Evaluation of potential treatment technologies for the Mid ...

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

TECHNICAL ENFORCEMENT SUPPORT AT

HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES

TES IVCONTRACT # 68-01-7351

WORK ASSIGNMENT NO. C07010

EVALUATION OFPOTENTIAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

FOR THEMID-AMERICA TANNING SITE

SERGEANT BLUFF, IOWA

CERCLA ENFORCEMENT SUPPORT U.S. EPA REGION VII

JACOBS ENGINEERING GROUP INC. 10901 WEST 84TH TERRACE

SUITE 210LENEXA, KANSAS 66214

(913) 492-9218

JACOBS PROJECT NO. 05-B908-00

DRAFT: FEBRUARY 22, 1989

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Paee

1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................... 11.1 Purpose and Scope................................................................................................ 11.2 Site Background and History................................................................................ 11.3 Approach and Organization...................................................................................2

2.0 WASTE QUANTITIES AND CONTAMINANT CHARACTERISTICS....2.1 Soils and Sludges........................................................................ .2.2 Surface Waters and Sediments.................................................. .2.3 Groundwater............................................................................... .2.4 Properties of Heavy Metal Contaminants................................

3.0 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES....3.1 Potential Technologies for Soils, Sediments, and Sludges.....

3.1.1 Stabilization/Solidification.............................................3.1.2 Vitrification.....................................................................3.1.3 Chemical Reduction/Oxidation......................................3.1.4 Soil Washing......................................................................3.1.5 Landfarming................... .................................................3.1.6 Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination............................3.1.7 Summary and Conclusions...............................................

3.2 Potential Technologies for Surface Water and Groundwater3.2.1 Ion Exchange.....................................................................3.2.2 Electrodialysis..................................................................3.2.3 Reverse Osmosis...............................................................3.2.4 Precipitation......................................................................3.2.5 Chemical Oxidation/Reduction......................................3.2.6 Evaporation/Land Spreading..........................................3.2.7 Freeze Technologies.................................................................................... 73.2.8 Ultrafiltration............................................................................................. 73.2.9 AlgaSORB.................................................................................................... 73.2.10 Constructed Wetlands............................................................................... 83.2.11 Summary and Conclusions....................................................................... 8

4.0 REFERENCES....................................................................................................... 9

TABLES

Table 1 Analytical Data and Background Concentrations for Soils Table 2 Analytical Data and Regulatory Standards for Surface Waters Table 3 Analytical Data and Regulatory Standards for Groundwater Table 4 Physical, Chemical and Toxicological Properties of Heavy Metals Table 5 Potential Technologies for the Remediation of Tannery-Waste

Contaminated Media

w w

w w

to

FIGURES

Figure 1 Site Location Map Figure 2 Site Map

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Bibliographic Database

SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIESFOR THE

MID-AMERICA TANNING SITE SERGEANT BLUFF, IOWA

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and Scope

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requested, under TES IV Work Assignment No. 05-B908-00, that Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. (JEG) prepare a summary of potentially feasible technologies to handle, treat, and dispose of tanning-waste contaminated media at the Mid-America Tanning site in Sergeant Bluff, Iowa. Previous site investigations have documented heavy metal contamination attributable to onsite chrome tanning and tanning sludge disposal activities. Heavy metal contaminants have been detected in surface water, sediments, subsurface soils, and groundwater. The Mid-America Tanning site was included on the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Priorities List (NPL) based on a documented contaminant release to groundwater. Further actions recommended for the site by Ecology and Environment, Inc., the Field Investigation Team (E&E/FIT) contractor included an expanded site investigation and remedial action. This report documents the potential remedial technologies available for the treatment of chrome tanning waste-contaminated media.

1.2 Site Background and History

The Mid-America Tanning Company, Inc. (MAT) site is located in the Port Neal Industrial District, approximately six miles south of the City of Sergeant Bluff, Woodbury County, Iowa (Figure 1). The MAT site lies on the east side of the Missouri River; the topography is flat and much of the area consists of large oxbow lakes, some of which have infilled with sediments and have evolved into fresh water wetlands. Surficial sediments are primarily alluvial sands and gravels. The uppermost aquifer in the area is the shallow unconfined alluvial aquifer. This aquifer provides the primary source of drinking water to about 837 people within a 3-mile radius of the MAT site. The alluvial aquifer may be in direct hydrological contact with the Missouri River.

The MAT facility has been an active hide processing plant since 1969 (Figure 2). The facility tans hides using a chrome tanning process. Chrome tanning uses a chromium sulfate or a chrome tanning solution; the trivalent form of chromium must be dissolved in an acidic medium to achieve the desired results. Residual tanning waste sludges were treated onsite using a filter press and were disposed of at the Sioux City Landfill. The liquids were chemically treated then discharged onsite to the oxbow lake north of the facility.

In 1979, based on a recommendation from an official with the Iowa Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ), chromium sludges were disposed of onsite in two unlined disposal trenches (85 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 14 feet deep.) The duration of trench disposal activities is not known.

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On May S, 1980, the facility was identified as a potential hazardous waste site by the U.S. EPA due to concerns regarding sludge disposal activities. Ensuing site investigations (Preliminary Assessment, Field Investigation Team Sampling) have documented the presence of heavy metal contaminants (primarily tri-valent chromium) in surface waters, sediments, subsurface soils, and groundwater. Concentrations of chromium, lead, and other heavy metals have been detected in excess of the primary drinking water standards in the oxbow lake and the uppermost aquifer. The most likely sources of heavy metal contamination are the wastes from tanning operations and the chromium sludge remaining in the unlined disposal trenches. These wastes are impacting the environment in the area of the MAT site.

The site was scored in accordance with the Hazard Ranking System (HRS); the resultant score was sufficient to place the site on the NPL. The rationale for the high score was based on the documented release of contaminants to groundwater; the use of the groundwater as a drinking water source; the proximity of a freshwater wetland; and the contamination detected in the oxbow lake surface waters and sediments. Further site investigation and remedial actions were recommended by U.S. EPA in 1987.

1.3 Approach and Organization

This report documents the evaluation of potentially feasible remedial technologies for the treatment of tannery-waste contaminated soils, sludges, surface water, and groundwater. Waste characteristics are summarized in Section 2.0. A literature review was performed to identify potential remedial methods for contaminated soils, sludges, and waters; the results of the bibliographic database search are included as Appendix A. Based on this review, the most viable technologies were identified and are summarized in section 3.0. Each technology will be summarized and evaluated for effectiveness, implementability, and relative capital and operating costs, based on published data.

2.0 WASTE QUANTITIES AND CONTAMINANT CHARACTERISTICS

The maximum, minimum, and mean concentrations for heavy metals detected in soils, surface waters, and groundwater at the MAT site are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 3. Relevant regulatory standards or typical background concentration ranges are also provided for each medium sampled.

2.1 Soils and Sludges

An estimated 882 cubic yards of tanning sludges were disposed of in two unlined trenches. At the time of the E&E/FIT sampling visit (July of 1985) one trench was covered with a soil cover; wastes were exposed at the surface in the second trench. As the disposal trenches are unlined, infiltration of precipitation appears to have mobilized heavy metal constituents which have contaminated the underlying groundwater. Potential exposure pathways associated with the contaminated soils and sludges include the potential for direct contact, ingestion and inhalation.

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2.2 Surface Waters and Sediments

The surface waters and sediments in the oxbow lake adjacent to the MAT site were contaminated with heavy metals. Chromium and lead concentrations detected in the oxbow lake waters exceed primary drinking water standards (the lake is not a source of drinking water). Potential exposure pathways associated with contaminated surface waters and sediments include inhalation, ingestion and direct contact with the contaminated media and the ingestion of aquatic organisms obtained from the affected surface waters.

2.3 Groundwater

The shallow alluvial aquifer underlying the MAT site has been contaminated by heavy metals associated with the chrome tanning process. The shallow aquifer is used as a source of drinking water by over 800 people within a 3-mile radius of the site. Concentrations of total lead and chromium exceeded primary drinking water standards. Potential exposure pathways include ingestion, inhalation and direct contact with contaminated groundwater.

2.4 Contaminant Properties.

The heavy metals detected above background in the various media sampled at the MAT site include arsenic, barium, cadmum, chromium, iron, lead, manganese, magnesium, and vanadium. Chromium (trivalent) is the major contaminant associated with tanning processes. Physical, chemical, and toxicological characteristics for these contaminants are provided in Table 4. The primary characteristics determining mobility and environmental fate include pH, solubility, adsorption, complexation, and bioaccumulation.

3.0 IDENTIFICATION AND SCREENING OF TECHNOLOGIES

3.1 Potential Technologies for Soils, Sediments and Sludges

The potential remedial technologies considered for the remediation of soils and sludges are summarized in Table 5. All of the listed technologies have potential or demonstrated effectiveness for treatment of heavy metal contaminants, with the exception of electroacoustic soil decontamination. (This technology is currently being evaluated under the Superfund Innovative Technologies Evaluation (SITE) program.) Six potentially applicable technologies identified in the literature search included: vitrification, stabilization/solidification, chemical reductipn/oxidation, soil washing land farming, and electroacoustic soil decontamination. Each technology is described below.

3.1.1 Stabilization/Solidification is a technology where waste material is mixed with an inert material that sets into a solid structure. Stabilization refers to the immobilization of toxic substances as a result of chemical reactions to form relatively insoluble compounds. The emphasis in stabilization is to prevent the waste from contacting water or creating pH and redox conditions to minimize contaminant solubility. Solidification refers to the formation of a solid mass which may not require secondary containment. The various process options applicable to heavy metal

IJ11

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contaminants include: cement, lime (pozzolan), thermoplastic, andencapsulating agents. Solidification/stabilization is a proven technology for the treatment of metal-bearing wastes. Design criteria include the type of containment required, increase in volume of wastes by 50% or more, changes in handling characteristics, ultimate disposal of the materials, and processing costs. Costs for stabilization typically range from $50 to $125 per cubic yard. RCRA regulations may be legally and technically applicable to disposal.

Vitrification: Vitrification uses joule-heating to induce a melt in thesolid medium, fusing materials into an obsidian (glass-like) mass. The technique is commonly performed in situ using electrodes which conduct the melting heat to the soils. The technique has been demonstrated for Transuranic contaminants and is conceivably applicable to heavy metal wastes. The wastes are pyrolyzed or crystalized in the process; off-gasses are trapped by an off-gas shroud and cycled to a gas treatment train. Typical treatment costs for soils with a relatively high initial moisture content (water must be evaporated before a melt can be induced, thus increasing energy costs) are approximately $400/cubic yard.

Chemical Reduction/Oxidation: Oxidation and reduction reactions alter the oxidation state of a compound through the loss or gain of electrons, respectively. Such reactions can precipitate or solubilize metal contaminants. Oxidation processes have been used to oxidize arsenic and lead compounds while reducing processes have been used to treat hexavalent chromium. Disadvantages of this method include the non­specificity of the oxidizing/reducing agents and the potential for forming more toxic or more mobile degradation products. It is not a proven technology for wastes containing a variety of contaminants. Thus it is not recommended for applications to the MAT site.

