evaluation of groundwater quality of vaippar basin, tamil nadu ...

© 2018 IJRAR November 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

IJRAR1904875 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 545

EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF VAIPPAR BASIN, TAMIL

NADU, INDIA: A GEOINFORMATICS APPROACH

1**M.Venkatesan, 1*Sagar Chougule, 2K. Kumaraswamy, 3Suresh Lamani

1**UGC-BSR Research Scholar Department of Geography Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli – 620 024

1*Department of Geography Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli – 620 024 3 Faculty Department of Geoinformatics Karnataka State Rural Development and Panchyat Raj University, Gadag 2 UGC BSR Faculty Fellow, Department of Geography Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli – 620 024

ABSTRACT

The Vaippar Basin, one of the important basins of Tamil Nadu is located between 9°

0' 05" & 9° 44' 56" N latitudes and 77° 23' 25" & 78° 17' 02" E longitudes with an area of 5339

sq.km. Groundwater samples were collected from 91 different locations in Vaippar basin,

Tamil Nadu, India. Groundwater quality data for the period of 30 years (1983 to 2013) of both

pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods were used to analyze the groundwater quality aspects

of the Vaippar basin. The physico-chemical parameters such as HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+,

SO4-, NO3- and Cl have been analyzed to determine geological and non-geological source of

contamination. Overall hydro geochemical analytical study using Electrical Conductivity,

Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium percentage (Na%) values reveals that most of the

groundwater samples collected from the study area are evaluation of water quality purpose.

The results were evaluated in detail and compared with water quality standards of World Health

Organization (WHO, 2011). In the USSL method, in the study area C2S1, C3S1, C3S2, C4S2,

C4S3 and C4S1 type of groundwater quality categories observed. The Piper diagram illustrates

that most of the water samples are mixed Ca+Mg+Cl and Na+Cl types and variation of cation

and anions. These values were taken into GIS (Geographical Information System) platform for

further processing to understand the spatial variation.

Keywords: Evaluation of water quality, Geoinformatics, Vaippar basin.

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Introduction

Water is the most essential element

of life on the earth compared to all other

natural resources. Simply we can say it as

the “Elixir of Life”. India is an agrarian

economy and water is inevitable for

agricultural purposes and all other

activities. Water and land are the most

important resources in our country.

Prosperity of the country depends on how

carefully these resources are utilized. It has

been established that the total quantity of

water in the order of ready availability viz.

a) open water bodies b) ground water c)

Ocean and d) atmospheric moisture.

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Therefore, water budgeting is taken into

accounts in all these four sources or

possibilities are must to assess, the present

status of water resources utilization.

Water quality is a term used to

describe the chemical, physical and

biological characteristics of water.

Observations of these characteristics are

crucial to give an overall picture of the state

of the water bodies. Water quality refers to the

chemical, physical, and biological

characteristics of water. Physical

characteristics include colour, temperature,

transparency, turbidity and odour. Chemical

parameters include Electrical Conductivity

(EC), calcium, magnesium, nitrates, sulphate,

chlorides, and Sodium Adsorption Ratio

(SAR). Among all these the chemical

quality of water is very important because

it determines the mineral composition of

the water. For example, differences in

chemical quality from one place to another

in an area may either reflect differences in

mineral composition of the aquifers or the

existence of geologic structure such as

faults, lineaments, land use and land cover

etc., which effects the movement of water

all over the world, water is not only in

becoming increasingly scarce but also get

polluted.

As urban population continues to

grow there will be greater demand for

water, which may be supplied at the cost of

irrigation needs. The adverse effect on

particular quality of water on soil and plant

system depends upon the total

concentration of related portion of cations

and anions. This enforces to study

groundwater quality in Vaippar basin, for

evaluation of groundwater quality and its

aspects.

The main objectives of the study are:

i) To examine the status of groundwater

quality of Vaippar basin from 1983 to 2013.

ii) To study the groundwater quality based

on the physico-chemical parameters. iii)To

compare the groundwater quality of pre-

monsoon and post-monsoon in Vaippar

basin.

Database:

Methodology

In the present study the water

quality of Vaippar basin has been evaluated

based on the following methodology. The

study on the water quality involves the

processing of data by computational

methods is the important aspect and usage

of cartographic techniques to present the

processed data. Firstly the basin boundary

has been delineated from the SOI

toposheets of 1:150,000 and base map is

prepared. Physical parameters like geology

obtained from online source of Bhuvan

thematic map service layers created by the

means of digitization using ArcGIS. The

Microsoft office namely Excel is used for

the statistical analysis, Aquachem 4.0 is




used for USSL, Piper diagram and ArcGIS

10.1 are used for the preparation of the

thematic layers and cartographic

representation of the resultant data. Spatial

representation of water quality had been

carried out using IDW spatial interpolation

techniques in GIS. Hence, in the present

investigation both statistical and

cartographic techniques have been used.

Finally water quality has been evaluated by

interpolating the result obtained by this

methodology.

STUDY AREA

The Vaippar basin is one of the

densest river of Tamil Nadu state and is

broadly covered by 4 districts namely,

Virudhunagar, Thoothukudi, Madurai and

Tirunelveli. Vaippar basin in particular

covered 8 taluks of these districts. This

study area comes under Survey of India

(SOI) topsheet’s numbed 58G/6, 8, 10, 11,

12, 14, 15, 16 and 58K/3, 4 & 8 at a scale

of 1:50,000. The Vaippar basin can be

broadly divided into the hills and planes

area. The general trend of these hills is from

north to south.

The Physical Environment

Physiography

Physiographically, the river basin is

characterised by highly elevated hills and

gently sloping plains. The North Western

part of the hills has a stretches of

varushanadu hills while its Southern part is

periyar plateau, which forms a part of the

Northern elamalai, varushanadu hills and

Southern agasthiyarmalai and Western

Ghats.

Geology

Geologically, the basin occupied by

Archaean rocks consisting of Charnockites,

Homblende-biotite gneisses with minor

isolated patches of Pyroxene-granulite,

Quartzite’s, Granites, Calc-granulites,

Ultramafic rocks and crystalline

limestones. Alluvium of recent to sub

recent age is found along the river courses

and in the coastal belt.

Geomorphology

Geomorphology is a controlling

factor for the infiltration of surface water

into the ground. The study area has

variations in geomorphic features as well as

the area.

Observation Wells

The study area consists of

91observation wells which are under the

control of PWD. The wells are selected at

random manner to cover the study

area. The location of the selected

observation wells are presented in

(Appendix I) with their respective

latitude and longitude.

