY
INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM CITY OF PITTSFIELD'S TAX ASSESSORS OFFICE
AND IS CURRENT THROUGH DECEMBER 31 1991
4 AIL SAMPIE LOCATIONS ARE APPROXIMATE
.
Original includes color coding.
200 0 200 4-00
APPROXIMATE SCALE
BLASLAND, BOUCK & LEE, INC. ENGINEERS & SCIENTISTS
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY PFTSFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS
SUMMARY OF RIVER SEDIMENT FIGURE AND FLOOD PLAIN SOIL
SAMPLING
RESULTS & STUDY AREA LOCATIONS 2-5 X 101Q7G06DWG
LON--OFF--REF- -MAP_NUM -PROPERTY.-ROW GE- OBG"* 94 ?4- RLP NES
I0174IR/10197G060WG
-
ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 2-3
2.1.1 Characterization of Habitats
Based on Land Use and Property Ownership Maps (Blasland &
Bouck, 1992b), National
Wetlands Inventory maps, and field observations, much of the
land between New Lenox Road and
Woods Pond dam that is potentially affected by a 10-year flood
event is comprised of flood plain
forests, shrub meadows, and cattail marshes.
The Housatonic flood plain forest is dominated by mixed hardwood
trees with scattered pine. It is
intermittently flooded and has well developed ground, shrub, and
tree strata. Ground cover is
prevalent, consisting mainly of ferns. The shrub stratum, which
covers approximately one-third of
the flood plain forest, is relatively diverse and is dominated
by arrowood and sugar maple. The
tree stratum is well developed both in terms of density and
diversity. The diversity is typical of a
forest controlled by flooding; while many species of trees
(balsam poplar, black oak, black cherry,
white and yellow birch, ironwood, etc.) are represented, one
species dominates (sugar maple).
The ground, shrub, and tree strata together comprise a diverse
community providing high quality
habitat for song birds and small mammals.
Shrub meadows along the Housatonic River between New Lenox Road
and Woods Pond dam are
early successional ecosystems dominated by grass-forb-shrub
communities. Within the region of
interest, most shrub meadows are actively managed for wildlife
and hunting by mowing and other
practices. Vegetation is abundant, even in mowed areas. The
ground cover is comprised of
grasses and forbs, interspersed with occasional emergent
shrubs.
As their name would suggest, cattail marshes are dominated by
cattails, although limited numbers
of red osier dogwood, willow, and silver maple are interspersed
among the cattails. Arrowheads,
water hyacinths, and lily pads are generally present in the
backwaters of the river along the cattail
marshes. Duck blinds and nest boxes have been established in
many of these marsh areas.
Additionally, because the cattail stands are of limited size,
are frequendy inundated with water, and
are dominated by a single plant species, they do not support
extensive or diverse terrestrial wildlife
populations.
-
ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 2-4
2.1.2 Selection of Indicator Species
Upon completion of a literature review, indicator species were
selected based on feeding habits,
territory sizes, densities, trophic levels, and extent of human
interference associated with each of
the individual species expected in the ecosystem. While large
mammals, raptors, and piscivorous
species were considered in the selection of indicator species,
there were a number of reasons why
they were not determined to be optimal indicator species for
this evaluation. A complete review of
the rationale behind the selection of target species is provided
in Appendix A and summarized in
Table 2-1.
The indicator species selected for evaluation included the
Northern short-tailed shrew, white-footed
mouse, Southern red-backed vole, Eastern phoebe, barn swallow,
wood thrush, American robin,
yellow warbler, American redstart, rose-breasted grosbeak, and
red-winged blackbird.
As shown in Table 2-2, each of the indicator species shares
several characteristics which directly
influence their potential for exposure to PCBs in flood plain
soils. Specifically, all of the indicator
species have home ranges substantially smaller than the 10-year
flood plain, ensuring that the
majority of the area where they forage is within the study area.
Second, with few exceptions, the
indicator species are secondary consumers, indicating that
exposures are likely to occur through
foodweb transfer, as well as through direct contact and
ingestion of soils during grooming.
Potential for exposures through direct contact varies among
indicator species; those that nest and forage on or near the
ground, such as the small mammals, wood thrush and red-winged
blackbird,
clearly have increased potential for exposure through direct
contact and inhalation. In contrast,
most of the activities of the American redstart are conducted in
the upper canopy, where exposures
are limited to food web transfer as it feeds on flying insects
that metamorphosed from larval stages
living in flood plain soil or river sediments.
2.2 Characterization of Exposure Scenarios
The potential exposure routes, frequencies, and timings for the
indicator species used in this
ecological evaluation are summarized in Table 2-3. For all
species, the spatial scale of their
primary activities is closely related to the spatial scale of
PCBs in flood plain soils. That is,
depending upon the species, certain or all activities such as
foraging, incubating, preening or
-
ChemRisk A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 2-4a
Table 2-1.
Species Considered Advantages
Large Mammals
White-tailed Range includes the Berkshires Deer Social value
(hunting,
aesthetics)
Black Bear Range includes the Berkshires Social value (hunting,
aesthetics)
Moose Range includes the Berkshires Social value
(aesthetics)
Rationale for Selection of Indicator Species
Selected as an Indicator
Disadvantages Species?