Soil Washing: A soil washing/physical separation process has beendeveloped to remove contaminants in soils and potentially recover the contaminants for reuse or disposal. Contaminated soils (sandy soils are preferred) are excavated and screened to remove debris and materials larger than 1/2 to 1-inch in diameter. Contaminated soils are fed to the soils washing system where oils and clay minerals are removed. The flotation underflow carries the bulk of the soil to the counter current scrubber. Scrubber waters are recycled through a fixed film reactor while solids emerge clean. Inorganic, fine, clay-sized particles undergo some predetermined residuals treatment and/or disposal. This technology has not yet been proven in its effectiveness on heavy metals, but it is anticipated that the technology would be applicable to inorganic as well as organic contaminants. Cost data are not available for the treatment of metal-contaminated wastes.

Landfarming: Landfarming of chrome tannery wastes has been acommon tannery waste disposal practice. Trivalent chromium sludges are applied to the land surface and farm implements or other machinery are used to till the sludge into the soil. Performance results indicate chromium in tannery sludges is not very mobile; increased crop yields have been noted following waste applications with no observed

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detrimental effect to the crops. Trace quantities of chromium in soil runoff waters have been detected and appear to be associated with soil particle movement. Costs of land farming are typically in the range of $80 to $150 per cubic yard.

3.1.6 Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination: Electroacoustic soildecontamination (ESD) uses direct current electric and acoustic fields to facilitate the transport of liquids through soils. Application of an electric potential to the soil double layer (a fixed layer of negative ions which are bound to the soils with a diffuse layer of positive and negative ions) results in the displacement of loosely held ions. The positive ions move to the cathode while negative ions move to the anode dragging water along. The movement of water causes changes such as ion exchange, pH gradients, and oxidation/reduction. Heavy metals are leached or precipitated by electrolysis, oxidation/reduction, or ionic migration. The application of the acoustic field enhances the dewatering effects. ESD is not a proven technology, but is currently being evaluated for potential applications to the removal of heavy metals in clayey soils. Cost data are not yet available for this technology.

3.1.7 Summary: Of the listed technologies, the most proven and cost effective technologies for the treatment of contaminated soils and sludges are:

1. Landfarming

2. Stabilization/Solidification

Potentially promising technologies which have not yet been fully demonstrated include vitrification and electroacoustic soil decontamination.

3.2 Potential Technologies for Surface Water and Groundwater

Potential remedial technologies for the remediation of heavy-metal contaminated waters are listed in Table 5. Potentially feasible technologies included ion exchange, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, precipitation, chemical oxidation/reduction, evaporation/land spreading, freeze technologies, ultrafiltration, algaSORB, and constructed wetlands. Of these technologies, the alagaSORB and constructed wetlands are only in the demonstration stages, but appear to be promising technologies for the treatment of heavy metals. Each technology is discussed below.

3.2.1 Ion Exchange: Ion exchange is a process utilizing a resin which holdsharmless ions that are released when contaminants are preferentially bound to the resin. The exchange reaction can be tailored to selectively exchange specific ions. A cation exchange process would be used to treat metals. As the exchange reactions are reversible, resins can be easily regenerated. Fixed bed counter current ion exchange systems are typically used; cation and anions exchange resins can also be used in series to achieve complete removal of cations and anions. Ion exchange is a proven technology for the removal of heavy metals from dilute solutions. The reliability of the system can, however, be adversely

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impacted by high concentrations of suspended solids. A SO gpm exchange unit would have a capital cost of about $34,100 with yearly operation and maintenance costs of $14,500; a 300 gpm unit would have a capital outlay of 135,000 and yearly operation and maintenance costs of 24,300.

3.2.2 Electrodialvsis: Electrodialysis uses cation and anion-permeablemembranes and an induced electrical potential to provide the force causing positively and negatively charged ions to migrate across the membranes, thereby removing them from the water stream. Electrodialysis has been typically used to purify brackish waters and to recover metal salts from plating rinses; thus, it is a demonstrated technology. Costs are similar to those for reverse osmosis (see below).

3.2.3 Reverse Osmosis: Reverse Osmosis is used to reduce the concentrations of dissolved inorganic and organic solids. Good removal efficiencies (>90%) are achieved for high molecular weight organics as well as heavy metal constituents (multivalent ions are treated more easily than univalent ions). Reverse osmosis uses applied pressure to force a concentrated solution across a semi-permeable membrane towards the dilute phase. (Osmosis involves the spontaneous flow of a dilute solution across a semi-permeable membrane towards the more concentrated solution.) The reverse osmosis treatment unit consists of a membrane and support structure, containment vessel, and a high pressure pump. Reverse osmosis units are subject to fouling and plugging; thus, pretreatment to remove oxidizing materials, particulates, oil and grease, and to adjust pH are necessary. Capital costs for a 7 gpm unit were estimated at $33,300 whereas as the costs for a 70 gpm unit cost was about $172,000. Yearly operation and maintenance costs for the 7 gpm unit and the 70 gpm unit were $12,000 and $41,000, respectively.

3.2.4 Precipitation: Precipitation is a physiochemical process based onchanging the chemical equilibrium relationships affecting the solubility of inorganic species. This often incorporates neutralization (pH adjustment) to the point where the contaminants are least soluble. It is commonly applied to the removal of metals as hydroxides, sulfides, carbonates, or other insoluble salts. Hydroxide and sodium sulfide precipitation are among the most common neutralizing agents used. Solids separation is performed subsequent to precipitation by flocculation/coagulation techniques. Resulting sludges and effluent contain high pH and sulfides. Precipitation is applicable to the removal of most metal species and is often applied in situ to treat aqueous wastes in surface impoundments or lagoons. Typical capital costs for a 100 gpm unit are $230,000 with annual operation and maintenance costs of $11.42/1,000 gallons.

3.2.5 Chemical Oxidation/Reduction: Chemical reduction is a commontreatment process for lead, mercury, and chromium contaminants; however, mixed waste streams with other potentially reducible compounds have a less proven performance record. The reduction reaction is a stoichiometric reaction where one constituent is reduced while a second is oxidized. Costs for reduction are typically similar to those given for precipitation.

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Evaporation/Land Spreading: Evaporation or land spreading are tworemedial technologies potentially applicable to inorganic and organic liquid wastes. Liquids are applied to the land surface by means of sprinklers or misters. The liquid evaporates and the insoluble salts are left behind on the land surface. Evaporation is commonly used as a means of large volume liquid disposal where acreage is available for interim liquid storage and land spreading. Potential concerns with the use of evaporation include resolubilization and mobilization of salts remaining after evaporation. Evaporation is among the less expensive treatment alternatives available with estimated costs of $0.25-1.50/1,000 gallons.

Freeze Technologies: Freeze concentration is a treatment technique based on the principle that the freezing of a solution will result in ice crystals which contain only pure water. The ice crystals are separated from the liquid (brine) and are washed and melted to produce salt-free water. The brine retains and concentrates the contaminants. The influent is fed to the freezer where ice crystals are allowed to form. The ice and brine solution are sent to an ice separation tank and a gravity wash column. The wash column causes ice crystals to rise to the top to form an ice pack from which pure water is recovered. The brine is sent to a crystallization vessel where precipitates are formed. Precipitates and the brine solution require additional treatment and/or disposal methods. The technology has been demonstrated in bench and pilot tests; site selection is anticipated for a future full-scale technology demonstration. Heavy metal contaminants are' suitable candidate wastes for freeze technologies.

Ultrafiltration: Ultrafiltration is a separation process that removessuspended solids by passing the liquid wastes through a porous medium. The porous medium is often a granular, screen, or fibrous matrix which is often coated with cellulose or diatomacious earth (to promote filtration). Fluid flow can be achieved by gravity feed, partial vacuum, or pressure mechanisms. Filtration is generally not a final treatment step, but is a common pretreatment process for membrane separation, ion exchange, and other processes subject to plugging. Filtration is commonly used to remove undissolved heavy metal solids present as suspended solids. Ultrafiltration costs are typically prohibitive, therefore, it is not likely that this process would be selected to treat wastes at the MAT site.

AlaaSORB: The AlgaSORB process uses algal cells which are fixed to a silica gel polymer. Algal cell walls have a high affinity for heavy metal ions, thus AlgaSORB functions as a biological ion exchange resin which is capable of binding both metallic cations and oxoanions. Theadvantage to the biological resin is that cations associated with hard water (e.g., calcium, magnesium, etc.) do not interfere with the binding of heavy metals. Generally two AlgaSORB columns are operated in series. Current system capacities are 1 gpm. The treatment is specific for heavy metals in aqueous solutions and has been demonstrated for the removal of aluminium, cadmum, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, silver, uranium, vanadium, and zinc. The biological resin may be regenerated by a combination of acid and base stripping. The stripping solution contains

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the concentrated heavy metals which may then be further treated and/or disposed of. Field demonstrations on mercury contaminated wastes were initiated in the fall of 1988.

3.2.10 Constructed Wetlands: The constructed wetlands treatment technologyrelies on construction of a man-made ecosystem wherein geochemical and biological processes remove and accumulate heavy metal contaminants from inflow waters. Principal ecosystem components include organic soils, microorganisms, algae, and vascular plants. Typically, the wetlands process has been applied to acid mine drainage. Removal processes for the heavy metal contaminants include filtration, ion exchange, adsorption, bioaccumulation, and precipitation (geochemical or microbial). The treatment technology has been successfully applied in the eastern U.S.; and mine discharge treatments are currently being explored in the western U.S. As the MAT site is located in a natural wetland area, the process may be an interesting alternative for the treatment of heavy metal contaminants at this site.

3.2.11 Summary; Based on proven applications and treatment costs, the technologies potentially applicable for the treatment of heavy-metal contaminated surface waters and groundwaters at the MAT site include;

1. Ion exchange

2. Precipitation

3. Reverse Osmosis

4. Electrodialysis

5. Evaporation/Land Spreading

Promising, but emerging, technologies worth investigating further are the freeze technologies, algaSORB and constructed wetlands.

I

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4.0 REFERENCES

1. U.S. EPA (February 1988) Final Report: Potentially Responsible Party (PRP)Search, Mid-America Tanning Site, Sergeant Bluff, Iowa.

2. U.S. EPA (1985) Phase I-Site Investigation, Mid-America Tanning, Sergeant Bluff,Iowa. TDD R-07-8506-10.

3. Ecology & Environment Inc. Memorandum To: Paul E. Doherty, From: StevenVaughn dated March 24, 1987. Trip Report for Follow-up Sampling Activities at the Mid-America Tanning site in Sergeant Bluff, Iowa.

4. U.S. EPA (1986) Final Report, Mid-America Tanning Sergeant Bluff, Iowa, TDD-R-07-8506-10C.

5. U.S. EPA (1983) Treatability Manual: Vol Ill-Technologies Office of Researchand Development. EPA/600/2-82-001.

6. U.S. EPA (1987) A compendium of Technologies used in the Treatment ofHazardous Wastes. EPA/625/8-87/014.

7. U.S. EPA (1988) The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program:Technology Profiles. EPA/540/5-88/003.

8. California Department of Health Services (July 1984) Alternative Technology forRecycling and Treatment of Hazardous Wastes, Second Biennial Report.

9. California Department of Health Services (July 1986) Alternative Technology forRecycling and Treatment of Hazardous Wastes, Third Biennial Report.