Method of Evaluation

In the present study ninety

one control wells are randomly

selected for the investigation.

These wells are regularly




monitored and maintain by Public Work

Department (PWD) of government of

Tamil Nadu.

The piper diagram methods have

been adopted to classify the groundwater

into cation and anion groups. The chemical

content of which does not exceed 50

percent in any of the types is considered as

intermediate mixed waters. The anion and

the cations variations have been graphically

represented for two periods and

interpolated maps have been drawn to show

the spatial distribution of considered

parameters.

Hydrogeochemical Variations

The hydro geochemical status of the

groundwater is cumulative function of its

reaction with soil, lithology of water

bearing formations, the residence time in

the formation along the direction of its

movement from the place of reaction

(recharge to discharge) (Sastri 1994).

Cation Variation

Major cations such as calcium,

magnesium, sodium and potassium have

been taken into consideration as far as

cation variation is concerned cation

concentration is worked out for two seasons

namely pre-monsoon and post-monsoon.

Sodium

The highest concentration of Sodium

within the entire basin is in between 22.85

mg/l to 988.54 mg/l. The concentration is

same as that of post-monsoon period. In

post-monsoon the lowest concentration of

sodium observed in Ramanajapuram

village and the highest sodium

concentration falls in Watrap village. The

concentration of sodium is less in pre-

monsoon period than the post-monsoon

season.

Magnesium

Most of the groundwater contains

relatively small amount of magnesium,

except where they have been in contact

with dolomite. The concentration of

Magnesium range from 27.05 mg/l to

207.44 mg/l in pre-monsoon season. In

post-monsoon seasons, these values

changes between 23.50 mg/l and 227.54

mg/l. In both seasons the highest values

marked in central, north east and lower

portions of the basin and highest values

present in the east of the basin.

Calcium

The concentration of Calcium varies

from 36.79 mg/l to 206.90 mg/l in pre-

monsoon season and 32.22 mg/l to 199.44

mg/l during the post-monsoon season. In

both seasons the highest values are

concentrated in central, south and lower

portion of the basin. The post-monsoon

period indicates relatively less

concentration when compared to pre-

monsoon. The minimum calcium

concentration observed in Nagalapuram

village and maximum concentration

observed in Kovilankulam village.

Potassium

The values of Potassium change from 3.

55 mg/l to 97.16 mg/l and 3.07 mg/l to

91.00 mg/l. In both seasons the highest

values are identified south west, central,

north and lower portions of the basin.

During post-monsoon period potassium is

slightly low when compared to pre-

monsoon. Lower concentration of

potassium observed in Kollankondan




village and the higher concentration

observed in Sengundrapuram village.

Anion Variation

According to Herman Bower (1978)

the sources for carbonate and bicarbonate

includes carbon-di-oxide from the

atmosphere produced by the biota of the

soil or the activity of sulphate and bacteria

in deeper formations and various carbonate

rocks and minerals.

Sulphate

Sulphate occurs naturally in water

as a result of leaching from gypsum and

other common minerals. The pre-monsoon

period marked by high concentration of

Sulphate in the portions of West, North

West and South West. Moderate

concentration of Sulphate recorded at

central and South Eastern parts of the basin.

Chloride

Chloride is one of best indicators of

pollution (Rai 1975) and it is the most

troublesome anion for irrigation in the

sense that is more toxic than sulphate to

plants. Lochart (1995) have reported that

the taste thresholds for chloride ion in water

varied between 210 mg/l to 300 mg/l and

also the high chloride content of water

would cause unpleased for drinking.

The Chloride concentration ranges

from 61.06 mg/l to 1057.99 mg/l in pre-

monsoon and in post-monsoon 20.75 mg/l

to 1188.63 mg/l.The lowest concentration

of chloride during the monsoon period is

recorded in Pattampudur village and the

highest concentration of chloride

concentration falls in Kovilankulam

village. The lowest concentration of

chloride recorded in Kollankondan village

and the highest value of chloride

concentration falls in Kovilankulam

village.

Carbonate and Bicarbonate

The primary source of bicarbonate ions

in groundwater is dissolved carbon-di-

oxide. In Vaippar basin high level of

carbonate concentration in pre-monsoon is

found in small areas of West, Central,

North and North East. In post-monsoon the

trend of concentration of carbonate moved

to Western parts as compared to pre-

monsoon. Concentrations are noticed in the

lower portion of the basin. The

concentration in pre-monsoon period

ranges between less than 1.65 mg/l to 87.84

mg/l.

Nitrate

In Vaippar basin Nitrate values varies

between 3.44 mg/l to 45.32 mg/l (pre-

monsoon) and 1.34 mg/l to 49.03 mg/l

(post-monsoon). A moderate to low Nitrate

values is found in upper, South West, South

East and South central portions.

It is observed that during the pre-

monsoon season the highest concentration

of nitrate in falls Muthuramalingapuram

village and the lowest concentration

observed in Nathampatti village. The

lowest nitrate concentration is observed in

Kollankondan village and the highest

nitrate concentration observed in

Muthuramalingapuram village.

Introduction of Evaluation of water

quality.

Water resource evaluation has

expanded its scope in newer areas of

investigation. In recent years it has been

increasingly recognized that the quality of




water has greater importance than the

quantity. The physical and bacteriological

aspects of water resources are normally

applied to a few wells, which are locally

concerned with water supply (Baweja,

1980) Based on the WHO standards, a

number of studies on groundwater quality

have been attempted throughout the world.

The quality of water is a set of chemical,

physical and biological properties that

affect the use of water (Ragunath 1987)

stated that geochemical studies provide a

complete knowledge of the water resources

of a hydrological regime and they are of

value with respect to water use.

United States Salinity Laboratory

Classification.

In the present study, specifications

proposed by USSL (1954) have been used

to assess the suitability of groundwater for

irrigation. The values obtained for these

specifications were presented in

diagrammatic representation. In the

diagram, ‘C’ denotes the level of electrical

conductivity and ‘S’ denotes the level of

sodium absorption ratio.

The simple scatter chart of sodium

hazard (SAR) on the Y-axis versus salinity

hazard (EC) on the X-axis. The EC is

plotted by default in a log scale. Water can

be grouped into 16 classes. Using the SAR

and the EC value as coordinates, locate the

corresponding point on the diagram. The

position of the point determines the quality

classification of the water.

Salinity Classes

As per the USSL classification, the

characteristics of water various salinity

classes are discussed below:

Low-Salinity water (C1) can be

used for irrigate most crops on most soils

with little like hood that soil salinity will

develop. Some leaching is required, but this

occurs under normal irrigation practices

except in soils of extremely low

permeability.