Diet primarily consists of vegetation, so opportunity would NO
be limited for exposure through the food web Large feeding
territories and home ranges expand beyond the target area,
suggesting it would be difficult to distinguish between target and
reference populations Limited potential for exposure due to large
feeding territories and home ranges Sample sizes would be limited
due to low population densities typical of large mammals Preferred
habitat is limited within the 10-year flood plain of the Housatonic
River valley
Diet primarily consists of vegetation, so opportunity NO would
be limited for exposure through the food web Large feeding
territories and home ranges expand beyond target area, suggesting
it would be difficult to distinguish between target and reference
populations Limited potential for exposure due to large feeding
territories and home ranges Sample sizes would be limited due to
low population densities typical of large mammals Preferred habitat
is limited within the 10-year flood plain of the Housatonic River
valley
Diet primarily consists of vegetation, so opportunity NO would
be limited for exposure through the food web Large feeding
territories and home ranges expand beyond the target area,
suggesting it would be difficult to distinguish between target and
reference populations Limited potential for exposure due to large
feeding territories and home ranges Sample sizes would be limited
due to low population densities typical of large mammals Preferred
habitat is limited within the 10-year flood plain of the Housatonic
River valley
Page 1 of 8
-
ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page2-4a
Table 2-1. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Species
(cont'd)
Selected as Species
Considered Advantages Disadvantages an Indicator
Species?
Furbearers
Marten Because diet consists of small Current distribution is
restricted to north of the St. NO mammals, birds, and insects,
opportunity for dietary exposure through food chair transfer is
high Home ranges are normally small; therefore individuals are
naturally restricted to the reference or target area Easily trapped
for study Social value (trapping)
Lawrence River. Therefore, it is unlikely that populations exist
in the Berkshires Preferred habitat is upland, characterized by
spruce, balsam, and hemlock; in contrast, the habitat of the
Housatonic River valley is comprised of bottomlands and cattail
marshes
Fisher Social value (trapping) Extirpation of fishers from New
England has been reported. Presence in the Berkshires is
doubtful
NO
Limited potential for exposure due to large home ranges Large
home ranges (12.8 to 24 km in diameter) which expand beyond the
target area would make it difficult to distinguish between target
and reference populations
Long-tailedWeasel
Diet primarily consists of small mammals, increasing
potential
exposure through food web transfer
Social value (trapping)
The grassy and eroded shores of the Housatonic River differfrom
the rocky shores preferred by long-tailed weasels. Due to habitat
unsuitability, populations of sufficient size for quantitative
study are not expected in the Housatonic River valley Limited
potential for exposure due to large home ranges
NO
Ermine
Diet consists primarily of small mammals, increasing potential
exposure through food web transfer
Social value (trapping)
Preferred habitat (rock piles or other heavy cover close to
awatercourse) is not present in the Housatonic River valley. Due to
habitat unsuitability, populations of sufficient size for
quantitative study are not expected in the Housatonic River valley
Distinguishing between reference and target population would be
difficult, given ermines' propensity to travel great distances to
feed
NO
Page 2 of 8
-
ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page
2-4a
Table 2-1. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Species
(cont'd)
Species Considered Advantages
Furbearers (cont'd)
Mink Diet includes fish, frogs, and aquatic insects, increasing
opportunity for accumulation through the food web
Considered highly sensitive to PCBs
River Otter Relatively small but stable populations inhabit most
New England states
Diet includes fish, increasing opportunity for accumulation
through the food web
Selected as an Indicator
Disadvantages Species?
The mink's solitary lifestyle would make it difficult to NO
locate a target population of adequate size to render statistically
meaningful results Extensive home ranges expand beyond the target
area, suggesting it would be impossible to distinguish between
target and reference populations, due to normal low population
densities, populations of sufficient size for quantitative study
are not expected in the Housatonic River valley Mink are subject to
a wide range of stressors (trapping, habitat destruction, and other
human disturbances), the effects of which would confound
observations of population effects
Active trapping status in MA would confound observations NO of
population effects in the field Feed in both contaminated and
uncontaminated areas within a large home range; thus, potential
exposure is limited Extensive home ranges expanding beyond the
study area would make it impossible to distinguish between target
and reference populations Sample sizes would be limited due to
naturally low populations densities
Page 3 of 8
-
ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page
2-4a
Table 2-1. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Species
(cont'd)
Selected as Species an Indicator
Considered Advantages Disadvantages Species?
Small Mammals
White- Diet includes insects, increasing Diet also consists of
seeds, acoms, nut, fruits, and green YES footed opportunity for
accumulation of plants, reducing opportunity for dietary exposure
Mouse contaminant through the food
web Commonly found in woodlands
and thickets like those of the flood plain forests along the
Housatonic River
Adequate sample sizes; easily studied due to ease of trapping
and high population densities
Close contact with soil increases exposure through dermal
contact, inhalation, and incidental ingestion
Small home ranges ensure that individuals are naturally
restricted to target or reference areas
Well researched species, permitting comparisons with literature
reports
Shrew Insectivorous feeding behavior Mark and recapture
population studies are not feasible, due to YES Species increases
opportunity for extremely rapid metabolism, which causes the
animals to
exposure through the food web starve to death within hours of
being trapped Commonly found in woodlands
and thickets like those of the flood plain forests along the
Housatonic River
Close proximity to soil increases exposure through dermal
contact, inhalation, and incidental ingestion
Page 4 of 8
-
ChemRiskJuly 26, 1994 Page 2-4a
A Division of McLaren/Hart
Table 2-1. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Species
(cont'd)
Selected as an Indicator
Species?