10. U.S. EPA (1988) Technology Screening Guide for Treatment of CERCLA Soilsand Sludges. EPA/540/2-88/004.

11. U.S. EPA (1988) Assessment of International Technologies for SuperfundApplications: Technology Review and Trip Report Results,EPA/540/2-88/003

12. Wagner, Boyer, Claff, et. al., (1986) Remedial Action Technology for WasteDisposal Sites, Second Edition, Noyes Data Corporation.

TABLE 1

ANALYTICAL DATA AND BACKGROUND CONCENTRATION FOR SOILS

(UNITSappm)

MAX. MIN. AVERAGE

REPORTEDAVERAGECONC.

CONC. CONC. CONC. IN U.S. SoilsAluminum 34,000 1,406 17,703 40,000Arsenic 6.4 21.7 0.1-40

Barium '30Q> 100 200(5-6 Common)

Chromium 47,000 10 23,505 5-3,000

Copper 30 17 23.5(100=Common)2-100

Iron 32.Q00 8,300 20,150(10=Common)20,000-50,000

Lead 4 11.5 2-200

Magnesium 6,000 2,000 4,000

(275=Rural Levels)

Manganese 1,200 290 745 100-4,000

Nickel 50 25 25(850= Common) 10-1,000

Tin 60 25 42.5(40=Common)

Vanadium 76 20 48 20-500

Zinc 140 30 85(100=Common)10-300(50 Common)

- - = not reported Cone. = Concentration Max. = MaximumMin. = Minimuma Lindsay, Willard L. (1979) Chemical Equilibria in Soils, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

t

TABLE 2

ANALYTICAL DATA AND REGULATORY STANDARDS FOR SURFACE WATERS(UNITSsppb)

MID-AMERICA TANNING SITE SERGEANT BLUFF, IOWA

MAX.CONC.

MIN.CONC.

AVERAGECONC.

WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR THE PROTECTION OF AOUATIC LIFE®

Aluminum 500 400 450 2001,500 (H)

Arsenic .10, 10 10 72=Ave.140=Max.

Barium 200 545 500=Ave.1,000 (H)

Cadmium 5 5 12=Ave.38=Max

Chromium 1^ 10 10 7.2=Ave. (VI)\1 l.=Max. (IIIV10,300 Max. J

Cobalt 50 50 50 —

Copper 25 25 25 2=(D)3.5=(H)

Iron 820 100 460 50=(D)300=(H)

Lead 5 10.5 8.6=Ave220-Max.

Magnesium 78,000 15,000 46,500 —

Manganese 380 20 200 20=(D)100=(H)

Mercury • .2 .2 .2 0.2=Ave.l.l=Max.

Nickel 40 40 40 56=Ave.1,100=(H)

Vanadium 50 50 50 —

Zinc 30 30 30 47=Ave.180=Max.

aReference: Reclamation and Redevelopment of Contaminated U.S. EPA (August 1986) EPA/600/2-86/066.

(D) = Deleterious effects on aquatic life

Land, Vol. I: Case Studies

(H) = Hazardous to aquatic lifeMax. = Maximum permissible concentrationAve. = No adverse effects level— = Not reportedMin. *= MinimumCone. = ConcentrationVI = Hexavalent chromiumIII = Trivalent chromium

TABLE 3

ANALYTICAL DATA AND REGULATORY STANDARDS FOR GROUNDWATER(UNITS = ppb)

MID-AMERICA TANNING SITE SERGEANT BLUFF, IOWA

MAX. MIN. AVERAGE

HEALTH-BASED STANDARDS FOR NON-CARCINOGENIC (THRESHOLD)

DRINKINGWATER

CONC. CONC. CONC. POLLUTANTS3 STANDARDS

Arsenic 300 18 159 0.022 50Barium 9,000 720 4,860 — 1,000Cadmium 41 8.7 25 10 10Chromium 910 21 466 50(VI) 50

Lead 830 12 421170,000(111)

50 50Manganese 29,000 1,800 15,400 — 50(2)Nickel 1,100 15 558 13.4Aluminum 63,000 380,000 221,500 — ••

Cobalt 340 260 300 •• ..

Copper 1,300 820 1,060 1,000 1,000(2)Iron 860,000 540,000 700,000 — 300(2)Mercury 2.10 1.10 1.6 0.144 2Zinc 4,000 2,200 3,100 5,000 5,000(2)Vanadium 1,100 1,500 1,300 — —

Concern. =» Concentrated Max. = Maximum Min. = Minimuma Reference: Reclamation and Redevelopment of Contaminated Land, Vol. I: Case Studies., US

EPA (August 1986) EPA/600/2-86/066.(2) = Secondary drinking water standards(2) o No drinking water or health-based standards establishedVI = Hexavalent chromiumIII = Trivalent chromium

HBIE 4PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AIIO TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF HEAVY HETAL CON1AMINAHIS

ContaninantAtoeicHeight

Connor, 1y Occurring

Valences In Groundwater

ChericalSpeciation

MID-AMERICA TANNING SHE SERGEAHI BLUFF, IOMA

NaturalRelative Abundance in

Mater . Soils RelativeSolubility (ppm) Mobility

Aluninun 26.98 <3 oxideshydroxideschlorides

carbonatessulfates

soluble 10,000-300,000 Mobile

Arsenic 74.91 -3, (43, *5) arsenic acid arsenious acid

oxo-acids

soluble 1.0 - 50. SlovlyMobile

Dariuai 137.94 *2 netallo-organicconplexessulfides

cartonates

soluble 100 - 3,000 Mobile

Cadniun 112.41 *2 hunic acid conplexes

carbonates hydroxides chlorides sulfates

soluble 0.01 - 0.10 SlovlyMobile

Chroniun 52.00 43, X clay-neta!oxides !

hydroxides

VI : Soluble III : Slightly

Soluble

1 - 1000 SlovlyMobile

Potential Hazard Relative Relative RelativeExposure _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Dereal Ingestion InhalationRoutes C R/I K Al CE DM El toxicity loxicity toxicity

ingest, inh, dere ----- I I Lou Low low

ingest I X I - I X I Low High Lou

ingest - X - X - - - Low Low toy

in9est, inh X X - - X X X lov High High

dere, inh, ingest X X X - X - X High Moderate Moderate

References: (a) U.S. EPA, Mater Related Environnental Fate of IP) Priority Pollutants, Volute I, Oeceeber 1919.(b) Fuller, Mallace H., Movenent of Selected Metals, Asbestos, I Cyanide in Soil, Applications to Haste Disposal Problets., EPA-400/2-77-020., 197?.(c) Lindsay, Millard L., Cheiical Equilibria in Soils, John Miley A Sons, Hey York, 1919.

Abbreviations: ingest: ingestion; Jem - denial; iiih: inhalationC : Carcinogen; R/t ; Reproductive leratogen; H = Mutagen; Al : Acute loxicity; Cl : Chronic loxicity; DAI ; Donestic Aninal loxicity; El "Environnental loxicity.

TABLE 4PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF HEAVY HElAL CONTAMINANTS MID-AMERICA TANNING SHE

SERGEANT BLUFF, IONA

ContaninantAtonicHeight

Conzonly Occurring

Valences In Groundwater

ChemicalSpeciation

Copper 65.55 *1, »2 metalto-organic complexes

hunic acid conplexes

carbonates hydroxides chlorides sulfates

Iron 55.85 ♦7, 43 nelal oxides hydroxides chlorides

carbonates sulfates

bicarLonates

lead 707.19 47, *4 carbonatessulfates

Hagnesiun 74.31 42 hydroxideschloridessulfates

Manganese 54.94 ♦7 («, -1} bicarbonatesnitrates

RelativeHater

Solubility

Natural Abundance in

Soils (ppm)

RelativeHobility

PotentialExposureRoutes

Soluble 7 - 100 HoderatelyMobile

dern, inh

soluble 7,000-500,000 Nobile --

soluble 2 - 700 HoderatelyNobile

ingest, inh

soluble 600 - 6,000 Nobile ingest, inh, den

soluble 20 - JOOO Nobile inh

Relative Relative—- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Denial Ingestion

C R/I H A1 CE DAI El Toxicity toxicity

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A low Low

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Low

< - ~ x x X High Low

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A A Low Lov

*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lov

References: (a) II.S. ERA, Hater Related Environnental Fate of 179 Priority Pollutants, Volune 1, Oecenber 191).(b) Fuller, Hallace H., Hovenent of Selected Metals, Asbestos, t Cyanide in Soil, Applications to Haste Disposal Probleis., EPA-600/2-17-020., 1977.(c) Lindsay, Hillard L., Chesical Equilibria in Soils, John Hiley 1 Sons, Hew York, 1919.

RelativeInhalationToxicity

lov

High

lov

Abbreviations: ingest : ingestion; Jern ; dermal; inh : inhalationC : Carcinogen; R/T : Reproductive teratogen; H = Mutagen; Al -• Acute loxicity; Cl : Chronic loxicity; DAI : Donestic Aniial loxicity; El = Environnental loxicity.

1A&LE 4PHYSICAL, CHEHICAL, All!) TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF HEAVY HEIAt COIIIAHIIIAKTS

ContaninantAtonic

Conxion ly Occurring

Valences In CI.eiiicalRelative

Hater

NID-AHERICA TAIIN1NG SHE SERGEAIIT BLUFF, I0HA

NaturalAbundance in

Soils RelativePotential

ExposureHazard Relative

DerialRelative

IngestionRelative

InhalationHeight Groundwater Speciat ion Solubility (ppfi) Nubility Routes C R/T H A! CE DAI El toxicity Toxicity Toxicity

Nercury 200.19 41, *2 oetallu-organiccomplexes

Slightlysoluble

0.01 - 0.30 SlowlyNobile

inh, dern, ingest - X X X X X X High High High

oxideshydroxideschluridessulfates

Nickel 50.89 «2 (41, 43, 44) hydroxides carbonates sulfates

letallc-organic couplers

soluble 5.0 - 500 Hobile dern, ingest

Vanadiun 50.94 0, «2, 43, 44, 45

oxidesiietalfu-organic

cvtiplexes

Slightlysoluble

20 -,500 ModeratelyHobile

inh, ingest, dern

Zinc 65.38 42 metal o.vides hydro*ides chlorides

carbonates bicarbonates

sulfates

soluble 10 - 300 ModeratelyHobile

inh, ingest

- X Lou

X X Lou

X X None

References: (a) U.S. IPX, Water Related Environner.tal Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants, Volume I, Oecenber 1919.(b) Fuller, Wallace H., Hoveuerit of Selected Hetals, Asbestos, J Cyanide in Soil, Applications to Haste Disposal Probleis., EPA-800/2-/1-020., 19/1.(c) Lindsay, Hillard l., Chenical Equilibria in Soils, John Wiley i Sons, Rev York, 19/9.

tou Noderate

Noderate tou

tou tou

ingest = ingestion; Jem - Jemal; inti: inhalationC = Carcinogen; R/T ; Reproductive leratogen; H : Hutagen; A1 : Acute Toxicity; Cl ; Chronic Toxicity; DAT : Dooestic Anieal Toxicity; El = Environnental Toxicity.