Medium salinity water (C2) can

be used if a moderate amount of leaching

occurs. Plants with moderate salt

tolerant can be grown in most cases

without special practices for salinity

control.

High salinity water (C3) cannot

be used soils with restricted drainage.

Even with adequate drainage, special

management for salinity control may be

required and plants with good salt tolerant

should be selected.

Very high salinity water (C4) is not

suitable for irrigation under ordinary

conditions, but may be used occasionally

under very special circumstances. Soils

must be permeable, drainage must be

adequate, irrigation water must be applied

in excess to provide considerable leaching,

and very salt tolerant crops should be

selected.

Sodium Classes




The classification of irrigation

waters with respect to SAR is based

primarily on the effect of exchangeable

sodium on the physical condition of the

soil. Sodium sensitivity may, however,

suffer injuriously as a result of sodium

accumulation in plant tissues when

exchangeable sodium values are lower than

those effective in passing deterioration of

physical condition of the soil.

Low sodium water (S1) can be used

for irrigation on almost all soils with little

danger of development of harmful levels of

exchangeable sodium. However, sodium

sensitive crops may accumulate injurious

concentration of sodium.

Medium sodium water (S2) will present

appreciable hazards in fine textured soils

having high Cation-exchange-capacity,

specially under low leaching conditions,

unless gypsum is present in the soil. This

water is used on coarse-textured or organic

soils with good permeability. High sodium

water (S3) may produce harmful levels of

exchangeable sodium in most soils and will

require special soil management good

drainage, high leaching and organic matter

additions. Some soils may develop harmful

levels of exchangeable sodium from such

waters. Very high sodium water (S4) is

generally unsatisfactory for irrigation

purposes. Except at low to medium salinity,

application of gypsum and other

amendments may make these waters

feasible. Sometimes, the irrigation waters

may dissolve sufficient calcium form

calcareous soils to decrease the sodium

hazard appreciably, and theses should be

taken into account in the use of C1S3 and

C1S4 waters. Similarity, it may be

beneficial to add gypsum to the soil

periodically when C2S3 and C1S4 waters

are used.

In the table, the quality of water is

generally good up to 2250 micromhos/cm

and it is tolerable up to 4000 micromhos/cm

and more than 4000 micromhos/cm is

beyond tolerable level while analyzing the

level of sodium or SAR, less than 18

generally good, 18 to 26 tolerable and more

than 26 is beyond tolerable level for

irrigation uses.

In the present study area C3S1 is a

common groundwater type observed in

most parts of Vaippar basin both in pre and

post-monsoon. During the pre-monsoon

season C2S1 type of groundwater is

observed in 2 samples and in post-monsoon

3 samples. During the pre-monsoon C3S1

type of water quality was observed in 59

samples and in post-monsoon 58 samples

out of 91 has been observed. In pre-

monsoon period 5 samples are observed in

C4S1 USSL category and 2 samples

observed in post-monsoon i.e, fewer

samples as compared to pre-monsoon.

These are C2S1, C3S1, and C4S1 USSL are

comes under good categories of water

quality.

In Vaippar basin moderate type of

water quality categories has been observed.

One sample of pre-monsoon period and 17

samples of post-monsoon period comes

under C4S2 category of moderate water

quality. The plot of USSL diagram

indicates that the most samples belong to

C3S1 and C4S1 type and some samples

falls in C4S2 type. The EC value is more

than 8395.88 micromhos/cm in a most of

the locations and the alkalinity hazard is

noticed at very high range. Poor and bad

USSL water quality sections have not been




observed in any of the water samples in

study area.

Modified Piper’s Trilinear Method

Among the various trilinear

methods of plotting, Piper (1954) diagram

has been extensively used to understand the

types of groundwater. The diagram consists

of three distinct fields. Two triangular

fields and a diamond shaped fields. Two

triangular fields and a diamond shaped

fields. Triangular fields plotted separately,

using the percentage epm value of cation,

Mg and Na, and anion HCO3, SO4 and Cl.

The overall characteristics of quality of

groundwater are represented in the

diamond shaped field by projecting the

position of the plots in the triangular fields

for irrigated agriculture.

In the diagram, total soluble

cation(TSC) or total soluble anion(TSA) is

plotted against the percent sodium for every

groundwater sample, where the level of

TSC or TSA below 22.5 epm is generally

good, from 22.5 to 37.5 epm is tolerable and

more than 37.5 epm is beyond tolerable

level. While analyzing the level of sodium,

it is classified as up to 30 percent is good

for irrigation, between 30 and 57.5 percent

is tolerable and more than 57.5 percent is

beyond tolerable level.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The present study is an attempt to

analyze the groundwater quality of Vaippar

basin, Tamil Nadu. The main occupation of

people in the study area is agriculture which

is based on irrigation. In order to study the

agriculture and its allied activities the study

of groundwater resources is essential. The

Vaippar basin consist of ninety one sample

location wells, which were unevenly

distributed it was maintain and controlled

by PWD.

In the present study, specifications

proposed by USSL have been used to assess

the suitability of groundwater for irrigation.

The values obtained for these specifications

were presented in diagrammatic

representation. In the diagram, ‘C’ denotes

the level of electrical conductivity and ‘S’

denotes the level of sodium absorption

ratio.

Findings:

The present study on the Evaluation

of Groundwater Quality in Vaippar basin

gives the following results:

a)The concentration of cation is shown by

cation variation maps and the result shows

that among the cations the distribution of

sodium is more in the study area in the post-

monsoon period. Potassium shows the

higher concentration after sodium followed

by magnesium and calcium. The

concentration of sodium during pre-

monsoon period is 734 mg/l. and in post-

monsoon it increases 988 mg/l.

b)The major anions like sulphate, chloride,

carbonate and nitrate were shown in anion

variation maps. The major anion found in

the study area was sulphate, which was very

high in the post-monsoon period. The

distribution of nitrite is very less in the pre-

monsoon period. c)The piper diagram

depicts the cation and anion concentration

during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon.