YES
NO
Species Considered Advantages
Small Mammals (cont'd)
Southern Commonly found in forests Red-backed similar to those
in the flood Vole plains along the Housatonic
River Owls, hawks, foxes, bobcats,
mustelids, and raccoons feed on meadow voles; therefore,
alterations in vole populations could potentially affect all
species that prey on them
Small home ranges naturally restrict individuals to contaminated
or uncontaminated areas
Adequate sample sizes easily studied, due to ease of trapping
and naturally high population densities
Close contact with soil increases exposure through dermal
contact, inhalation, and incidental ingestion
Easily studied concurrently with other small mammals
Avian Species
Belted Piscivorous feeding behavior Kingfisher increases
opportunity for
exposure through the food web Social value (aesthetics, bird
watching)
Disadvantages
Diet consists of vegetative material, thus reducing opportunity
for dietary exposure
Solitary behavior would make it difficult to locate a target
population of adequate size to render statistically meaningful
results Woody roots, which are common in the Housatonic study area,
impede nest excavation; therefore, belted kingfisher would not
breed along the Housatonic River Masses of pondweed and water
buttercup (like those found on the reaches of the Housatonic River)
are a deterrent to foraging
Page 5 of 8
-
ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page
2-4a
Table 2-1. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Species
(cont'd)
Species Selected as i Considered Advantages Disadvantages
Indicator Spec
Avian Species (cont'd)
Osprey Piscivorous feeding behavior Ospreys are migratory
species in the Berkshires. In MA, they NO increases opportunity for
only breed near the coast (Veil and Peterson, 1993) exposure
through the food web Large feeding ranges may expand far beyond the
target area,
Social value (aesthetics, bird suggesting it would be difficult
to distinguish between target watching) and reference
populations
Clear waters are preferred for foraging over those with
extensive emergent and submergent vegetation, like the Housatonic
River.
Bald Eagle Piscivorous feeding behavior Does not nest in the
region NO increases opportunity for Sample sizes would be limited
due to naturally low population exposure through the food web
densities Social value (aesthetics, bird Clear waters are preferred
for foraging over those with extensive watching) emergent and
submergent vegetation, like the Housatonic River
Open canopy and old growth forests, which are not generally
present along the Housatonic, are preferred habitat
Human disturbances that are common in the Housatonic River
valley may deter bald eagles from inhabiting the region
Studying an endangered species, particularly one known to avoid
human disturbance, might disturb the birds to the extent that
behavior and reproductive success might be adversely affected
Huge feeding areas make it impossible to differentiate between
target and reference populations
Other Birds High trophic level enhances Sample sizes expected to
be limited due to naturally low NO of Prey opportunities for
exposure population densities
through food chain transfer Large feeding territories and home
ranges expand beyond the Social value (aesthetics, bird study area;
therefore, extent of exposure to chemicals within the watching)
Housatonic flood plain is unknown
Great Blue Piscivorous feeding behavior Great blue herons do not
nest in the Housatonic River valley; NO Heron increases opportunity
for nesting restricted to more remote areas of the Berkshires
(Keefe,
exposure through the food web personal communication, 1993)
Inspection of the nests for Large feeding territories that expand
beyond the target area reproductive success could be would make it
difficult to distinguish between reference and easily accomplished,
since the target populations birds nest in dense colonies Open
canopies and exposed limbs generally used for nesting are Social
value (aesthetics, bird rare along the Housatonic River. Therefore,
breeding watching) populations sufficient for a quantitative study
are not expected
(and are not present) Human disturbances that are common on the
Housatonic River
valley may deter great blue herons from nesting in the region.
Therefore, sufficient populations for a quantitative study would be
difficult to locate
Page 6 of 8
-
ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page
2-4a
Table 2-1. Rationale
Species Considered Advantages
Avian Species (cont'd)
Other Colonial Nesting Piscivorous
Ring-necked Pheasant
Wood Duck
Mallard, Canada Goose, American Black Duck
Piscivorous feeding behavior increases opportunity for exposure
through the food web Inspection of the nests for reproductive
success could be easily accomplished, since the birds nest in dense
colonies Social value (aesthetics, bird watching)
Adequate sample sizes could be easily obtained due to naturally
high population densities Small territory sizes naturally restrict
individuals to either reference or target area Social value
(hunting)
Do not travel far from waterbodies for feeding; thus potential
for exposure via incidental ingestion and dermal contact is
increased Social value (hunting)
Commonly breed in marshes along Housatonic River Social value
(hunting)
for Selection of Indicator Species (cont'd)
Selected as an Indicator
Disadvantages Species?