Abbreviations:

TABLE 5POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES

FOR THE REMEDIATION OF TANNERY WASTE-CONTAMINATED MEDIA

MID-AMERICA TANNING SITE SERGEANT BLUFF, IOWA

Soils, Sediments and Sludges: Stabilization/SolidificationVitrificationChemical Reduction/OxidationSoils WashingLandfarmingElectroacoustic Soil Decontamination

Surface Waters & Groundwater: Ion ExchangeElectrodialysis Reverse Osmosis Precipitation Chemical Reduction Evaporation/Land Spreading Freeze Technologies Ultrafiltration AlgaSORBConstructed Westlands

Figure 2. SITE PLANWRK ASSIGNMENT NOC07010

Mid-America Tanning Site

Sergeant Bluff, IowaJACOBS PROJECT NO. '

05-B908-00

JC JACOBS ENGINEERING GROUP INC.c—environmental systems division TES IVoaawnb* VIT owe2-21-89 figure no

2CHEWED B* wrE

■

APPENDIX A

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE

CITATIONS W/ABSTRACTS FROM NTIS DATABASE 1982-1989

Treatment at Tannery Wastes

1329368 P888-213541/XABSupplemental Development Document ter Effluent Limitation Guidelines and

Standards for the Leather Tanning and Finishing. Point Source Category (Final rept.)See also PB83-172593.NT 13 Prices: PC A06/MF A01 Gile, R. K.Environmental. Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Water

Regulations and Standards.Carp. Source Codes: 031237611 Report No.: EPA/440/1-S8/016-S Feb 3 105pLanguages: EngiisnNTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8S17 Country of Publication: United StatesERA amended 40 CFR Part 425 which limits effluent discharges to waters of

the U.S. and the introduction of pollutants into publicly owned treatment works (POTW) by existing and new sources engaged in leather tanning ana finishing. ERA agreed to oromuigate these amendments in a settlement agreement with the Tanners' Council of America, Inc. The agreement settles a dispute between the Council and ERA that was the subject of a petition for judicial review of the final leather tanning and finishing regulation promulgated by ERA on Novemoer 223, 1982 (47 FR 52848), The document describes the technical development of these amendments wnich induce: d) a new analytical method for the determination of the presence of sulfide in wastewater for use in the Hair Save or Pulp, Non-Chrome Tan, Retan-Wet Finish Subcategory; (2) ciarification of procedural requirements for RQTW to follow in determining whether sulfide pretreatment standards are applicable; (3) revisions to certain of the effluent limitations guidelines for 'best practicable control technology currently available' (BPT) and new source performance standards (NSPS5.

Descriptors: -^Leather; * Water pollution control; ^Guidelines; -Standards; ^Tanning materills; Sources; Technology: Cost analysis; Design criteria; Performance evaluation

Identifiers: *Water pollution abatement; Point sources; NTISEPAWF3 Section Headings: 680* (Environmental Pollution and Control—Water

'Pollution and Control)

1186537 PBS6-176542/XABField Investigation and Evaluation of Land Treating Tannery Sludges (Final rept. Aug SO-Aug 85)Sponsored by Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab., Ada, OK.NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01 Collar, R. M. : Kallenberger, W. E.Tanners' Council of America, Inc., New York.Corp. Source Codes: 070373000Sponsor: Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab,, Ada, OK.Report No.: EFA/600/2-86/033 Mar 86 123pLanguages: EngiisnNTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAIS612

JE390207.ABS

Country of Publication: United States Contract No,: EPA-6S-03-2976Land treatment of wastewater sludges -from tannery processes has been

investigated during a five-year field plot study. The experimental design included eight field test plots receiving selected applications of three types of tannery sludges over a three-year period. The five-year study included analyses of sludge, soil core, plant-tissue, and soil pore and runoff water samples to evaluate the feasibility of land treatment of tannery sludges. The data generated indicated that land treatment is potentially an environmentaliy acceptable technology for management of wastewater sludges from trivaient chromium tanneries; however, waste J application rates must be carefully controlled. The applied trivaient chromium appeared to remain primarily in the topsoil without any detectable oxidation to hexavalent chromium. Transport of trace quantities of chromium in soil runoff water appeared to be associated with movement of soil particles.

Descriptors: fSludge disposal; ^Leather; *Tanning materials; Field tests; Solid waste disposal: Sites: Farm crops: Soil analysis; Plants(Botany)

Identifiers: iLand disposal? NTISEPAORDSection Headings: 6F (Biological and Medical Sciences—Environmental

Biology); 63C (Environmental Pollution and Control—Solid Wastes Pollution and Control); 68A (Environmental Pollution and Control—Air Pollution anaControl); 57H (Medicine and Biology—Ecology)

1146102 PBS5-22323S/XABFeasibility Study, Mohawk Valley Leather Industry Chromium Removal and

Recovery from Industrial WastesSponsoreo by Wells Chemical Co., Inc., Johnstown, NY. Prepared in

cooperation with Jones and Beach Engineers, Inc., Stratham. NH.NTIS Prices; PC A03/MF AO!Mohawk Valley Economic Development District, Inc., NY.Corp. Source Codes: 083908000;Sponsor: Jones and Bea.cn Engineers, Inc., Strttham, NH.: Economic

Development Administration, Washington, DC.; Wells Chemical Co., Inc., Johnstown, NY.

Report No.: EDA-S5-029 Mar 85 41pLanguages; EnglishNTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAIS522 Country of Publication; United States Contract No.: EDA-01-06-02249The study was undertaken to ddetermine whether the individual tanners

would save money by recycling chromium, meeting the EPA sewer pretreatment chromium discharge limits without building expensive, end-of-the-pipe systems which will generate chrome-laden sludges. The purpose of. the study was to evaluate the feasibility of a cooperative venture between Weils Chemccai Company and their local tannery customers, in the recycling of chromium from exhaust liquors currently being discharged into theJonnstown-Sioversvilie sewer.

Descriptors: ^Tanning materials; ^Chromium; ^Materials recovery;^Industrial wastes; ^Leather; ^Sewers; ^Sludge disposal; Feasibility; Solid 'waste dispose.;; Economic analysis; Capitalized costs

Identifiers: ^Liquid waste disposal; SMetal recycling; :#Water pollutionabatement; Pretreatment(water); NTISC0MEDA

Section Headings; 1 IF (Materials—Metallurgy and Metallography); 1IG (Materials—Miscellaneous Materials): 68C (Environmental Pollution andControl—Solid wastes Pollution and Conrrol); 6SD (Environmental Pollution

JES90207.ABS

and Control—Water Pollution and Control); 7iN (MaterialsSciences—Nonferrous Metals and Alloys); 71M (MaterialsSciences—Mi seellaneous Materials)

1112565 PBS5-1512S0/XABTall Fescue Response and Soil Properties Following Soil Amendment with

Tannery Wastes (Journal article)Pub. in Agronomy Jnl., v76 p719-723 Sep/Qct 34.NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01Stramcerg, A. L. ; Hemphill, D. D. ; Volk, V. V. ; Wickliff, C.Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. Agricultural Experiment Station.Corp. Source Codes: 013388001Sponsor: Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR.Report No.: TP-7022; EP//600/J-S4/172 1934 7pLanguages: English Document Type: Journal article NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: SRAIS509 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: EF'A-63-03-3039Field plots were established in 1973 and 1979 on a Willamette si: in

western Oregon to evaluate the effects or chrome tannery wastes on tali rescue (Festuca arundinaesa) and soil properties. Three rates or waste material were applied each year; N, Ca, Mg, Cu, Cr, Mn, and Zn in soils and plants were analyzed to relate plant elemental concentrations ano yield to elemental application and availability. Soil and rescue Cu. Zn, and Mg concentrations varied only slightly with waste application in either year. Yields increased with waste treatment up to 3 years after application. With the exception or stand establishment problems, no detrimental effects of tannery waste on tall fescue were noted in 3 years of study.

Descriptors: ISoil properties; .tForage grasses: Tanning materials; Wastedisposal; oopper; Zinc; Magnesium; Concentration(Composition); Chromium; Waste treatment; pH; Yield; Damage; Weight(Mass); Reprints

Identifiers: fcFestuca arundinacea; Tall fescue grasses; Soil amendments;NTISEPAORD

Section Headings: 2D (Agriculture—Agronomy and Horticulture); 96D(Agriculture and Food—Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Path!logy); 63D (Environmental Pollution and Control—Water Pollution and Control)

1092946 PBS5-102473/XABTechno-Economic Study on Measures to Mitigrate the Environmental Impact

of the Leather Industry, Particularly in Developing CountriesPaper presented at Third Consultation on the Leather and Leather Products

Industry, Innsbruck, Austria, 16-20 April 1984.NTIS Prices: PC E0S/MF E01 Winters, D.United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria).Corp. Source Codes: 057433000Report No.: UNIDD-ID/WG.411/10; V-B4-8374322 Mar 84 163pLanguages: EnglishNTIS Prices: PC E03/MF E01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8501 Country of Fublicttion: OtherUNIDO pub on pollution control in leather industry, with special

reference to effluent treatment - covers (1) traditional tanning technology; industrial wastes and pollutants (2). improved environmental tannery processing; treatment of effluent: choice of technology; recycling;

JE390207. ABS

plant and equipment; specifications, ■ prices; suppliers. Statistics, diagrams, glossary, bibliography. Additional references: water supply and conservation, water pollution, waste disposal, economic aspects, costs, pumps, filters, and lime.

Descriptors: ^Environmental impacts; ^Economic impact; ^Leather:* Industrial wastes; Water pollution; Waste disposal; Tnnning materials

Identifiers; ^Foreign technology; Waste recycling; Developing country application; NTISUNIDO

Section Headings: 50 (Behavioral and Social Sciences—Economics); 6SC(Environmental Pollution and Control—Solid Wastes Pollution and Control);68D (Environmental Pollution and Control—Water Pollution and Control); 96A (Business and Economics—Domestic Commerce, Marketing, and Economics)

10S4648 PB84-S76804Tanning Processes and Waste Treatment. June, 1970-Septemcer, 198^

(Citations from the NTIS Data Base)(Reot. for Jun 70-Sep 84)Supersedes FB83-850206.NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01National Tecnnical Information Service, Springfiedd, VA.Core. Source Cories: 055665000 Oct 34 89pLanguages: Englisn Document'Type: BibliographyNTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01 Journal Announcement: SPAIS424Country of Publication: United StatesThis bibliography contains citations concerning the processes for the

tanning of leather. The development of tanning techniques and tseatment of tanning process 'wastes are discussed, and the economic impacts of pollution control are also considered. (This updated bibliography contains 97 citations, 10 of which are new entries to the previous edition.)

Descriptors: .^Bibliographies; STanning materials; ^Leather;^Environmental surveys; Economic impact

Idettitiers: NTISNTISN; NTISNERACDSe colon Headings: 163 (Nuclear Science and Technology—Radioactive Wastes

and Fission Products!; 7iM* (Materials Sciences—Miscellaneous Materials);68GE# (Environmental Pollution and Control—General)

1071444 PBS4-871060Tanning Processes and Waste Management. 1970-July, 1984 (Citations fromthe c.

naineering Index Data Base)(Rept. for 1970-Qct 32)Supersedes PBS3-S50214.NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.Corp. Source Codes: 055665000 Jul 34 119pLanguages: English Document Type: BibliographyNTIS Prices: PC NO1/IMF N01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8419Country ff Publication: United StatesThis bibliography contains citations concerning chrome and cnrome-free

tanning processes. The management and treatment of wastes from tanning processes and tne recovery and recycling of chrome from tannery wastes are ■also considered. (This updates bibliography contains 175 citations, 39 of which are new entries to the previous edition.)