The present study has emphasized

the need for an holistic approach to solve

the water resource problem and to achieve

resource conservation and beneficial

utilization. It insists basically, to

understand the physical limits of the

resources, social-economic implications

and the existing management strategies

before going into the actual problem




solving. It has become clear in the course of

the study that the beneficiaries of the

resources cannot be pushed aside in

problem-solving

Acknowledgement: The Author wish to thanks to Department

of Geography (M.Tech Geoinformatics),

Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli

out this research great fully Acknowledged




Pre-Monsoon Post-Monsoon Post-Monsoon

Pre-Monsoon

Study area Wells Location USSL Classification

USSL Classification

Piper Diagram Piper Diagram







Appendix - I

Location of Observation Wells

Village Latitude Longitude Village Latitude Longitude

N. Mettupatti 9.33 77.90 Muthuramalingapuram 9.47 78.17

A.Gopalapuram 9.43 77.90 Naduvapatti 9.42 77.92

Alagaianallur 9.62 78.01 Nagalapuram 9.23 78.14

Amanakkunatham 9.46 78.05 Nathampatti 9.60 77.74

Amathur 9.56 77.86 Padanthapuli 9.14 78.04

Andarkulam 9.16 77.46 Palavanatham 9.55 78.01

Anuppankulam 9.42 77.85 Pallaipattimalli 9.50 77.70

Ariyanayagipuram 9.11 78.25 Panaiyur 9.25 77.50

Arungulam 9.08 78.08 Pandalkudi 9.40 78.10

Chattirareddipatti 9.64 77.96 Pattampudur 9.49 77.94

Chekkiahpuram 9.34 77.79 Peikulam 9.65 77.99

Chennampatti 9.28 78.19 Peraiyur 9.74 77.79

Duraisamypuram 9.44 77.72 Perumalthevanpatti 9.46 77.63

Elayarasanendal 9.21 77.79 Pillaiyarnathem 9.55 77.66

Ettayapuram 9.15 78.00 Puliankulam (M) 9.65 77.91

Ettunaikenpatti 9.49 77.94 Rajapalayam 9.47 77.56

Gananjampatty 9.37 77.78 Ramanajapuram 9.56 78.09

Ilaiyarasanendal 9.21 77.68 Reddiapatti 9.41 77.65

Kallikudi 9.70 77.94 Saminatham 9.48 77.73

Kalugumalai 9.15 77.70 Sankarankovil 9.17 77.54

Karaikeni 9.71 77.97 Saptur 9.76 77.74

Karisathan 9.29 77.57 Sattur 9.35 77.92

Keela Kadayam 9.32 77.37 Seithur 9.41 77.48

Keelairal 9.10 78.01 Senganthapatti 9.48 77.84

Khansahibpuram 9.63 77.61 Sengundrapuram 9.62 77.88

Kodikulam 9.65 77.58 Sethur 9.40 77.48

Kodikulam.s 9.65 77.59 Soorankudi 9.11 78.32

Koiloor 9.38 77.47 Srivilliputhur 9.50 77.63

Kollankondan 9.51 77.48 Subbulapuram 9.68 77.81

Koolapandi 9.01 78.15 Subramaniapuram 9.38 77.83

Kovilpatti 9.18 77.87 T. Muthalapuram 9.24 78.03

Kovilur 9.38 77.47 T.Duraisamypuram 9.22 78.21

Kulathur 9.00 78.20 Therkumuthalapuram 9.24 78.03

Kulathur-terkku 9.00 78.20 Therkuvenkanallur 9.40 77.55

Kunnathur 9.75 77.89 Udhaiyanendal 9.57 78.00

Malayankulam 9.14 77.60 Vadakarai 9.34 77.63

Mamsapuram 9.50 77.59 Vadakku venganallur 9.50 78.00

Manalur 9.25 77.55 Vadugapatti 9.63 77.77

Mangalam 9.57 77.76 Valayapatti 9.56 77.70

Manickanendal 9.33 78.17 Vanaramutti 9.14 77.79

Marthandampatti 9.07 78.18 Vellaihpuram 9.48 77.79

Meenakshipuram 9.30 77.87 Vembakottai 9.33 77.77

Melakaranthai 9.30 78.07 Vilasapuram 9.27 77.77




Muddukudi 9.40 77.56 Virudhunagar 9.60 77.95

Mulliseval 9.28 77.93 Watrap 9.63 77.64




Appendix - II

Cations and Anions Concentration of Groundwater Quality of Vaippar Basin (Pre-monsoon 1983 to 2013)

These Parameter Values are in mg/l

Well Village Ca Mg Na K HCO3 CO3 SO4 Cl NO3 EC SAR USSL class

83204 N. Mettupatti 59.10 50.93 203.42 34.84 361.41 47.78 178.47 200.03 8.34 1648.00 1.69 C3S1

83205 A.Gopalapuram 68.23 46.02 57.50 5.23 252.84 19.91 31.52 94.73 18.88 850.77 0.44 C3S1

83208 Alagaianallur 40.50 44.09 129.44 50.93 376.74 36.09 56.27 120.94 12.50 1204.38 1.24 C3S1

25031 Amanakkunatham 51.87 66.08 101.80 18.60 301.29 16.76 87.73 141.80 23.11 1218.00 0.86 C4S2

83112A Amathur 87.11 107.66 109.85 12.74 318.04 23.25 103.89 311.00 27.52 805.66 0.76 C3S1

27021D Andarkulam 62.31 48.25 229.54 15.23 321.27 22.50 73.38 317.46 20.08 1683.85 2.05 C3S1

83198A Anuppankulam 77.71 42.30 64.81 13.14 250.72 17.04 39.50 116.48 19.93 950.80 0.53 C3S1

93141 Ariyanayagipuram 56.40 36.87 205.00 14.57 2.14 51.86 94.75 258.50 19.25 1486.00 2.13 C3S2

28022D Arungulam 98.00 68.18 233.67 13.56 402.58 47.96 144.89 352.22 19.22 2040.00 1.57 C3S1

25023D Chattirareddipatti 72.68 26.64 92.96 26.76 314.18 9.38 156.85 184.79 14.11 2226.00 1.36 C3S1

83194 Chekkiahpuram 55.60 97.05 298.96 13.27 336.50 48.07 367.30 309.28 10.90 2341.60 2.03 C4S1

93115 Chennampatti 173.60 54.20 343.20 55.00 285.60 24.00 84.67 537.60 21.50 2832.00 2.03 C4S1

25027 Duraisamypuram 52.15 39.02 57.15 7.00 229.49 8.05 73.23 57.46 11.85 800.77 0.47 C3S1

27002D Elayarasanendal 56.00 35.88 64.67 11.08 209.99 1.63 58.25 96.75 12.98 854.17 0.61 C3S1

93008A Ettayapuram 116.72 93.85 278.72 21.68 303.93 30.60 312.48 517.76 12.98 2572.80 1.58 C4S1