According to maps prepared by Veil and Peterson (1993) and NO
field observations, very few colonial nesting birds breed in the
Berkshires
Populations are actively managed through hunting and NO
restocking. Therefore, the effects being studies may be masked or
exaggerated by the management practices According to MA atlas (Veit
and Petersen, 1993), there are few breeding pairs in western MA. It
would be difficult to locate a breeding population of adequate
size
Diet is largely herbivorous, limiting potential for exposure NO
via food web transfer Habitat in the target area does not provide
sufficient natural nesting cavities; therefore, a substantial
breeding wood duck population could not be supported naturally The
populations are actively managed through habitat management and
hunting; therefore, it would be impossible to distinguish
population effects potentially caused by PCBs from those associated
with hunting and poor natural nesting opportunities.
Forage over wide areas, traveling to upland meadows, NO
farmlands, and parks; therefore, exposure to PCBs would be low Diet
is entirely herbivorous, limiting potential for exposure via food
web transfer Mallards and American black duck populations are
hunted. Therefore, it would be impossible to distinguish population
effects potentially caused by PCBs from those associated with
hunting
Page 7 of 8
-
ChemRisk A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 2-4a
Table 2-1. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Species
(cont'd)
Selected as Species an Indicator
Considered Advantages Disadvantages Species?
Avian Species (cont'd)
Insectivo- Insectivorous feeding behavior Passerines occupy
middle trophic levels. Organisms higher YES rous increases
opportunity for on the food web may provide better indications of
the effects Passerines exposure through the food web of PCBs on the
ecosystem if they could be studied in
Small home ranges and feeding sufficient numbers territories are
within the target area, making it easy to distinguish between
target and reference populations
Adequate sample sizes are easily monitored, due to high
population densities
Breeding populations inhabit the Housatonic River valley
Social value (aesthetics, bird watching)
Note: All sources of information are detailed in Appendix A.
Page 8 of 8
-
Indicator Species
Small Mammals White-footed mouse
Masked shrew
Northern short-tailed shrew
Southern red-backed vole
Preferred Habitat
Interiors and edges of deciduous, mixed, and coniferous
forestsb
Damp deciduous and coniferous woodlands
with grasses, rocks, logs or stumps15
Open habitats, such as banks of streams and meadows*5
Cool moist deciduous. mixed, or coniferous forests among mossy
rocks, logs, or tree rootsb
^ f ol^-f*pI
> 5 i 3
Table 2-2. Ecosystem Characterization o
Foraging Migratory Territory/Home Nest Height Height
Preferred Food Reproductive Cycle Timing
Cycle Timing in Massachusetts8
Range Size (ha)
(m above ground)
(m above ground)
Seeds, acorns, nuts, Breed in late February to nm 0.06 - 0.22
for adult 0-2e of fruits, and tender green November15 malesb
plantsb Young born March to 0.02 - 0.15 for adult December15
femalesb
Litters per year not specified15
Insects, worms, Breed in late April to late 0.04b O15
spiders, snails, and September or October15
slugs15 Young born in late April to September or October15
Up to 3 litters per year15
Insects, plants, worms Breed March to September15 nm 0.2-0.5lb
Oc Ob
snails, and small Young born April to vertebrates15
September15
2 to 3 litters per year15
Mainly green Breed from mid -January to nm 0.10-1.44b 0 d3
vegetation15 late November15
Page 1 of 3
-
Table 2-2. Ecosytem Characterization (continued)
Preferred Habitat
Birds American redstart
American robin
Barn swallow
Eastern phoebe
Breeds in orchards, saplings bordering pastures, second-growth
deciduous woodlands; in shade trees and second-growth maples; also
in willow and alder thickets bordering ponds and streams13
Breed in open woodlands, clearings, fields, orchards, and
woodland edgesb
Breed on rural farmlands13
Breed in woodlands cliffs, ravines, agricultural and suburban
areas, often near streams'3
Preferred Food
Insects, such ascaterpillars, bugs, flies, moths, small
grasshoppers, beetles, and wasps'3
Wild and cultivated fruits, insects, and earthworms'3
(60% vegetable matter and 40% animal)b
Flying insects and occasionally fruitb
Flying insects and occasionally small fruitb
Reproductive Cycle Timing
Egg dates are May 21 to June 21d
Incubation period is 12 to 14 daysb
1 brood per year13
Egg dates are April 12-25 to July 2-3d
Incubation period is 1 1 to 14 days'3
2 broods per year*3
Egg dates are May 1 1 to August 3b
Incubation period is 15 days'3
1 or 2 broods per year*3
Egg dates are April 27 to August 15d
Incubation period is 15 to 17 days'3
2 broods per year13
Migratory Cycle Timing
in Massachusettsa
Arrive mid-May1'
Leave late August and September*1
Arrivemid-April*1
Leave late October*1
Arrivemid-April*1
Leave late September to early October*1
Arrive earlyMarchd
Leave late September to early October"1
Territory/Home Range
Size (ha)
0.1-0.4b
0.1-0.3b
Restricted to nest siteb
0.3-1.45 per pair*3