Descriptors: ^Bibliographies; Planning materials; *Leather; ^Materialsrecovery: Waste treatment

Identifiers; ISolid wastes: #toaste management; #Waste recycling;

JES90207.ABS 4

NTISNTISI; NTISNERACDSection Headings: 115 (Materials—Miscellaneous Materials); 71M

(Materials Sciences—Miscellaneous Mtterials); 68C (Environmental Pollution and Control—Solid Wastes Pollution and Control)

1011869 PB83-251025Trivaient Chromium: A Recyclable Raw Material in the Leather Inaustry; a

Questionable Genotoxic Substance MTIS Prices: PC E04/MF EDI Langerwerf, J. S. A.Instituut voor Leder en Schoenen TNO, Waaiwijk (Netherlands).Corp. Source Codes: 078923000 Report No.: P-82/11 cl982 26pLanguages: EnglishNTIS Prices: PC E04/MF E01 Journal Announcement: SRAIS325 Country at Publication: NetherlandsAn outline is given at the environmental asoects at the application at

chromium in the leather industry. Technicues to precipitate cnrcmium and several other metals and those to extract chromium Prom sludges and other leather wastes, are' described. With these techniques an almost complete recycling of chromium is made possible in principle. Any tanning agent must be considered suspect -From a toxicological point of view. More thorough toxicological research on water soluble derivates of chromium and on other tanning materials is necessary before techniques to really minimize environmental risks can be developed.

Descriptors: ^Chromium; . ^Leather; *Solid waste disposal; Planningmaterials; *Water pollution control; Industrial wastes; Sludge disposal; Separation: Design criteria; Performance evaluation; F'reiipitation(Chemistr y); Extraction; Chemical equilibrium; Ion exchanging

Identifiers: ^Foreign tecnnology; *Wasta recycling; *7oxic substances;NTI57FNPD

Section Headings: 7D (Chemistry—Physical Chemistry); 68D (Environmental Pollution and Control—Water Pollution and Control); 6SC (Environmental Pollution and Control—Solid Wastes Pollution and Control); .99F (Chemistry—Physical and Theoretical Chemistry)

1001015 PBS3-241299Land Treatment Field Studies. Volume 3. Leather Tannery Sludges (Final rept. Seo 77-Feb SI)See also Volume 2, PB83-241231, and Volume 4, PBS3-241307.Also available in set of 6 reports F‘C E99, PBS3-241265.NTIS Pricss: PC A03/MF A01Berkowitz, Joan B. ; Bysshe, Sara E. ; Goocwin, Bruce E. ; Harris, Judith

C. ; Land, David B.Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, MA.Corp. Source Codes: 016223000Sponsor: Municipal Environmental Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH.Report No.: S1136-VQL-3; EPA-600/2-83-057C Jul S3 48p Languages: EnglishNTIS Pricss: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8322 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: EPA-68-G3-2602This report presents the results of field measurements and observations

of a land treatment site which incorporates sludge generated from air pollution control scrubbers of a leather tannery operation. The waste

JE390207.ABS

ccontains a nigh concentration of nitrogen, and has other soi1-amend:ng qualities so that for the past 20 years, the site nas received tannery wastes to improve growth of crons. These include corn, wheat, and hay. The waste also contains high concentrations of sodium, chromium ana organic species. The site was sampled once and obseraations were made on the type and amount of waste handled, site characteristics, and managementprocedures for waste application and monitoring. Organic and inorganic analyses were concocted on the waste and soil/waste mixture; inorganic analysis was performed on plant samples.

Descriptors: *Sludge disposal; ^Leather; ^Tannin materials; Field tests; Solid waste disposal; Sites; Air pollution control; Scrubbers; Farm crops; Sampling; Chemical analysis; Inorganic compounds; Organic compounds; Soil anal ysis; PI antsiBotany)

Identifiers: Stand disposal; SIC 3111; Land management; NTISEPACRDSection Headings: 6F (Biological and Medical Sciences—Environmental

Biology); 66C (Environmental Pollution and Control—Solid Wastes Pollution and Control); 68A (Environmental Pollution and Control—Air Pollution andControl); 57H (Medicine and Biology—Ecology)

0981748 AD-P000 790/STannery Effluent: A Challenge Met by Anaerobic Fixed Film TreatmentThis article is from Proceedings: International Conference on Fixed-Film

Bioloci cal Processes (1st) Held at Kings Island, Ohio on 20-23 Apri1 19S2. Volume III, AD-A126 37S.

NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01Friedman, A. A. ; Kowalski, D. P. ; Bailey, D. G.Syracuse Univ,, NY. Dept, of Civil Engineering.Coro. Source Cooes: 013939006; 3397101932 l?pLanguages: EnglishNTIS Priees: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: SRAI8316Country of Publication: United StatesStudies have shown that pretreated tannery beam-house waste waters can be

treated with an anaerobic process to routinely remove more than 60 percent of the applied TCCD with hydraulic detention times less than one day and loadings on the order of 2.25 Kg TCOD/cu m 3 -day, The lack of noticeable production of volatile fatty acids and pH depression acoross the columns for these loading conditions suggests that the rate limiting step for this anaerobic process is the degradation of proteins into peptides and amino acids. The anaerobic system proved to be remarkably insensitive to aariations in feed type, loading conditions, shut down periods and the introduction of air into the system. The massive accumulation of solids within the reactors suggests the employment of larger support media than that used in this study and that a down flow mode of operation be used for systems where reaction conditions may result in precipitate formation in order to minimise the potential for plugging and solids accumulation. Gas collection systems for methane recovery will have to include provision for sulfide scrubbing.

Descriptors: IWaste water; iWaste treatment; IWater treatment; *Tanning;Anaerobic processes; Films; Filters; Oxygen consumption; Proteins; Biodetsrioration; Degradation

Identifiers: Component reports; Fixed film biological process; Tanneries; NTISD0DXA

Section Headings: 13B (Mechanical, Industrial, Civil, and MarineEngineerino—Civil Engineering); 63D (Environmental Pollution andControl—Water Pollution and Control)

JEB90207.ABS

0981733 AD-POOO 775/7Biofiltration of Tannery WastewaterThis article is -from ’Proceedings: International Conference on Fixed-Film

Biological Processes (1st) Held at Kings Island, Ohio on 20-23 Aoril 1932. Volume II.’ AD-A126 377.

NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01Hamza, Ahmed A. ; El-Sharkawi, Fahmy M. ; Ycunis, Mchamed A.Alexandria Liniv. (Egypt). Dept, of Environmental Health.Corp. Source Codes: 001255010; 413550 1982 20pLanguages: EnglishNTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8316 Country of PudIication: EgyptA centralized treatment system is proposed for the NIC tanneries. The T*T

treatment tram encompasses precoagulaticns. biofiltraticn and post-filtration. Among the treatment alternatives, biofiltration is tne most adequate due to lower operating costs, suitability for intermittent flow, versatility and relative ease of operation, The proposed treatment tram complies with the limitations for emission into the sea (except for NH3). Reduction of the toxicity of the treated effluentccan be achieved by ammonia stripping or by dilution when mixed with seswsosr. Segregation on ncn-polluted effluents, originated in clean water pools, from polluted wastes is sxoected to reduce treatment costs, Government subsidization of the centralized treatment facility is necessary to encourage NIC tanneries to institute the proposed treatment system.

Descriptors: tWaste water; IWaste treatment; ^Filtration;iwastss(Industrial); Filters; Costs; Toxicity; Effluents; Tanning

Identifiers: Biofilters; Tanneries; Component reports; NTISDGDXA Section Headings: 133 (Mechanical, Industrial, Civil, and Narine

Engineering—Civil Engineering); 63D (Envioonmental Pollution anoControl—Water Pollution and Control)

0980615 AD-A126 378/9Proceedings: International Conference on Fixed-Film Biological Processes

(1st) Held at Kings Island, Ohio on 20-23 April 1982. Volume III For sales information of individual items See AD-P000 7S3 - AD-P000 806.

See also volume 1, AD-A126 776.NTIS Prices: PC A99/MF A01Wu, Yeun C. : Smith, Ed D. ; Miller, Roy D. ; Gpatken, Edward J.Pittsburgh Univ.. PA. Dept, of Civil Engineering.Corp, Source Codes: 005269011; 413504 1982 62IpLanguages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding NTIS Prices: PC A99/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI3316 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: DACWS8-S1-R-005 No abstract available.Descriptors: -tSymposia; *Wasts water; ^International; #Waste treatment;

*Water treatment; ^Sewage treatment; Facilities; Filters; Towers; Films; Alcohols; Production; Anaerobic processes; Tanning; Plastics; Filtration; Media; Recovery; Fluidized bed processes

Identifiers: Compilation reports; Fixed film bioloical process; Rotatingbiological contactors; Biofilms; Trickling filters; Treatment plants; Biological towers; Tanneries; NTISDGDXA

Section Headings: 13B (Mechanical, Industrial, Civil, and NarineEngineering—Civil Engineering); 6SD (Environmental Pollution andControl—Water Pollution and Control)

JES90207.ABS /

940040 PBS3-850214Tanning Processes and Waste Management. 1970-Qctoder, i9S2 (Citations

from the Engineering Index Data Base)(Eeot, -for 1970-0ct S2)Supersedes PBSC—856164.NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF NOiNational Technical In-formation Service, Springfield, VA.Core. Source Codes: 055665000 Oct 82 134pLanguages: English Document Type: BibliographyNTIS Prices: PC N01/MF NOI Journal Announcement: GRAI8301Country of Publication: United StatesThis bibliotraphy contains citations concerning chrome and chrGme-free

tanning processes. The management and treatment of wastes from tanning processes and the recovery and recycling of chrome from tannery wastes are also considered. (This updated bibliography contains 136 citations, 41 of which are new entries to the previous edition.)

Descriptors: ^Bibliographies; Tanning materials: ^Leather; *Wsststreatment

Identifiers: ^Tanning; NTI3NTISI; NTISNERACDSection Headings: 11G (Materials—Miscellaneous Materials): 71M-*

(Materials Sciences—Miscellaneous Materials); 68GE (EnvironmentalPollution and Control—General)

940039 PB83-850206Tanning Processes and Waste Management. June, 1970-Qctober, 19S2

(Citations from the NTIS Data Base)(Rept. for Jun 70-Gct 82)Supersedes PESO-356172.NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF NOiNational Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.Corp. Source Codes: 055665000 Qct' 32 120pLanguages: English Document Type: BibliographyNTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01 Journal Announcement: 5RAI8301Country of Publication: United StatesThis bibliography contains citations concerning the processes for the

tanning of leather. The development of tanning techniques and treatment of tanning process wastes are discussed, and the economic impacts of pollution control are also considered. (This updated bibliography contains 87 citations, 23 of which are new entries to the previous edition.)