83199 Ettunaikenpatti 45.62 42.96 151.62 16.57 275.81 32.68 88.21 157.23 17.57 1246.54 1.36 C3S1

25028 Gananjampatty 51.60 59.34 127.93 11.00 349.00 39.92 81.27 137.53 16.19 1270.67 1.11 C3S1

93135 Ilaiyarasanendal 94.27 66.80 119.13 31.46 192.27 26.40 94.15 324.20 30.82 1732.67 0.82 C3S1

83004A Kallikudi 159.93 101.04 159.00 33.90 248.23 4.98 204.86 474.79 36.68 2340.69 0.86 C4S1

93006A Kalugumalai 219.25 142.00 400.17 64.57 257.52 21.83 273.71 1099.6 38.30 4224.58 1.79 C4S1

83051 Karaikeni 64.26 61.64 100.83 7.70 278.71 42.44 39.05 185.70 15.98 1233.04 0.75 C3S1

27027D Karisathan 91.08 99.56 272.62 19.62 293.10 17.04 189.69 507.15 17.03 2431.54 1.71 C4S1

27072 Keela Kadayam 64.85 52.17 187.69 84.67 363.06 46.38 62.46 263.30 17.93 1633.33 1.56 C3S1

28005D Keelairal 93.27 73.05 191.53 15.48 241.03 22.84 114.43 358.10 30.36 1827.10 1.37 C3S1

83176 Khansahibpuram 80.67 77.49 216.83 17.92 423.51 48.00 103.67 435.20 26.83 1926.00 1.54 C3S1




83177 Kodikulam 54.22 61.46 209.22 33.25 462.29 46.89 80.84 221.37 17.07 1685.19 1.65 C3S1

25032 Kodikulam.s 45.40 56.27 118.30 7.10 318.17 22.87 83.50 144.00 10.60 1182.00 0.97 C3S1

83173 Koiloor 46.97 66.53 88.48 3.48 330.86 44.10 51.04 154.79 8.37 1104.48 0.70 C3S1

25009A Kollankondan 53.08 34.82 36.46 4.75 209.99 11.15 26.00 73.08 6.17 676.15 0.31 C2S1

21036D Koolapandi 70.29 52.03 73.14 8.43 325.72 5.60 50.29 124.71 19.13 1078.57 0.56 C3S1

93007 Kovilpatti 91.75 92.80 222.50 22.62 213.07 24.06 171.17 504.94 25.00 2290.63 1.43 C4S1

25011D Kovilur 104.86 111.36 261.21 23.79 455.82 21.00 194.07 505.00 9.56 2541.43 1.43 C4S1

93016 Kulathur 64.92 52.54 235.08 45.10 191.46 31.80 176.36 331.92 30.64 1841.54 1.92 C4S1

28007D Kulathur-terkku 105.85 157.55 491.54 22.54 327.78 20.42 335.31 922.46 15.22 3870.77 2.52 C3S1

21030D Kunnathur 62.80 59.33 127.20 11.87 253.29 5.65 109.93 201.87 14.77 1328.00 1.23 C3S1

83206 Malaipatti 106.62 71.26 159.03 39.88 272.57 31.55 128.22 331.52 30.27 1865.52 1.07 C3S1

93005A Malayankulam 98.62 87.85 179.68 29.57 210.60 21.04 85.14 413.27 38.14 1934.86 1.13 C4S1

83175 Mamsapuram 68.18 88.15 313.03 8.53 410.46 42.30 146.97 395.61 43.30 2348.79 2.16 C3S1

27018D Manalur 37.75 29.91 113.25 10.38 218.09 11.58 28.38 151.13 6.15 912.50 1.13 C4S1

25029 Mangalam 83.57 125.85 206.57 7.71 279.86 30.00 127.57 482.29 31.04 2260.00 1.15 C3S1

83226 Manickanendal 100.15 72.93 147.90 26.88 136.54 33.91 69.42 472.40 7.36 1741.00 0.98 C4S1

28008D Marthandampatti 106.91 131.65 675.93 26.88 319.02 26.72 403.96 1058.8 18.08 4344.14 3.14 C3S1

83185 Meenakshipuram 76.54 54.44 78.73 17.71 301.99 27.07 52.61 138.23 26.02 1165.38 0.57 C3S1

93003A Melakaranthai 136.86 133.35 273.57 14.93 366.86 54.00 232.00 585.71 25.35 2935.00 1.43 C3S1

83171 Muddukudi 97.43 75.91 108.46 22.08 234.66 29.10 82.54 272.61 29.12 1549.29 0.77 C4S1

25024D Mulliseval 137.43 108.66 307.14 45.07 381.55 51.00 399.57 419.71 41.35 2923.57 1.71 C4S1

83214 Muthurmalingapuram 157.33 182.33 261.30 20.08 333.21 37.29 138.80 771.96 61.36 3424.81 1.22 C4S1

83200A Naduvapatti 160.24 131.79 176.58 17.58 313.49 60.75 238.19 513.18 45.77 2637.58 0.85 C4S1

28010D Nagalapuram 207.13 113.91 279.95 33.81 261.83 23.57 219.00 713.43 40.02 3124.50 1.45 C3S1

83180 Nathampatti 39.74 52.27 112.17 7.95 321.44 38.99 52.48 127.37 3.29 1031.11 1.08 C3S1

28012D Padanthapuli 54.15 62.33 257.38 13.15 413.80 12.89 285.54 155.77 12.97 1833.85 1.98 C3S1

83207A Palavanatham 63.71 65.21 152.61 32.56 288.14 30.95 79.31 262.61 20.12 1576.43 1.19 C4S1

83183 Pallaipattimalli 127.57 183.77 141.09 22.10 253.18 35.00 210.48 586.17 39.00 2740.00 0.71 C4S1

25061 Panaiyur 77.38 70.35 414.75 21.94 394.62 85.50 206.75 501.44 28.57 2730.63 3.13 C3S1




83110A Pandalkudi 73.74 69.76 140.39 34.13 332.07 49.80 72.09 272.60 22.92 1604.80 1.00 C2S1

25026 Pattampudur 42.31 32.94 54.92 4.62 198.24 8.59 54.08 52.15 10.65 695.38 0.56 C3S1

83049 Peikulam 59.95 31.57 69.21 19.45 220.43 17.60 35.98 116.16 15.29 920.47 0.64 C2S1

21015D Peraiyur 43.54 36.36 62.23 7.23 212.85 6.34 37.23 90.25 9.26 746.88 0.62 C4S1

