EVALUATION OF BOND STRENGTH BETWEEN HOT MIX … · spesifikasi JKR. ... 2.8 Application of tack coat using hand wand sprayer 19 ... Asphalt emulsion is the most common used of tack

EVALUATION OF BOND STRENGTH BETWEEN HOT MIX ASPHALT AND

STONE MASTIC ASPHALT SURFACING LAYERS

VRIDA INGRID VELIAN

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Civil-Highway and Transportation)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

AUGUST 2013

iii

To my beloved father and mother

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to praise the almighty God for giving me the strength and

energy to complete this report.

At the same time, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my

supervisor, Dr Haryati Yaacob for the patience, encouragement, advices and

guidance to me. I would also like to thanks to all my friends for their support and

help.

Last but not least, I am grateful to my family members for their love, care,

support and daily encouragement during carrying the study.

v

ABSTRACT

Poor bonding between asphalt layers cause many distresses, and the most

typical problem is the slippage failure. This failure usually occurs when there are

exists insufficient bond between the interfaces of the two layers in contact.

Therefore, sufficient tack coat is needed to provide greater bonding strength between

pavement layers to be able to withstand traffic and environmental stresses. Thus, this

study is conducted to evaluate the influence of tack coat, application rates, and layer

thickness on the interface bond strength between hot mix asphalt and stone mastic

asphalt. A total of three tack coat materials have been used, which are RS-1K and

RS-2K and RS-2KL. These tack coat materials were applied at three different

application rates, 0.25 l/m², 0.40 l/m² and 0.55 l/m² which represent low, medium

and high application rates respectively in accordance with the JKR specification.

Direct shear test has been conducted at shearing rate 1 mm/min and shearing platens

5 mm gap. Analysis obtained shows interface shear strength increased as layer

thickness and application rate increase. High viscosity of tack coat produced high

interface shear strength than low viscosity tack coat.

vi

ABSTRAK

Ikatan yang lemah antara lapisan asfal menyebabkan banyak kerosakan pada

jalan, dan masalah yang paling biasa berlaku ialah kegagalan gelinciran. Kegagalan

in biasanya berlaku apabila terdapat wujudnya ikatan yang tidak mencukupi antara

permukaan kedua-dua lapisan asfal. Oleh itu, salut jelujur yang mencukupi

diperlukan untuk memberi ikatan yang lebih kuat antara lapisan turapan agar dapat

menahan tekanan dari trafik and alam sekitar. Maka, kajian ini dijalankan untuk

menilai pengaruh salut jelujur, kadar aplikasi, dan ketebalan lapisan pada kekuatan

ikatan antara permukaan HMA dan SMA. Sebanyak tiga bahan salut jelujur

digunakan, iaitu RS-1K, RS-2K dan RS-2KL. Ketiga-tiga bahan ini digunakan pada

tiga kadar aplikasi yang berbeza, 0.25 l/m², 0.40 l/m² and 0.55 l/m dan tiga kadar

aplikasi tersebut mewakili kadar aplikasi rendah, sederhana dan tinggi mengikut

spesifikasi JKR. Ujian ricih dijalankan pada ricih 1 mm/min dan jurang ricih pada 5

mm. Analisis yang diperolehi menunjukkan kekuatan ricih antara permukaan lapisan

meningkat apabila ketebalan lapisan and kadar aplikasi meningkat. Salut jelujur yang

mempunyai kelikatan yang tinggi menghasilkan kekuatan ricih yang tinggi antara

permukaan lapisan daripada salur jelujur yang mempunyai kelikatan yang rendah.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objective 3

1.4 Scope of Study 3

1.5 Significance of the Study 4

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Previous Studies on Evaluation of Pavement 5