Descriptors: * Bib1iograpnies; Tanning materials; ^Leather; #Wastetreatment

Identifiers: JTanning; NTISNTISN; NTISNERACDSection Headings: 11G (Materials—Miscellaneous Materials); 71M-*

(Materials Sciences—Miscellaneous Materials); 63GE (EnvironmentalPollution and Control—General)

932967 PB82-B73563Tannery Wastes. 1977-August, 1982 (Citations from the Selected Water

Resources Abstracts Data Base)(Rent, for 1977-Au.g 32)Prepared in cooperation with Office of Water Research and Technology,

Washington, DC.NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.Corp. Source Codes: 055665000

JE390207.ABS

Aug B2 115pLanguages: English Document Type: BibliographyNTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01 Journal Announcement: GRAIS224Country or Publication: United StatesThis bibliography contains citations concerning the effects and treatment

of waste water from tannery operations. Treatment consists of cnemical treatment, land treatment, biological treatment, and mechanical treatment. Often these are combined as in the case of mechanical aerating and metals separation combined with biological treatment of the sludge. Some citations specify changes in tannery beamhouse operations to reduce the quantity ofwaste water that must eventually be treated. (Contains 7S citations fully indexed and including a title list.)

Descriptors: ^Bibliographies; ^Tanning materials; *Water pollutioncontrol; Waste water; Industrial waste treatment

Identifiers: Chemical treatment; Biological industrial waste treatment;Land disposal; Physical treatment; NTISNTISB; NTISNERACD

Section Headings: 13B (Mechanical, Industrial, Civil, and MarineEngineering—Civil Engineering); 68D* (Environmental Pollution andControl—Water Pollution and Control)

Powdered Activated Carbon Ef f1uents

(Final rept. Up i

Adsorption

SI)

Isotherms for Selected

NilS Prices: PC A07/MF A01J. ; LaCcnde, K. V.

SCS Engineers, Inc., Long Beach, CA.Ccrp, Source Codes: 058587000Sponsor: Industrial Environmental Research Lab.-Cincinnati, OH.Report No.: EFA-&00/2-82-065 Apr 82 I27p Languages: EnglishNTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAIS221 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: EPA-6S-03-2578; EPA-68-03-3028Two raw untreated tanning effluents were initially tested for the removal

of COD, BOD, TOC, total and specific phenols, oil and grease, and total chromium, using the following six individual powdered activated carbons (PAC): ICI-HDC, ICI-HDH, Nuchar SA-15, Amoco PX-21, Norit FQA, and Westates W0-341. The first three carbons were subsequently tested for the above parameters on eignt aGditional effluents, representing a total of six tanning subcategories. The carbon dose range investigated was 0.3 to 10 g/1. Final comparisons between the carbons were performed in terms of their removal efficiencies and ultimate capacities, using FreUndlich adsorption isotherms.

Descriptors: ^Activated carbon treatment; ^Tanning materials; iIsotherms; *Water pollution control; Adsorption; Leather; Comparison; Phenols; Chromium; Biochemical oxygen demand; Chromium; Industrial waste treatment

Identifiers: Best technology; Chemical oxygen demand; NTISEPA0RD Section Headings: 13B (Mechanical, Industrial, Civil, and Marine

Engineering—Civil Engineering); 6SD (Environmental Pollution andControl—Water Pollution and Control)

7.ABS

900005 PBS2-173311Field Evaluation on Land Treatment of Tannery SludgesSponsored in part by Municipal Environmental Research Lab., Cincinnati,

I OH.Included in Land Disposal of Hazardous Waste, p447-433 1982.NTIS Prices: (Order as PB82-173022, PC A24/MF A01)

[ Ho, Lam V . ; Phung, Hang-Tan ; Ross, David E.SCS Engineers, Inc., Long Beach, CA.Corn. Source Codes: 058587000Sponsor: Municipal Environmental Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH.

1 Mar 82 17pLanguages: EnglishNTIS Prices: (Order as PB82-173022, PC A24/MF A01)

Journal Announcement: GRAI3212Country of Publication: United States No abstract available.Identifiers: NTISEPA0RDSection Headings: 13B (Mechanical, Industrial, Civil, and Marins

Engineering—Civil Engineering); 68C (Environmental Pollution and Control—Solid Wastes Pollution and Control); 91A (Urban and Regional Technolog and Development—Environmental Management and Planning): 43F(Problem Sol vino Information for State and Local Governments—Environment)

I\ 07febS9 10:41:25 Userl05941 Session A523.2

$6.40 0.079 Hrs FiledI $10.20 17 Tyoe(s) in Format 5j $10.20 17 Types

$16.60 Estimated cost Filed $0.37 Tymnet

i $17.47 Estimated cost this search' $18.00 Estimated total session cost 0.092 Hrs.

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iJE8V0207.ABS 10

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CITATIONS W/ABSTRACTS FROM CQMREnDEX 1982-1989

Treatment of Tannery Wastes

02583692 Monthly No: El8806054465LARGE SCALE CHROME RECOVERY FROM CHROME WASH LIQUORS.Boast, D. A.Rhodes Umv, Grahamstown S AfrSource: Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association v S3 n 1 Jan

1988 p 17-23Publication Year: 1988 CODEN: JALCAQ ISSN: 0002-9726 Language: EnglishDocument Type: JA; (Journal Article) Treatment: X; (Experimental) Journal Announcement: 8806A direct liquor chrome recycling system has been successfully ooeratinq

at a South African wet blue tannery for approximately 4 years. For this period, excess chrome liquors (chrome wash liquors, sammying liquors and excess chrome recycle liquors) were discharged into the effluent treatment plant. This paper describes the incorporation of a cl ant for chrome recovery from these liquors by precipitation, settling out of the chrome sludge, and subsequent re-solubilization of the chrome in the sludge by acidification. Approximate net savings, excluding labor and electrical costs, amounted to R206 per day or batch of 1000 hides processed to the wet blue. This amounts to an annual savings of R51,700. At 251 working days per annum (R100 equals 49. 10 U. 3. ), (Edited author abstract) 1 ref.

Descriptors: ^LEATHER—*Tanning; WASTEWATER—Treatment Identifiers: TREATMENT COSTS; PRECIPITATIONClassification Codes: 314 (Leather ?< Tanning); 453 (Water Pollution);

452 (Sewage & Industrial Wastes Treatment); 911 (Industrial Economics)81 (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION & SANITARY ENGINEERING!

; 91 (ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT)

02294125 Monthly No: El8707075097

TANNERIES: A SHORT SURVEY CF THE METHODS APPLIED FOR WASTEWATERTREATMENT.

Tsotsos, D.Ministry of Physical Planning, Athens, GreeceSource; Water Science and Technology v IS n 9 19S6, Pollut of the

Mediterr Sea, Proc of an IAWPRC Int Req Conf, Sol it, Yugosi, Oct 2-5 1985 o 69-76

Publication Year: 1936C0DEN: WSTED4 ISSN: 0273-1223 ISBN: 0-08-035578-1 Language: ENGLISHDocument Type: JA; (Journal Article) Treatment: 6; (General Review) Journal Announcement: 3707A short description of the tannery production process is given,

mentioning the main points related to an effluent discharge. Qualitative and quantitative data are presented and several methods used for wastewater treatment are also reviewed. It is stated that biological systems (activated sludge) cannot be operated in the same way as for municipal effluents, since the main pollutants (Cr-salts, sulfides) negatively affect the action of microorganisms. Therefore, a pretreatment step is required prior to the effluent discharge into a municipal treatment plant. Another problem is the treatment and disposal of the precipitated sludge. Several

JE890207. ABS

already applied methods trying to eliminate the prcolem are discussed. (Edited author abstract) 8 refs.

Descriptors: ^TANNING—^Wastes: WASTEWATER—Biological Treatment; SEWAGETREATMENT—Sludge Disposal

Identifiers: TANNERIESClassification Codes: 814 (Leather ?•< Tanning); 452 (Sewage & Industrial

Wastes Treatment)81 (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION & SANITARY ENGINEERING)

02182902 Monthly No: EI8703030630THEREOFIX THERMAL FIXATION AND VOLUME REDUCTION OF TRIVALENT

CHROMIUM-CONTAINING WASTES AND SLUDGES.Jones. Bradford h.: Alexander, Richard L.Jones ?■: Beach Engineers, Stratham, NH, USASource: Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association v Si n 10

Publication Year: 1?S6 CODEN; JALCAQ ISSN: 0002-9726 Language: ENGLISHDocument Type: JA; (Journal Article) Treatment: X; (Experimental) Journal Announcement: S703

stabilizing heavy metals and reducing the volume of contaminated wastes. Thermofix may be the answer for handling chromium-laden residuals from the leather manufacturing processes as well as other metal-lacen sludges and wastes from municipal ana industrial wastewater treatment plants.

Descriptors: *TANNING—*Waste Disposal: WASTEWATER—Chemicals Removal; • CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS—Removal

Identifiers: THERMOFIX: THERMAL FIXATION; TRIVALENT CHROMIUM Ciassification Codes: S14 (Leather & Tanning); 452 (Sewage & Industrial

Wastes Treatment); 453 (Water Pollution)81 (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION & SANITARY ENGINEERING)

01987385 Monthly No: EI8607065821 E.I. Yearly No: EI86119607 CHROMIUM MIGRATION THROUGH SLUDGE-TREATED SOILS.Dreiss, Shirley J.Univ of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USASource: Ground Water v 24 n 3 May-Jun 1986 p 312-321Publication Year: 1986CODEN: 6RWAAF ISSN: 0017-467XLanguage: ENGLISHDocument Type: JA; (Journal Article) Treatment: X; (Experimental)Journal Announcement: 8607The Environmental Protection Agency and the Tanner’s Council of America

jointly initiated a five year project in September 1980 to investigate the^^J feasibility of using land treatment to dispose of chromium tanning sludges. These sludges contain high concentraticns of Cr, in the range of 21,000 to55,000 ppm on a dry weight basis. Chromium could migrate in soil waters at a land treatment site as either a soluble Cr(VI) species, HCrO//4)K* MINUS or Cr0//4**2** MINUS , or as Cr(III) or Cr(IV) in soluble complexes with organic cr incrgnic substances. Field measurements of Cr fluxes at an experimental test site near Santa Cruz, California, indicate that Cr in tannery sludges exhibits a very low mobility. Less than 0. 17. of the total Cr applied to a test plot was transported through the upper soil zone during a three-month period. However, the sludge applications introduced high concentrations of nitrates and major cations. Estimates of contaminant fluxes based on measured concentrations in soil water collected with porous

Oct 1986 p 322-330

The Thermofix / process is described as a major breaktnrougn for

JES90207.ABS

cup samplers contain large uncertainties. In addition to pttential errors in moisture -flu:-: computations, chemical reactions in the cups cansignificantly alter the composition of soil-water samples. (Author abstract) 29 refs.

Descriptors: J T ANN ING—IMat er i al s; INDUSTRIAL WASTES—Chemical s; CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS; WATER POLLUTION—Underground; SOIL POLLUTION: WASTE DISPOSAL

Identifiers: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; TANNER"’ 3 COUNCIL Or AMERICA Classification Codes: 814 (Leather & Tanning); 453 (Water Pollution);

804 (Chemical Products); 483 (Soil Mechanics & Foundations); 452 (Sewage & Industrial Wastes Treatment)

81 (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION & SANITARY ENGINEERING) ; SO (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING); 48 (ENGINEERING GEOLOGY)

019S67S6 Monthly No: EI8607065822 E.I. Yearly No: EI86119612 LAND TREATMENT OF TANNERY WASTES.Martin, Joseph P.; Parkin, Gene F.Drexei Umv, Philadelphia, PA, USASource: Journal of the American Leather Chemises Association v 31 n 5 May

1936 p 149-173 Publication Year: 1986 CODEN: AALCAQ ISSN: 0002-9726 Language: ENGLISHDocument Type: JA; (Journal Article) Treatment: G; (General Review) Journal Announcement: 8607This paper discusses land treatment as an alternative method to treat

wastewaters and sludges from leather manufacturing. Concepts from environmental, civil and agricultural engineering are presented in three parts. The first oart is a general description of principles, terminology, operating systems and applicability to tanneries. Following sections are more technical, covering stabilization mechanisms in soil, and hydraulic and other process controls to promote efficiency and environmental safety. A conceptual modi 1 of waste and liquid movement in soil is developed in order that process design can be done as in conventional waste treatment plants. (Edited author abstract) 45 refs.