Foraging Nest Height Height
(m above (m above ground) ground)
1.2-9.1b 1.5-15.2b
1.5 4.5, 0-3e
up to 21.3b
1.5-15.2b 1.5- 16e
0.8 to 6.1b 0.8-76
Chem
Risk
A D
ivision of McL
aren/E
uly 26, 1994 'age 2-4b
Page 2 of 3
http:0.3-1.45http:0.1-0.3bhttp:0.1-0.4b
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IIP
Table 2-2. Ecosytem Characterization (continued)
Preferred Habitat
Red-winged blackbird
Rose-breasted grosbeak
Wood thrush
Yellow warbler
Preferred Food
Breed in marshes, Insects, weed seeds, swamps, wet meadows and
grainb
ponds, dry fields. Prefer wetlands with extensive growth of
cattails, bulrushes, sedges, and reedb
Breed on the edges of Insects and spiders moist deciduous (50%)
, seeds, and second-growth woods, fruits'' in thickets,
suburban
trees, and old orchards, as well as wooded borders
of swamps and streams'5
Breed in lowland Insects (62%) and deciduous or mixed fruits
(38%)b
forests; shady, cool, mature upland forests,
often near a swamp, pond, stream, or lake; require abundant
under growth*5
Breed in farmlands, Insects, caterpillars, orchards, roadsides,
and cankerworms, beetles, along streams and weevils, plant lice,
lakesb and grasshoppers
(94% animal, 6%
vegetable)*3
Reproductive Cycle Timing
Egg dates are May 10 to July 18C
Incubation period is 10 to 12 days'5
2 to 3 broods per year*1
Egg dates are May 23 to July 15d
Incubation period is 12 to 14 days'5
1 or 2 broods per yearb
Egg dates are May 25 to June 26d
Incubation period is 12 to 14 days'5
2 broods per year15
Egg dates are May 20 to June 2Qd
Incubation period is 10 to 11 daysb
1 brood per year13
Migratory
Cycle Timing
in Massachusetts3
Arrive midto late Marchd
Leave late October*1
Arrive
mid to late
Mayd
Leave September"1
Arrive late April
early Mayd
Leave late August and
September4
Arrive late Aprild
Leave late July and early August"1
Territory/Home Range
Size (ha)
0.02 0.5b
NA
- 0.6-2.8b
NA
Nest Height(m aboveground)
0-4.3, typicallyless than 1.8b
1.8-7.9b
1.5-15.2,typically 1.5-3.7b
0.6-4.6,typically 0.9 - 2.4b
Division of M
Foraging Height
(m above ground)
FOb i e*
0-30+b
0-2b
1.2-12.2b
0.9-2.4b
a. nm = non-migratory b. DeGraaf and Rudis, 1986 c. Godin, 1977
d. Veil and Peterson, 1993 e. Based on best estimate Page 3 of 3 NA
= not available
http:0.9-2.4bhttp:1.2-12.2bhttp:1.5-3.7bhttp:1.8-7.9bhttp:0.6-2.8b
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26,1994 Page 2-4c
Table 2-3. Exposure Analysis Summary Approximate %
Activities of Day Potential Exposure during which Associated
Timing of
Indicator Species Routes8 with Exposure Exposure is Possibleb
Exposure Small Mammals Northern short-tailed FWT>II>IN/DC
Feeding, foraging, burrowing, 100% FWT, II: year-round
shrew grooming, and parental carec DC, IN: April to November
Masked shrew FWT>II>IN/DC Feeding, foraging, burrowing,
100% FWT, II: year-round grooming, and parental care DC, IN:
April to November
White-footed mouse H>IN/DCFWT Feeding, foraging, burrowing,
50% FWT, II: year-round grooming, and parental care DC, IN: April
to November
Southern red-backed II>IN/DCFWT Feeding, foraging, burrowing,
50% FWT, II: year-round vole grooming, and parental care DC, IN:
April to November
Birds American redstart FWTII Feeding, foraging, and preening
58% FWT, II: mid-May to late
August or September
American robin FWT>II>IN/DC Feeding, foraging, nest
building, 55% FWT, II, IN, DC: ground gleaning, and preening
mid-April to late October
Barn swallow FWT>II>IN/DC Feeding and nest building 55%
FWT: mid-April to late September or early October II, IN, DC:
mid-to late April
Eastern phoebe FWT>II>IN/DC Feeding and nest building 55%
FWT: early March to late September II, IN, DC: March
Red-winged FWT>n>IN/DC Feeding, foraging, ground 55% FWT,
II, IN, DC:
blackbirdd gleaning, and preening mid-to late March to late
October
Rose-breasted FWT>II>IN/DC Feeding, foraging, gleaning,
58% FWT, n, IN, DC: grosbeak and preening mid-to late May to
September
Wood thrush FWT>II>IN/DC Feeding, foraging, ground 58%
FWT, II, IN, DC: gleaning, and preening late April-early May to
late
August-September
Yellow warbler FWT>II Feeding, foraging, and branch 55% FWT,
II: late April to gleaning late July or early August
For all species, primary potential stressor is assumed to be
PCBs and medium of interest is floodplain soil, except as noted a.
Exposure routes denoted, in order of importance, as foodweb
transfer (FWT), dermal contact (DC), incidental ingestion (II), and
inhalation (IN) b. Approximate percent of day during which exposure
is possible was calculated based on the following assumptions:
daylight averages approximately 14 hours in summer (58% of the
day) daylight averages approximately 13 hours when including
spring, summer, and/or early fall (55% of the day) daylight
averages approximately 12 hours when including spring, summer, and
late fall (50% of the day)
c. Parental care involves adult organisms feeding, incubating,
and cleaning their offspring d. Red-winged blackbird may contact
floodplain soil, sediment, and surface water
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 2-5
grooming, and sleeping occur in close contact with flood plain
soils containing PCBs.