83184 Perumalthevanpatti 123.68 160.03 310.45 11.18 294.52 48.27 353.83 614.71 35.86 3176.13 1.54 C3S1

25003A Pillaiyarnathem 57.74 54.16 78.32 4.76 310.65 19.09 47.03 103.45 20.04 1031.32 0.62 C3S1

83048 Puliankulam (M) 55.28 43.67 75.72 6.27 262.94 30.23 32.08 109.69 13.68 918.46 0.62 C3S1

25016D Rajapalayam 96.00 87.07 182.14 10.00 300.78 21.95 115.07 420.93 7.75 1956.43 1.16 C4S2

83211 Ramanajapuram 173.05 252.69 1017.7 16.31 439.74 56.14 1493.3 1025.26 23.69 6867.37 4.79 C4S1

83172 Reddiapatti 84.73 78.67 152.23 71.41 347.64 44.93 78.68 364.47 14.55 1865.33 1.02 C4S1

83186 Saminatham 108.70 143.72 214.57 15.30 334.83 36.00 197.41 561.70 18.47 2575.22 1.25 C3S1

93123 Sankarankovil 85.60 67.72 127.00 13.28 175.12 15.08 84.71 294.84 13.28 1540.32 0.82 C3S1

21042 Saptur 37.76 36.14 81.82 16.36 268.28 38.20 30.00 87.65 7.15 840.00 0.78 C4S1

83114A Sattur 115.44 168.87 592.83 20.39 500.72 24.41 499.67 840.39 42.17 4470.00 3.43 C3S1

25008D Seithur 50.40 54.59 100.40 31.27 327.96 23.83 37.47 178.53 7.43 1186.00 0.82 C4S1

25040 Senganthapatti 124.80 54.31 175.93 97.59 256.41 32.25 106.46 437.87 22.06 2036.00 1.26 C3S1

83189 Sengundrapuram 58.86 42.68 122.46 75.76 290.03 33.02 63.68 166.61 21.68 1328.57 1.06 C3S1

83104A Sethur 112.80 80.89 156.60 10.90 378.20 60.00 74.30 385.08 14.36 1856.67 1.06 C3S1

93116A Soorankudi 111.33 69.84 183.87 39.62 231.45 40.88 144.38 411.80 28.09 1946.00 1.41 C4S1

83101 Srivilliputhur 104.00 112.23 163.73 6.14 272.01 29.08 69.60 562.65 9.38 2226.94 1.03 C3S1

21016D Subbulapuram 46.86 42.11 51.93 7.21 195.85 1.64 45.57 95.93 10.86 795.00 0.45 C3S1

83197 Subramaniapuram 44.27 48.84 74.82 8.05 289.20 10.38 53.95 90.00 7.61 931.36 0.65 C3S1

28016D T. Muthalapuram 102.77 67.70 141.38 9.85 298.81 0.93 136.85 246.23 28.68 1656.92 0.91 C3S1

93112 T.Duraisamypuram 62.44 39.75 178.27 17.84 259.51 27.51 130.15 216.29 9.27 1402.39 1.79 C3S1

93114 Therkumuthalapuram 93.50 65.81 174.46 31.63 215.04 34.21 125.31 342.61 28.11 1786.79 1.44 C3S1

25010D Therkuvenkanallur 137.00 97.56 107.97 26.50 300.97 48.00 117.50 390.25 30.65 2080.83 0.64 C3S1

83219 Udhaiyanendal 60.19 53.60 107.29 5.12 234.57 39.04 137.11 160.67 7.59 1167.62 0.82 C2S1

25025D Uppathur 48.80 35.08 47.60 12.47 212.32 9.79 48.93 73.67 7.91 750.00 0.45 C3S1

25038 Vadakarai 78.00 58.79 287.06 15.81 375.66 38.00 148.31 294.87 13.26 1782.00 2.13 C3S1

83174 Vadakku venganallur 36.38 57.92 95.52 4.78 362.25 40.80 42.33 90.71 7.62 1000.95 0.82 C4S1




2504M Vadugapatti 94.46 133.04 304.46 4.85 382.69 44.00 217.54 567.46 21.37 2832.31 1.58 C3S1

25005A Valayapatti 76.67 56.92 139.22 27.56 331.98 54.00 99.33 224.22 14.35 1511.11 1.01 C3S1

28027D Vanaramutti 146.00 81.57 146.38 13.46 300.56 37.62 237.38 302.31 27.18 1910.00 0.93 C4S1

83187B Vellaihpuram 139.20 208.50 447.90 9.20 473.38 49.80 403.70 988.00 18.81 4435.00 2.11 C3S1

83115 Vembakottai 54.06 81.07 190.66 9.45 436.36 46.37 159.97 168.72 8.34 1574.17 1.45 C3S1

83196 Vilasapuram 43.48 47.57 141.85 10.60 333.02 34.70 102.76 132.85 9.84 1243.33 1.32 C4S1

83113A Virudhunagar 56.80 61.87 348.70 15.65 544.14 88.00 187.80 274.70 29.96 2296.50 2.83 C3S1

25015D Watrap 58.50 54.51 77.58 3.42 310.59 23.09 63.67 106.33 7.16 1029.17 0.65 C3S1

Appendix - III

Cations and Anions Concentration of Groundwater Quality of Vaippar Basin (Post-monsoon 1983 to 2013)

These Parameter Values are in mg/l

Well No Village Ca Mg Na K HCO3 CO3 SO4 Cl NO3 EC SAR USSL/Class

83204 N. Mettupatti 51.31 46.81 181.69 21.27 371.73 39.08 117.6 179.58 10.45 1433.0 1.71 C3-S1

83205 A.Gopalapuram 61.84 32.34 51.00 4.41 228.92 16.36 33.77 79.24 19.16 761.20 0.45 C4-S3

83208 Alagaianallur 44.80 54.37 142.60 10.11 331.09 44.70 109.7 136.95 15.87 1279.5 1.27 C3-S1

25031 Amanakkunatham 35.20 59.92 68.40 13.00 266.93 2.29 47.50 93.90 24.20 975.00 0.61 C3-S1

83112A Amathur 116.67 122.66 117.72 10.94 363.07 7.64 104.9 375.72 35.72 2057.7 0.77 C3-S1

27021D Andarkulam 51.80 41.49 147.60 6.70 341.27 2.71 41.00 171.90 13.50 1236.0 1.31 C3-S1