Descriptors: *TANNINS—*Wastes; WASTEWATER—Treatment; WASTE DISPOSAL— Mathematical Models; SOIL POLLUTION—Control

Identifiers: TANNERY; LAND TREATMENTClassification Codes: 814 (Leather & Tanning); 452 (Sewage 5- Industrial

Wastes Treatment); 453 (Water Pollution); 454 (Environmental Engineering); 921 (Applied Mathematics); 4S3 (Soil Mechanics & Foundations)

81 (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION & SANITARY ENGINEERING) ; 92 (ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS); 48 (ENGINEERING GEOLOGY)

TREATMENT OF TANNERY WASTE WATERS BY STABILISATION POND METHOD.Govindan, V, S.Anna Univ, Cent for Environmental Studies, Madras, IndiaSource: Indian Journal of Environmental Health v 27 n 1 Jan 1985 p 58-66PutlicatiGn Year: 1985CODEN: IJEHBP ISSN: 0367-827XLanguage: ENGLISHDocument Type: JA; (Journal Article) Treatment: A; (Applications); X;

(Experimental)Journal Announcement: 8512The possibility of treating tannery waste waters in admixture with

domestic sewage in waste stabilisation pond using acclimatized algal cultures was studiec. The results clearly indicate that the tannery waste

01836533 Monthly No: EI8512126323 E.I. Yearly No: EI35122268

JES90207.ABS

water in admixture witn sewage is amenable to waste stab:1isatoon pond method of treatment. The percentage BOD and COD reduction ranged -from 64 to 93 and 60 to 89, respectively. The algal counts in waste water-sewage mixtures varied -from 38 X 10**4 to 176 X 10**4/ml. Chiamycomonas ehrenbergi:, Chiorella pyrenoidosa. Scenecesmus bijugatus, Euciena acus anc microcystis aeruginosa grew well inttannery waste water—sewage mixtures. (Author abstract) 14 rets.

Descriptors: *WASTEWATER—*Stabi1ization Ponds; TANNING—Wastes: SEWASE TREAiMfcNT—Stabi1ization Ponds

Identifiers: TANNERIES; ACCLIMATIZED ALGAL CULTURESClassification Codes: 453 (Water Pollution); 452 (Sewage & Industrial

Wastes Treatment); 814 (Leather & Tanning)55 (POLLUTION & SANITARY ENGINEERING);*Sl (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES)

11336538/5

01750126 Monthly No: EIS504032954 E.I. Yearly No: El85122484 TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER FROM THE LEATHER INDUSTRY.Ccooer, D. R.; Shuttlewcrth, S. G.; Slaboert, N. P.Leather Industries Research Inst, Grahamstown, S AfrSource: Wtter Pollution Control (Maidstone, England! v 83 n 4 1984. Inst

of Water Foiiut Control, South Afr Branch, Biann Conf, East London. S Afr, May 16-18 19S3 p 450-454

Publication Year: 1984CSDEN: WPGCAH ISSN: 0043-129X ISBN; 0-87262-424-2 Language; ENGLISHDocument Type: JA; (Journal Article) Treatment: A; (Applications) Journal Announcement: 3504The paper first discusses various factors that forced significant changes

in the tanning industry, including environmental protection, water costs, and wastewater treatment costs, among others. This has led to a new era of tannery waste-water and solids disposal anc management, and the development ct more advanced scientific add technical methods for handling both solid and liquid effluent, which is the subject of this paper. Subjects covered include research studies that investigated three stages in tannery wastewater management, treatment modules, treatment system experimental results, and others.

Descriptors: *WASTEWATER—^Treatment; TANNING—Waste Dsspcsai; INDUSTRIAL WASTES—Treatment

Identifiers: SOLIDS DISPOSAL; EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES; WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ; EFFLUENT SYSTEMS

Classification Codes: 453 (Water Pollution); 452 (Sewage Z>. IndustrialWastes Treatment); 314 (Leather & Tanning)

45 (POLLUTION & SANITARY ENGINEERING); SI (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES)

07726435 Monthly No: EI8501007796 E.I. Yearly No: EIS5115956DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLIFIED FLOTATION SYSTEM FOR THE TREATMENT OF TANNERY

WASTES.Roets, SarelSilverton Tannery Ltd, Silflo Systems Div, Silverton, S Afr Source: Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association v 79 n 7 Jul

1984, Minisymo on Effluent, Hershey, PA, USA, Jun221 19S3 p 297-311 Publication Year: 1984C0DEN: JALCAG ISSN: 0002-9726 ISBN: 0-89883-800-2 Language: ENGLISHDocument Type: JA; (Journal Article) Treatment: A; (Applications); X;

(Experimental)Journal Announcement: S501

JES90207.ABS

A simplified method for the full scale physical cnemical treatment of tannery waste waters was developed after research on bench and pilot scale studies showed promising results. The method comorises the coagulation and flocculation of pollutants in balanced and aerated tannery waste waters and subsequent flotation utilizing the lower surface tension of the cleared effluent to generate foam with specific properties to float the particles to tee surface of a flotation tank. The formation of an aerobic and easily dewaterable sludge with a hydrophobic character and the high efficiency of the process in the removal of pollutants is the major feature of the system. 2 refs.

Descriptors: * TANNING—^Wastes; WASTEWATER—Treatment; FLOTATION—Apolications; INDUSTRIAL WASTES—Flocculation: FOAMS: LIQUIDS— Surface Tension

Identifiers: TANNERY WASTEWATERS; COAGULATION; AERATION; AEROBIC SLUDGE;POLLUTANTS REMOVAL

Classification Codes: 314 (Leather it Tanning); 453 (Water Pollution);452 (Sewage it Industrial Wastes Treatment): 802 (Chemical Apparatus it Plants); 304 (Chemical Products); 931 (Applied Physiss)

81 (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION it SANITARY ENGINEERING); SO (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING); 93 (ENGINEERING PHYSICS)

01726434 Monthly No: EI8501007795 E.I. Yearly No: EI85115955RELATIONSHIP OF EFFLUENT SUSPENDED SOLIDS VALUES AND CHROMIUM CONTENT . IN

ACTIVATED SLUDGE SECONDARY EFFLUENTS.Wright. Stephen L.Peck Lab Inc, Aruncel, ME, USASource: Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association v 79 n 7 Jul

1984, Minisymo on Effluent, Hersney, PA, USA, Jun 2i 1983 p 291-296 Publication Year: 1984CODEN; JAlCAG ISSN: 0002-9726 ISBN: 0-89883-800-2 Language; ENGLISHDocument Type: JA; (Journal Article) Treatment: X; (Experimental); A;

(Applications)Journal Announcement: 8501Final effluent suspended solids values are correlated against effluent

total chromium values for three treatment plants serving the leather tanning industry. Data are evaluated using standard linear regression analysis, and coefficients of correlation of 0. 84, 0. 87, and 0. 97 show a high degree of correlation. Increasingly stringent effluent chromium limitations being imposed by state and federal regulatory agencies will require additional suspended solids removal.

Descriptors: ^TANNING—*Wastes; WASTEWATER—Treatment: MATHEMATICALTECHNIQUES—Correlation Methods; CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS—Precipitation; WATER POLLUTION—Control

Identifiers: ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT; SECONDARY EFFLUENTS; SUSPENDEDSOLIDS; LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS; EFFLUENT CHROMIUM LIMITATIONS

Classification Codes: 814 (Leather it Tanning); 453 (Water Pollution);452 (Sewage 2< Industrial Wastes Treatment); 92i (Applied Mathematics); 304 (Chemical Proflucts); 802 (Chemical Apparatus & Plants)

SI (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION & SANITARY ENGINEERING); 92 (ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS); SO (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING)

01703581 Monthly No: EIM8412-094179WASTE WATERS IN THE LEATHER TANNING PROCESS FROM WET-BLUE STATE, THEIR

CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT METHODS.Perkowska M.; Gorecki, B.Technical Univ of Lodz, Leather Research Inst, Lodz, Pol

JES90207.ABS

Conference Title: Proceedings - 7th Congress on Leather Industry. (Volume la: Leathers, Furs.)

Conference Location: Budapest, Hung Conference Bate: 1982 Get 4-10 Sponsor: Bor-, Cioo-, es Bor-f el dol gozci pari Tudomanycs Egyesulet,

Budapest, HungE.I. Conference No.: 04SS1Source: Pub! by OhIKK-Tec'nnoireform, Budapest, Hung p 313-315 Publication Year: 1982 Language: EnglishDocument Type: PA; (Conference Paper)Journal Announcement: 8412 Descriptors: ^TANNING—^WastesIdentifiers: TANNERY WASTEWATER; WASTEWATER TREATMENT; WATER CONSUMPTION;

WET-BLUE LEATHERS; CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT? COAGULATION

Classification Codes: 814 (Leather & Tanning): 453 (Water Pollution);452 (Sewage St Industrial Wastes Treatment)

81 (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION St SANITARY ENGINEERING)

01703561 Monthly No: EIM8412-094159Aluminum Silicate Sorbents as Materials Enhancing the Extraction of

Chromium from Tanning Liquors.ALKALISCHE ALUMINIUMSILIKATE ALS HILFSMITTEL, DIE CHROMSALZAUSZEHRUNG AUS

DEN GERBFLQTTEN VERBE3SERN.Grzegorzewska, U.; Stsniewski, J.Research Inst for the Leather Industry, Lodz, PolConference Title; Proceedings - 7th Congress on the Leather Industry,

Volume la: Leathers, Furs.)Conference Location: Budapest, Hung Conference Date: 1982 Oct 4-10 Sponsor: Bor-, Cipo-, es Borfeldclgozoipari Tudomanycs Egyesulet.