Additionally, the relatively small home ranges of all indicator
species limit the activities of the
individuals studied to within the 10-year flood plain.
The temporal scale of the presence of PCBs coincides closely
with both the life and reproductive
cycles of these animals. While PCBs are assumed present in the
flood plain soils year-round,
contact is substantially limited when soils are frozen or
covered with snow, as in winter. Exposure
is also limited during the winter months due to the behavior of
the indicator species (e.g, migration
of songbirds).
The following exposure profiles describe the potential for
exposure of small mammals and
songbirds (passerines) to PCBs in flood plain soils. Potential
routes of exposure to PCBs for
small mammal and passerines include: (1) food web transfer via
ingestion of organisms that
bioaccumulate PCBs from soil; (2) incidental ingestion of soil
particles contaminated with PCBs;
(3) inhalation of volatilized PCBs (expected to be a very minor
pathway); and (4) dermal
absorption via contact with exposed body surfaces. The
activities associated with each pathway,
the relative importance of each pathway, and the timing of
exposures are summarized. Factors
that affect the rates of uptake associated with each pathway,
including duration and frequency of
exposure, relative area of exposed body surfaces, and relative
absorption at point of contact, are
also discussed.
2.2.1 Small Mammal Exposure Profile
Potential exposure of small mammals to PCBs may occur during a
variety of daily activities, such
as feeding, foraging, burrowing, grooming, nest building, and
parental care (e.g., nursing,
feeding, grooming). Factors that affect the magnitude of a small
mammal's exposure over a
lifetime include: food habits (insectivorous vs. herbivorous);
winter status (hibernating vs. non-
hibernating); and duration of daily activity (nocturnal vs.
diurnal). Although some mammals
hibernate in the winter, shrews, voles, and white-footed mice
are active all year (Godin, 1977) so
that exposure frequency may be as high as twelve months per year
for some activities. However,
in western Massachusetts, the ground is normally frozen between
November and April, thus
limiting the potential for exposure during this period.
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26,1994 Page 2-6
Because shrews are expected to experience relatively high
frequency of contact and exposure point
concentrations when they feed on insects, it is likely that the
food web transfer largely determines
potential exposures for them. Incidental ingestion is likely the
second most important pathway for
shrews because they groom frequently and are in close contact
with soil as they burrow and travel.
Although shrews may inhale PCBs, exposures resulting from this
route are expected to be
insignificant. Exposure through dermal contact should also be
relatively low since their fur should
substantially impede direct contact with soil and dermal
absorption.
For voles and mice, exposure to PCBs via incidental ingestion
may be greater than exposure via
food web transfer, since a large portion of their diet is
vegetation. Uptake of PCBs by plants has
been shown by several researchers to be negligible (Babish et
al., 1979; Chou et al., 1978; Iwata
and Gunther, 1976; Miyazaki et al., 1975; Fries and Marrow,
1981; O'Connor et al., 1990; Davis
et al., 1981; Strek et al., 1981; Sawhney and Hankin, 1985).
During the winter, when mice and
voles feed to a greater extent on insect larvae and earthworms,
food web transfer may become a
more important route of exposure. During the rest of the year,
ingestion of particulate-bound
PCBs while feeding on vegetation, foraging in leaf litter, and
grooming is likely to be the primary
route of potential exposure to PCBs. As with shrews, inhalation
and dermal contact are likely
minor contributors to overall exposure.
2.2.2 Song Bird Exposure Profile
Song birds have the greatest potential for PCB exposure from
flood plain soils during feeding,
foraging, nest building, roosting, and preening. Factors that
determine the magnitude of exposure
over a lifetime include food habits (herbivorous vs.
insectivorous), nesting and feeding locations
(ground vs. canopy), and exposure duration. Throughout their
breeding season in Massachusetts
(March to October), birds may potentially be exposed to PCBs in
flood plain soils during daylight
hours when they are active. Birds are active from just before
dawn to dusk (Brooke and Birkhead,
1991).
The potential magnitude of exposure is largely determined by
food web transfer for all passerines
studied in this assessment The primary source of uptake for
insectivorous birds are the organisms
on which they feed that bioaccumulate PCBs. Incidental
ingestion, as it occurs during foraging,
feeding, preening, and nest building, is thought to be the
second most significant exposure
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 2-7
pathway for these birds. Birds that feed and/or nest on the
ground (e.g. American robin, red-
winged blackbird, rose-breasted grosbeak, and wood thrush)
likely have higher exposure levels
via incidental ingestion than do those that nest and/or feed
above ground (e.g. American redstart,
barn swallow, Eastern Phoebe, and yellow warbler). Birds, such
as American robin, barn
swallow and Eastern phoebe, that use mud to build nests, may
also have increased exposure via
incidental ingestion of sediment
Although inhalation and dermal contact may occur while birds
forage, build nests, or roost on the
ground, the inhalation pathway is expected to be less
significant than food web transfer and
incidental ingestion for several reasons. For American redstarts
and yellow warblers, exposure via
inhalation is assumed to be negligible because they feed,
forage, and nest in the canopy, and
because concentrations in the ambient air are expected to be
very low relative to concentrations in
soil or in food sources. Exposure via dermal contact should also
be low, because adult birds are
covered with feathers and there is little opportunity for
contact of contaminated soil with exposed
skin. While the feet and legs may contact flood plain soil, they
are covered with keratinized scales
that are relatively impermeable (Welty, 1975).