83198 Anuppankulam 82.00 40.12 75.39 11.11 236.53 26.38 46.78 119.62 20.64 955.00 0.63 C3-S1

93141 Ariyanygipuram 83.83 46.26 183.67 7.50 319.00 27.32 103.5 279.42 11.14 1552.5 1.69 C3-S1

28022D Arungulam 50.00 42.75 151.67 17.56 317.20 4.94 95.11 141.80 15.80 1200.0 1.41 C3-S1

25023D Chattirreddipatti 108.00 55.91 250.00 37.56 396.26 41.35 203.7 334.22 18.33 2127.7 1.79 C4-S1

83194 Chekkiahpuram 68.17 102.52 279.48 10.00 374.03 42.83 319.4 307.96 14.58 2368.7 1.89 C4-S1

93115 Chennampatti 87.14 44.71 340.00 19.75 244.29 35.00 186.8 288.29 10.50 2204.2 2.62 C3-S1

25017D Chettikuruchi 168.89 67.60 114.67 85.89 385.70 17.98 132.4 326.00 39.78 2046.6 0.84 C3-S1

27024D Chockampatti 96.60 80.40 183.10 77.90 363.72 0.07 96.00 349.80 45.60 2082.0 1.20 C3-S1

25027 Duraisamypuram 64.80 43.17 62.90 21.10 330.82 2.51 36.10 80.50 16.60 956.00 0.54 C4-S1

27002D Elayarasanendal 80.00 47.23 63.44 20.89 229.17 1.55 54.44 166.89 17.33 1112.2 0.50 C3-S1

93008A Ettayapuram 100.18 97.53 360.05 29.82 251.59 24.86 359.2 560.77 14.95 2770.0 2.02 C3-S1




83199 Ettunaikenpatti 41.83 39.09 156.13 34.19 288.98 34.31 85.18 160.92 15.48 1252.9 1.55 C4-S3

25028 Gananjampatty 67.00 51.19 145.50 20.40 392.61 8.98 143.1 135.10 12.60 1384.0 1.13 C4-S1

93135 Ilaiyarasanendal 62.62 51.31 109.69 12.48 195.70 23.10 81.71 255.76 25.27 1355.0 0.82 C4-S1

83004A Kallikudi 169.67 112.96 184.00 39.13 336.85 34.15 224.9 501.63 28.25 2618.3 1.08 C3-S1

93006A Kalugumalai 101.50 79.28 271.75 27.95 240.75 22.61 140.2 555.67 29.88 2409.1 1.87 C3-S1

93137 Kaluhachlpuram 51.08 37.20 140.32 8.14 226.91 23.23 103.9 191.46 9.56 1128.4 1.23 C4-S1

83051 Karaikeni 51.26 49.68 73.81 7.00 297.57 35.43 28.70 111.30 9.44 947.04 0.63 C4-S1

27027D Karisathan 81.80 91.55 328.20 8.90 386.49 12.00 126.2 537.40 22.50 2548.0 1.92 C3-S1

93140 Keelairal 127.66 82.41 150.21 29.54 207.12 23.04 110.6 537.76 43.46 2250.0 1.01 C4-S3

27072 Keelakadayam 73.04 54.01 202.35 68.67 369.60 42.58 89.95 257.20 34.65 1774.0 1.53 C3-S1

83176 Khansahibpuram 108.95 66.81 236.04 11.44 374.78 36.00 147.0 331.53 41.78 2166.0 1.62 C3-S1

83177 Kodikulam 55.46 71.19 233.58 41.65 530.09 48.44 96.96 256.69 55.30 1903.4 1.85 C4-S3

25032 Kodikulam.s 41.14 48.00 94.57 5.57 294.32 17.64 41.57 108.86 12.00 978.57 0.88 C3-S1

83173 Koiloor 46.77 76.69 85.31 4.91 355.15 35.40 41.27 165.23 9.06 1175.3 0.64 C3-S1

25009A Kollankondan 32.00 23.27 22.20 3.01 203.93 8.14 6.90 19.50 1.26 418.00 0.25 C3-S1

21036D Koolapandi 38.33 54.48 69.00 7.33 333.69 3.71 36.67 90.00 6.18 915.00 0.67 C3-S1

25011D Kovilur 41.80 49.78 141.30 35.10 525.66 16.50 45.30 105.20 6.10 1297.0 1.74 C3-S1

93016 Kulathur 54.56 63.06 227.13 33.08 276.81 48.58 104.6 319.38 22.92 1808.1 2.03 C4-S3

21030D Kunnathur 65.33 37.16 50.56 8.67 279.43 2.70 38.67 75.89 4.89 832.22 0.51 C4-S3

83206 Malaipatti 121.50 70.46 186.61 43.60 287.85 23.81 152.4 387.07 28.85 2075.7 1.25 C3-S1

93005A Malayankulam 102.56 81.14 155.00 26.45 248.27 29.48 90.88 389.08 32.30 1901.9 1.04 C3-S1

25002D Mamsapuram 64.07 70.09 265.11 12.30 374.36 41.86 104.4 328.22 29.96 1997.7 1.92 C3-S1

27018D Manalur 74.00 41.14 116.38 13.38 288.27 1.19 42.75 188.38 6.25 1235.0 0.95 C3-S1

25029 Mangalam 91.60 101.91 145.10 12.20 259.86 42.00 108.8 399.90 24.10 1903.0 0.95 C4-S2

83226 Manickanendal 100.75 88.24 171.94 49.92 118.09 29.10 99.36 560.56 8.00 1991.8 1.03 C3-S1

28008D Marthandampatti 119.36 176.09 763.18 29.56 296.33 23.66 594.5 1189.7 17.84 4687.3 3.14 C4-S1

83185 Meenakshipuram 77.25 45.01 64.58 8.05 284.94 20.31 41.18 119.38 21.86 1018.7 0.50 C4-S3

28024D Melakaranthai 160.96 128.52 420.33 32.46 295.81 31.38 678.0 552.26 37.42 3775.9 1.90 C4-S1

83171 Muddukudi 88.48 60.07 71.40 18.73 197.68 36.33 68.17 217.96 29.05 1245.6 0.52 C4-S1

25024D Mulliseval 140.20 128.70 315.40 40.80 421.18 2.05 436.9 456.70 45.70 3157.0 1.76 C4-S3




83214 Muthrmlingpurm 198.75 171.82 312.96 20.71 425.58 30.00 159.8 821.46 55.59 3728.3 1.46 C4-S1

83200A Naduvapatti 114.38 105.04 154.46 12.63 285.13 32.73 237.2 336.12 38.38 2070.7 0.81 C3-S1