Budapest, HungE.I. Conference No.: 04881Source: Publ by OMIKK-Technoinform, Budapest, Hung p 149-157 Publication Year; 1982 Language: GermanDocument Type: PA; (Conference Paper)Journal Announcement: 84l2 Descriptors: YTANNING—^WastesIdentifiers: CHROME TANNING; ALKALINE ALUMINUM SILICATES; SORBENTS:

TANNING LIQUOR TREATMENT; CHROMIUM SALTS EXTRACTION; ALUMINUM SILICATE ZEOLITES; SYNTHETIC ZEOLITES; ION EXCHANGE

Classification Codes: 814 (Leather 2< Tanning); 453 (Water Poliutoon);452 (Sewage ?< Industrial Wastes Treatment); 802 (Chemical Apparatus St Plants); 804 (Chemical Products)

SI (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION & SANITARY ENGINEERING) ; 30 (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING)

01668138 Monthly No: EIM8407-055825 ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF TANNERY WASTE.Bailey, David 5.; Tunick, Michael H.; Friedman, Alexander A.; Rest,

George B.USDA, Eastern Regional Research Cent, Philadelphia. Pa, USA Conference Title: Proceedings of the 38tn Industrial Waste Conference. Conference Location: West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Conference Date: 1983

May 10-12Sponsor: Purdue Univ, Sch of Civil Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana.

usa'

iJE890207. AB3

Source: Proceedings ot the Industrial Waste Conference 38th. Pubi byButterwortn Pubi, Boston, Mass, USA and London, Engl p 673-682

Publication Year: 1984CODEN: FIWCAX ISSN: 0073-7682 ISBN: 0-250-40639-X Language: EnglishDocument Type: PA; (Conference Paper)Journal Announcement: S407 Descriptors: ^TANNING—^WastesIdentifiers: SLOWLY BIODEGRADABLE PROTEINS; SULFIDE LEVELS; HYDROGEN ION

CONCENTRATION VALUE EXTREMES; HIGH-STRENGTH ORGANICS; OBJECTIONABLE CONSTITUENTS; UNTREATED EFFLUENT DISCHARGE; PUBLICLY OWNED TREATMENT WORKS; ENERGY/SPACE INTENSIVE AEROBIC PROCESSES; STRINGENT DISCHARGE STANDARDS; AEROBIC POLICHING; SULFIDE REMOVAL■Classification Codes: 814 (Leather & Tanning); 452 (Sewage & Industrial

Wastes Treatment); 453 (Water Pollution)31 (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION & SANITARY ENGINEERING)

01627644 Monthly No: EIM8402-011330EFFECT OF CHROMIUM ON ACTIVATED-SLUDGE PROCESS PERFORMANCE.Muttamara, S.; Islam, S.Conference Title: Toxic and Hazardous Waste, Proceedings of the 15th

Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference.Conference Location: Lewisburg, Fa, USA Conference Date: 1983 Jun 26-28 Sponsor: Sucknell Univ, Lewisburg, Pa, USA; Pennsylvania State Univ,

University Park, Pa, USA; Lehigh Univ, Bethlehem, Pa, USA; Delaware Univ, Newark, Dei, USA; Drsxel Univ, Philadelphia, Pa, USA; et al

E.I. Conference No.: 03472Source; Proceedings of Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference 15th.

Pubi by Butterwcrth Pud I, Boston, Mass, USA and London, Engl p 144-154 Publication Year: 1983CGDEN: MIWPD8 ISSN; 0544-0327 ISBN: 0-250-40633-0 Language: EnglishDocument Type: PA; (Conference Paper)Journal Announcement: 8402Descriptors: ^WASTEWATER—^Activated SludgeIdentifiers: EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS ON BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT EFFICIENCY:

TRIVALENT CHROMIUM; HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM: ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT OF TANNERY WASTE; ACCLIMATION OF EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE UNITS; TOXICITY- STUDIES; CHEMICAL ANALYSES; WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS; CHROMIUM-111SOLUBILITY; CHROMIUM-IV TOXICITY; BIOLOGICAL SOLIDS

Classification Codes: 453 (Water Pollution); 452 (Sewage & IndustrialWastes Treatment); S04 (Chemical Products); 814 (Leather & Tanning)

45 (POLLUTION ?< SANITARY ENGINEERING); 30 (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING); 81 (CHEMICAL PROCSSS INDUSTRIES)

01599624 Monthly No: EI841213SS92 E.I. Yearly No: EI34128331 LEATHER MANUFACTURING WASTES.Chaney, R. L.USDA, Biological Waste Management & Organic Resources Lab, Beltsville,

Md, USASource: Land Treat of Hazard Wastes Pubi by Noyes Data Corp, Park Ridge, #-

NJ, USA, 1983 p 285-295 Pub11cation Year: 1983 Language: ENGLISH Journal Announcement: 8412Hides are transformed into leather by two major methods: chrome tanning.

JE890207. ABS I

and vegetable (polyphenol) tanning. Wastes from this industry were listed as hazardous wastes in hay 1980 because of Cr, F'b, and sulfide present in the wastes. Upon reevaluation, these wastes were removed from hhe listed hazardous wastes based on the presence of chromic rather than the chromate form of chromium in these wastes. The EP test was changed to consider chromate rather than total. Even this new test is likely to underestimate chromate due to chemical reduction during processing (Bloomfield and Pruden, 1990). This paper discusse sources and nature of wastes from the chrome tanning industry, results from feeding these wastes to livestock or applying them to land, and research needs for land treatment of tannery wastes. Much of the discussion of Cr is relevant to other waste streams declared hazardous because of Cr. Refs.

Descriptors: KTANNING—IWastes; CHROMIUMCCOMPDUNDS; SOILSIdentifiers: LAND APPLICATIONClassification Codes: S14 (Leather & Tanning); 452 (Sewage & Industrial

Wastes Treatment); S04 (Chemical Products)81 (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION & SANITARY

; 80 (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING)NGINE: ING)

01293845 Month 1 y No: 11MS304-0236O9BASES FOR DELISTNNG SOLID WASTES CONTAINING Collar, Robert M.Tanners’ Counc of Am, USA

TRIVALENT CHROMIUM.

Conference Title: American Institute ofNational Meeting (Preprints).

Conference Location: Cleveland, Ohio,29-Seo 1

Chemical Engineers, lvS2 Summer

USA Conference Date: 1982 Aug

Sponsor: AlChb, New York, NY, USA E.I. Conference No.: 01335Source: American I

Summer. Puoi by AIChE,nstitute of Chemical

New York, NY, USA 3Engineer

■9b, 15pPublication Year: 1962

National Meeting 19SL

CODEN: ACENC9 Language: EnglishDocument Type: PA; (Conference Paper)Journal Announcement: 8304Descriptors: #WASTE DISPOSAL—^LegislationIdentifiers: TRIVALENT VS. HEXAVALENT C0PP0UNDS; ECOLOGICAL CGMF'ATI

; LEATHER TANNING: ANALYTICAL VALENCE DISTINCTION Classification Codes: 452 (Sewage & Industrial Wastes Treatment);

(Chemical Products); S14 (Leather ?< Tanninq)45 (POLLUTION &'SANITARY ENGINEERING); BO (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING)

(CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES)

EILITY

S04

; Si

01264262 Monthly oo: EIMS212-061136RBC AND ACTIVATED CARBON TREATMENT OF TANNERY BEAMH0USE WASTEWATER.Rest, G. B.; Friedman, A. A.; Bailey, D. G.O'Brien 2< Gere Eng Inc, Syracuse, NY, USAConference Title: Industrial Waste, Proceedings of the 14th Mid-Atlantic

Conference.Conference Location

27-29Sponsor: Univ of

Resour, Md, USA; Dep Comm, USA; EPA, Reg 3,

E.I. Conference No.: Source: Proceedings

College Park, Md, USA Conference Date: 1982 Jun

Md, Dep of Ci V sng. Col 1 ege Park, USA ; Depof 1ieaith and H9nt Hyg, Md, USA; Wash SuburbanUSA:! et al01324

of Mid-A11 anti c Industri al Waste Contersnce

JES90207.ABS

Pub! by Ann Arbor Sci Puol, Mich, USA p 190-201 Publication Year: 1982 CODEN: MIWFDS ISBN: 0-250-40510-5 Language: EnglishDocument Type: PA; (Conference Paper)Journal Announcement: 8212 Descriptors: ^TANNING—^WastesIdentifiers: ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR; CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

REMOVALS; BIODEGRADATION OF COMPLEX PROTEINS; ORGANIC REMOVAL EFFICIENCY; ANAEROBICALLY PRETREATED BEAMHOUSE WASTEWATER; RAW DILUTED WASTEWATER; POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON; FOLIN PROTEIN REMOVAL; EXCESSIVE BUILDUP OF MINERAL SALTS; PRETREATMENT FOR REMOVAL OF MINERAL SALTS REQUIRED

Classification Cooes: 814 (Leather St Tanning); 452 (Sewage & Industrial Wastes Treatment); 453 (Water Pollution)

81 (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION St SANITARY ENGINEERING)

01250821 Monthly No: EIMS210-046288ULTRAVIOLET OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION OF PROTEIN-CONTAINING WASTEWATER: X

TANNERY UNHAIRING WASTE.Chang, Imocene L. : Zaieiko, Nicholas S.Enercoi Inc, Cheyney, Pa, USAConference Title: Proceeaings of the 36th Industrial Waste Conference. Conference Location: Lafayette, Indiana, USA Conference Date: 1981 May

12-14Sponsor: Purdue Univ, Sch of Civ Eng, Lafayette, Indiana, USA; Purdue

Univ Div of Ccnf and Contin Serv, Lafayette, Indiana, USA; Indiana State Board of Health, USA: Indiana Stream Pollut Control Board, USA; IndianaEnviron Manage Board, USA: et al

E.I. Conference No.: 00909 iSource: Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference 36th. Pubi by Ann

Arcor Sci Pubi, Mich, USA p 314-820 Publication Year: 1982 CODEN: PIWCAX ISBN: 0-250-40493-1 Language: EnglishDocument Type: PA; (Conference Paper)Journal Announcement: 3210 Descriptors: %TANNING—^WastesIdentifiers: FREE RADICAL OXIDATION PROCESS; DAIRY WASTE TREATMENT; MEAT

PACKING; FOOD PRODUCTS PLANTS; OXIDATIVE CHAIN REACTION; LOW-ENERGY INPUT;METAL ION CATALYST; ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION AND CAVITATION; UNSUSCEPTIBLE TO SHOCK LOADINGS; BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT SYSTEMS; EFFLUENTS WITH LOW ORGANIC CONTENT

Classification Codes; 814 (Leather St Tanning); 452 (Sewage St Industrial Wastes Treatment); 453 (Water Pollution)

81 (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION St SANITARY ENGINEERING)

01152081 Monthly No: EI8210093355 E.I. Yearly No: El82104964 CONVERSION OF TANNERY WASTE TO USEFUL PRODUCTS.Muralidhara, H. S.; Maggin, B.; Phipps, H. Jr.Battelle, Columbus, Ohio, USASuurce: Resources and Conservation v 8 n 1 Mar 1982 p 43-59Publication Year; 1982CODEN; RC0ND9Language; ENGLISHJournal Announcement: S210The paper reports on a study to evaluate the technical performance and

cost effectiveness of a low temperture pyrolysis process which uses dry

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leather tanning wastes to provide energy and chrome tanning liquor -for reuse in tanneries. The pyrolysis process is shown to be technically ■feasible, economically viable, and can alleviate a leather waste management problem that is becoming increasingly more difficult to handle because of mors stringent environmental chrome waste disposal requirements. Tanneries can save an estimtted $7 million to $3 million annually by employing this pyrolysis process to conserve energy and chrome in dry tanning wastes. 10 refs.

Descriptors: ^TANNING—^Wastes; WASTE UTILIZATION; CHEMICAL REACTIONS—PYROLYSIS; CHROMIUM AND ALLOYS—Recovery; ENERGY CONSERVATION

Identifiers: ENERGY RECOVERYClassification Codes: 814 (Leather & Tnnning); 452

Wastes Treatment); 802 (Chemical Apparatus & Plants) 81 (CHEMICAL. PROCESS INDUSTRIES); 45 (POLLUTION &

: 80 (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING)

(Sewage & Industrial

SANITARY ENGINEERING)

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