2.3 Selection of Endpoints
The assessment endpoints selected for evaluation in this study
included:
absence of species or taxonomic family or order normally
expected to be present in a particular habitat;
reduction of a population or subpopulation due to the stressor
of interest; adverse change in the structure of a community; and
bioaccumulation that results in an adverse effect.
In order to evaluate these assessment endpoints, a number of
field investigations were undertaken
in an effort to evaluate the following measurement
endpoints:
diversity of avian species in the flood plain forest; density of
avian populations in the flood plain forest; reproductive success
of avian populations in all habitats; small mammal population
structure in the flood plain forest and shrub meadow; age structure
of small mammal populations in the shrub meadow; and reproductive
success of small mammals in the shrub meadow and flood plain
forest.
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 2-8
2.4 Selection of Study Areas
In order to evaluate the effects of the exposure scenarios, it
was first necessary to identify
appropriate target areas within the potentially affected area,
as well as appropriate points of
comparison, or reference areas. While the identification of
target sites within the contaminated area
was relatively straightforward, it was considerably more
difficult to locate areas outside of the contaminated area that
could serve as points of reference for observations made with
respect to
ecosystem health. Potential reference sites were evaluated by
studying National Wetlands
Inventory maps, U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps, and
aerial photographs, as well as
through field reconnaissance via helicopter, automobile, foot,
and canoe, and through consultation
with personnel at the Western District of the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts Division of Fish
and Wildlife.
Specific study areas were defined for each measurement endpoint
except avian reproductive
success. Nests that were monitored for this endpoint were
differentiated by their location within or
outside of the 10-year flood plain, rather than by localized
study area or habitat type. For example,
target nests were typically found along the river banks, under
the New Lenox Road bridge, or in
the cattail stands in the river. Reference nests were located
well outside of the 10-year flood plain,
including along October Mountain Road, in the reference shrub
meadow, and in the Crane Farm
barn in Dawson. Feeding preferences and territory sizes of
individual species monitored were
evaluated in order to verify that reference birds would not be
expected to visit the target area and vice versa.
In addition, data from the literature (Ehrlich et al., 1988) on
normal clutch sizes for each avian
indicator species were also compared to observations of target
nests. The target and reference
areas used for all measurement endpoints other than avian
reproductive success are described
below by habitat type.
2.4.1 Flood Plain Forest Target Areas
The flood plain forest target area is located south of the New
Lenox Road bridge in an area of the
flood plain forest accessible from the Lenox Hunt Club (Figure
2-3). The area is 5.85 hectare in
size and homogenous in habitat. Its north, south, east, and west
coordinates are: 509527.383N;
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page 2-9
508486.377N; 128973.445E; and 127857.700E, respectively. This
target area was selected from
among several other tracts of flood plain forest for several
reasons. This site is the largest intact,
undisturbed flood plain forest between New Lenox Road bridge and
Woods Pond dam, the reach
of the Housatonic River with both high concentrations of PCBs
and suitable wildlife habitat. Other
forested areas within this reach of the river are smaller, have
a greater proportion of edge habitat,
and are less accessible than the tract selected as a target
area. Furthermore, potential exposure of
wildlife to PCBs at the locality selected as a target area
appeared greater than at other candidate
sites, based on general patterns of river sediment and flood
plain soil analytical data available prior
to the study area selection and on visual evidence of
flooding.
After a great deal of investigation of the area within a 50 mile
(or greater) radius of Pittsfield, it was
determined that suitable reference sites were not available for
the flood plain forest. The absence of
a suitable reference site is in part a reflection of the target
area's location within a HVWMA. This
area differs substantially from land uses of surrounding areas,
where residential and agricultural
land uses predominate. In most locations outside of HVWMA, human
development, agricultural
activity, and industrialization have drastically impacted the
land, rendering it unsuitable for
comparison to the target site. In such areas it would not be
possible to distinguish between those
human influences either unrelated to or related to historic PCB
releases. While the Housatonic
River upstream of Pittsfield, tributaries to the Housatonic
River, and other river valleys (including
the Hoosic and the Konkapot River valleys) were all considered
for use as reference sites, no areas
of comparable size, land use, or habitat type were located close
enough to the target site to allow simultaneous studies to be
conducted. Several candidate reference locations are noted and
reasons
for their exclusion are summarized in Table 2-4.
Because an adequate reference flood plain forest could not be
located, a comprehensive literature
search was conducted in an effort to identify a suitable
reference study for comparison to the avian
population study. Because passerines are highly sensitive to
subtle variations in habitat as they
establish breeding territories, the most important criteria for
selecting reference studies were habitat
type (i.e., flood plain forest), habitat quality (e.g., forest
maturity, isolation from human influence,
size), and habitat structure (e.g., flooding regime, development
of strata, canopy cover, dominance
and abundance of plant species). A broad array of sources was
searched, including reports of state
and federal agencies and nongovernmental organizations, Master's
and Doctoral dissertations, and
scientific journals.