93113 Nagalapuram 199.70 120.81 307.09 58.59 307.58 26.57 213.2 707.57 40.59 3140.2 1.69 C3-S1

83180 Nathampatti 53.46 56.73 139.12 4.14 336.51 41.71 69.88 165.94 5.21 1227.5 1.11 C4-S3

28012D Padanthapuli 39.78 39.17 216.89 11.33 441.33 8.40 109.3 147.33 14.33 1451.1 2.26 C4-S1

83207A Palavanatham 71.08 70.54 232.46 60.87 284.66 41.07 153.1 365.19 27.17 2055.7 1.59 C4-S1

83183 Pallaipattimalli 181.11 228.78 243.06 53.07 257.60 29.25 343.0 803.83 38.44 4115.5 1.15 C3-S1

83218 Panaiyur 57.88 71.26 419.53 10.69 413.91 63.29 233.7 479.00 18.38 2570.5 3.37 C2-S1

83110A Pandalkudi 84.82 75.52 133.71 48.18 360.31 6.00 93.00 278.73 30.45 1820.4 0.93 C3-S1

25026 Pattampudur 38.44 32.80 56.11 8.22 217.62 3.46 25.22 55.44 14.88 688.89 0.50 C3-S1

83049 Peikulam 62.22 35.97 92.22 21.22 292.60 20.82 55.32 120.33 11.83 1015.8 0.82 C4-S3

21015D Peraiyur 67.82 38.87 70.36 4.36 297.88 1.07 42.64 99.45 24.48 880.53 0.62 C3-S1

83184 Perumlthevanpatti 82.23 108.16 256.50 7.74 317.09 30.60 220.1 454.69 24.42 2412.3 1.67 C3-S1

25003A Pillaiyarnathem 63.65 57.93 77.61 6.65 296.37 24.79 48.14 132.26 18.48 1105.1 0.63 C3-S1

83048 Puliankulam (M) 49.23 52.24 61.92 6.68 278.09 27.54 26.50 115.06 18.18 918.75 0.51 C4-S2

25016D Rajapalayam 126.18 87.36 192.18 4.19 372.10 11.19 81.45 480.73 5.45 2129.0 1.19 C3-S1

83211 Ramanajapuram 164.82 211.00 1385.2 18.07 447.69 73.62 2257 1245.8 8.30 8395.8 6.79 C3-S1

83172 Reddiapatti 72.32 79.39 191.28 80.50 373.00 40.71 121.4 350.00 20.83 1989.6 1.34 C3-S1

83186 Saminatham 94.19 102.92 248.76 14.20 315.48 31.71 178.2 428.19 17.47 2330.4 1.52 C3-S1

93123 Sankarankovil 95.00 72.03 137.92 10.17 163.49 22.74 79.30 357.24 23.01 1600.2 0.87 C4-S3

83052 Saptur 51.10 39.60 80.20 31.63 293.86 35.50 31.44 109.25 12.50 942.00 0.73 C3-S1

83114A Sattur 147.89 162.32 611.21 16.84 525.89 13.64 494.4 888.26 47.13 4651.0 3.35 C4-S1

25008D Seithur 73.40 75.75 123.70 41.60 374.27 21.00 54.50 282.00 9.90 1586.0 0.88 C3-S1

25040 Senganthapatti 132.07 64.97 229.61 90.64 279.17 26.80 145.4 491.64 30.50 2336.0 1.52 C3-S1

83189 Sengundrapuram 64.74 50.17 134.33 91.83 295.39 37.50 115.8 211.85 25.17 1545.5 1.13 C3-S1

83104A Sethur 115.33 74.31 168.56 7.11 392.46 41.10 95.89 348.77 23.62 1874.6 1.08 C3-S1

93116A Soorankudi 58.80 28.17 105.73 26.78 136.41 24.88 56.46 193.33 19.60 980.00 0.95 C4-S3

25001D Srivilliputhur 89.40 91.92 127.23 5.35 258.38 26.02 60.54 443.06 9.71 1894.8 0.78 C3-S1

21016D Subbulapuram 65.33 27.52 29.89 3.89 216.85 1.07 31.22 59.33 7.39 657.78 0.27 C3-S1




83197 Subramniapuram 49.33 44.72 91.22 6.56 270.87 13.02 73.83 113.22 9.20 979.44 0.85 C4-S3

28016D T. Muthlapuram 86.25 53.61 123.25 11.00 339.59 7.79 82.25 168.38 31.13 1403.7 0.94 C3-S1

93112 T.Duraismypurm 61.47 46.34 236.03 8.53 278.00 22.68 168.5 277.35 18.41 1685.2 2.15 C3-S1

93114 Therkumuthlaram 76.43 57.25 194.83 38.10 274.57 35.89 216.5 238.65 33.11 1760.8 1.38 C4-S3

25010D Therkuvenkanallur 140.25 93.39 130.50 10.38 316.06 29.25 139.2 355.88 24.38 2008.7 0.76 C3-S1

83219 Udhaiyanendal 41.64 50.72 112.45 3.95 264.89 31.85 99.55 128.32 6.43 1056.3 0.95 C4-S3

25025D Uppathur 46.80 33.01 74.90 12.80 217.26 2.90 79.00 83.60 11.67 830.00 0.78 C3-S1

83174 Vadakku vengllur 49.04 53.73 134.56 3.50 507.98 42.00 52.65 84.44 7.47 1162.4 1.16 C4-S3

2504M Vadugapatti 120.73 188.69 276.73 5.31 612.11 32.00 310.9 556.82 19.00 3307.2 1.60 C4-S3

25005A Valayapatti 115.56 50.52 286.22 15.67 480.54 15.00 167.6 293.44 49.13 2233.3 1.92 C4-S1

28027D Vanaramutti 101.11 50.78 103.67 22.33 309.66 0.51 81.11 207.22 22.11 1403.3 0.75 C3-S1

83187B Vellaihpuram 146.00 222.33 447.38 8.75 410.19 44.46 638.3 850.88 20.50 4452.5 1.96 C4-S3

25043 Vembakottai 54.30 66.47 215.30 15.92 420.36 44.00 146.9 240.45 9.21 1749.0 1.72 C3-S1

83196 Vilasapuram 42.85 39.10 187.38 5.17 359.86 47.45 120.5 131.23 8.58 1324.6 1.81 C3-S1

83113A Virudhunagar 58.82 54.74 338.59 10.12 442.90 7.61 239.1 292.18 26.35 2181.7 2.75 C4-S3

25015D Watrap 40.91 37.93 73.45 3.41 286.54 14.47 27.45 72.45 5.33 824.55 0.76 C3-S1




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