-
*05 ITable 2-4. Candidate Reference Areas and Rationale for
Exclusion
Location of Candidate
Peru State Wildlife Management Area, Peru
Woodlands west of railroad tracks and treatment site, Lenox
Middlefield Slate Forest, Middlefield
Hinsdale Flats State Wildlife Management Area, Hinsdale
October Mountain State Forest
Konkapot River Valley, Clayton
Konkapot River Valley, Hartsville
Hoosic River Valley, Adams
American Legion Park, Dalton
Description
Woodlands adjacent to wetlands between North Road and Mongue
Road; access via FraryRoad
Limited flood plain forest bordered by railroad tracks and
transmission lines
Wetlands W of Middlefield Road
E of Rt 8 and S of Middlefield Road; access via trail just W of
Fassell Road intersection
Wetland SW of Ashley Brook and Ashley Lake, Washington, MA
On CT, MA border
Immediately S of Lake Buell
EofMt. Greylock
Wooded private property E of American Legion Park
Rationale for Exclusion as Reference Area for Avian or Small
Mammal Census
Habitat is structurally different from target site as a result
of infrequent flooding and higher elevation (588 m)a
Patches of flood plain forest are fragmented and very limited in
size; forest very close to (and in some places, within) 10-year
flood plain
Elevation greater than treatment (504 m) with poor access; would
require extreme effort to access area; habitat is structurally
different from target site
Structurally different from and higher elevation (442 m) than
target site; understory very developed and affected by calcareous
geology and soils
Elevation higher than target site (588 m); abundant spruce;
habitat structurally different from target site
River is much smaller than Housatonic; steep valleys preclude
extensive flood plain forest development
River is much smaller than Housatonic; steep valleys preclude
extensive flood plain forest development
Steep valleys preclude extensive flood plain forest
development
Fragmented and small in size
a. Elevation of treatment flood plain forest target site is 294
m.
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page
2-10
Based on the criteria described above, two series of breeding
bird censuses were selected as the
most suitable reference studies. These are breeding bird plot
censuses that were conducted since
1981, as part of the Breeding Bird Census in a flood plain
forest in Maryland (Criswell and
Gauthey, 1983; Van Velzen and Van Velzen, 1985, 1986, 1987,
1988; Gauthey 1984, 1989,
1990, 1991, 1992) and in a flood plain forest in North Carolina
(Crotteau et al., 1978, 1979;
Christensen et al., 1980,1982; Hall et al., 1984; Van Velzen and
Van Velzen, 1985; Hall, 1990;
Mueller and Hall, 1991; Mueller and Mueller, 1992; Mueller,
1993). The annual Breeding Bird
Census is a nationwide effort jointly sponsored by the
Association of Field Ornithologists and
Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. It includes detailed
information on the habitats of the
individual study plots, which facilitates comparisons with
outside databases. The Breeding Bird
Census shares objectives and methodologies virtually identical
to those of the avian census
conducted at the Housatonic flood plain forest. No comparable
reference sites closer to the
Housatonic River could be identified in the scientific
literature. Although it would clearly be
desirable to use reference sites located closer to the target
area, these two series of censuses were
determined to be appropriate reference studies because they are
very similar to the target area with
respect to habitat type, quality, and structure. A detailed
comparison of the target area and
reference area habitats is presented in Appendix B.
The scientific literature was also searched for reference
studies for observations of white-footed
mice and Southern red-backed vole populations in the flood plain
forest. A 27-month study
conducted by Batzli (1977) in Illinois on white-footed mice and
a 3-year study by Miller and Getz
(1977) in Connecticut on white-footed mice and Southern
red-backed voles were chosen as
reference studies for the small mammal studies. These studies
had objectives similar to this
analysis, adequate interpretations of findings for comparisons
of results, and were conducted in
flood plain forest habitats similar to the Housatonic River
Valley flood plain.
2.4.2 Shrub Meadow Study Areas
Suitable shrub meadow target and reference areas were both
located south of the New Lenox Road
bridge at sites accessible from the Lenox Hunt Club (Figures 2-2
and 2-3). The shrub meadow
target area is located within the approximate 10-year flood
plain, just north of the flood plain forest
target area. The reference shrub meadow is located outside of
the 10-year flood plain, directly
northeast of the Lenox Hunt Club and east of the railroad
tracks. The north, south, east and west
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ChemRisk - A Division of McLaren/Hart July 26, 1994 Page
2-11
coordinates of the target shrub meadow are: 509691.593N;
509481.927N; 129057.165E; and
128543.098E, respectively. The north, south, east, and west
coordinates of the reference shrub meadow are: 511313.026N;
510884.591N; 128170.279E; and 127999.333E, respectively.
2.4.3 Characterization of PCBs in Flood Plain Soils and River
Sediments
To assess the concentrations of PCBs to which the receptors in
the areas under study could be
exposed, the results of prior sampling in and near those areas
were reviewed. This evaluation
included not only the PCB concentrations detected in flood plain
soils in and near the areas under
study, but also the PCB concentrations in nearby river
sediments. PCBs in river sediments affect
the total exposures of insectivorous small mammals and birds via
foodweb transfer, since a portion
of the diet of these organisms is comprised of insects and
insect larvae that mature in river water
and sediment. Additionally, because