Interface Bond Strength

viii

2.3 Factor Affecting the Interface Shear Strength of 7

Pavement Layers

2.3.1 Tack Coat Types 7

2.3.2 Tack Coat Application Rate 10

2.3.3 Surface Condition 11

2.3.4 Curing Time of Asphalt Emulsion 13

2.3.5 Thickness of Layers 15

2.3.6 Pavement Types 15

2.3.7 Temperature 16

2.4 Technology, Workmanship and Construction 18

Quality

2.5 Types of Tack Coat Failure 20

2.5.1 Inadequate Bond Strength 21

2.5.2 Delamination Failure 22

2.5.3 Slippage Failure 22

2.6 Shearing Testing Devices 23

2.6.1 Direct Shear Test Devices 24

2.6.1.1 Leutner Device 24

2.6.1.2 NCAT Device 25

2.6.1.3 LCB Device 25

2.6.2 Simple Shear Test Devices 26

2.6.2.1 ASTRA Device 27

2.6.2.2 Shear Box Device 27

2.6.2.3 Superpave Shear Test Device 28

2.7 Stone Mastic Asphalt 29

2.8 SMA Composition 31

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 32

3.2 Operational Framework 33

3.3 Material Preparation 34

ix

3.3.1 Aggregate 34

3.3.2 Aggregate Gradation 34

3.3.3 Tack Coat 37

3.3.4 Bitumen 37

3.4 Mixture Design 38

3.5 Sample Preparation 38

3.5.1 Preparation of Binder Course 39

3.5.2 Application of Tack Coat 40

3.5.3 Preparation of Wearing Course 42

3.5.4 Compact Specimen 42

3.5.5 Condition Specimen 44

3.6 Shear Test 45

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction 48

4.2 Result and Analysis 49

4.2.1 Interface Shear Strength Results 49

4.2.2 Influence of Tack Coat Types and Wearing 51

Course on Interface Shear Strength for

Different Application Rate

4.2.3 Influence of Tack Coat Types and 53

Application Rate on Interface Shear

Strength for Different Application Rate

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction 56

5.2 Conclusions 57

5.3 Recommendations 58

x

REFERENCE 59

xi

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE

3.1

3.2

3.3

Amount of aggregate needed for SMA at respective

thickness

Gradation limit for AC 28

Gradation limit for SMA 14

34

35

36

3.4 Tack coat types and application rates 37

3.5

3.6

3.7

Designed OBC for SMA

Marshall results and specification of SMA

Test factorial design

3.8

38

39

3.8 Number of compaction blows on the effect of thickness

and degree of compaction for SMA

43

4.1

4.2

4.3

Interface shear strength of SMA 14 for RS-1K

Interface shear strength of SMA 14 for RS-2K

Interface shear strength of SMA 14 for RS-2KL

49

50

50

xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE

1.1

2.1

2.2

Slippage failure due to poor bonding between

HMA layers

Possible modes of pavement interface failure

during service life

Emulsified Asphalt

3

6

8

2.3 Power Broom 13

2.4 Wirtgen milling machine 13

2.5

2.6

Combination of different mix types

Illustration of asphalt molecules t lower and higher

temperature

16

17

2.7 Application of tack coat using asphalt distributor

truck performing

19

2.8 Application of tack coat using hand wand sprayer 19

2.9 Excessive tack coat application 20

2.10 Non-uniform tack coat application 21

2.11 Delamination failure 22

2.12 Sliding failure 23

xiv

2.13 Leutner Shear Strength Test 24

2.14

2.15

2.16

2.17

2.18

2.19

2.20

2.21

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

Schematic of the NCAT shear testing device

Illustration of LCB Shear Test

Ancona Shear Testing Research and Analysis

Illustration of shear box device

Shear box inside SST sample

Comparison between SMA and conventional HMA

SMA aggregates skeleton

Major components of SMA mixture

Flow chart of laboratory process and analysis

Gradation limit for AC 28

Gradation limit for SMA 14

Binder course layer and left for cooling process at

room temperature

Tack coat application

Curing process

25

26

27

28

29

30

30

31

33

35

36

40

40

40

3.7 Wearing course layer was prepared and ready for 42

Compaction

3.8 Relationship of compaction blow and density for 43

SMA 14 specimen of different thickness

3.9 Marshall Hammer Compactor 44

3.10 Completed specimen and ready to be tested 44

3.11 Typical specimen interface response under the 46

influence of shear load

3.12 Shear box 47

3.13 Installing a ring to accommodate the double 47

layered specimen

3.13 Sample condition after testing process 48

4.1 Mean interface shear strength against application 52

rate for three different thickness for RS-1K


rate for three different thickness for RS-2K


rate for three different thickness for RS-2KL

xv

4.4 Mean interface shear strength against application rate 54

for three different thickness for RS-1K


for three different thickness for RS-2K


for three different thickness for RS-2KL

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Asphalt pavement plays an important role in order to ensure that the

pavement distribute the traffic loadings to the base course. Asphalt pavement

consists of several layers and it is depends greatly on the mechanical properties of

each layers as well as the bonding between the pavement interlayers to perform

better during its service life.

Besides that, pavement surface course consists of wearing course and binder

course, which is the crucial part during construction to provide good bonding

between the pavement layers in order to maintain the structural integrity of

pavement. Therefore, the most important variable which influences the bond between

the pavement layers is a tack coat.

The use of tack coat is to provide the sufficient adhesive bond between the

pavement layers. Tack coat is a very light application of asphalt, usually it is applied

to a new or an existing pavement prior to paving works. Apart from that, the bonding

between the pavement layers work together as a monolithic structure in order to

withstand the traffic and environmental loading.

2

Asphalt emulsion is the most common used of tack coat followed by the

paving grade and cutback asphalt. However, the use of cutback asphalt as tack coat

has significantly decline due to the environmental concern related to the volatile

components. Thus, asphalt emulsion is the most favored use as tack coat due to the

simplicity of being capable to be applied at lower temperature and relatively

pollution free.

1.2 Problem Statement

The influence of surface characteristics on the bonding properties at the

interlayer is important to understand better how multilayered pavements behave

under traffic conditions. Nowadays, problem related to the pavement surface due to

the poor bonding no longer new issues. Poor bonding between asphalt layers cause

many distresses, and the most typical problem is the slippage failure. This failure

usually occurs when there are exists insufficient bond between the interfaces of the

two layers in contact as shown on Figure 1.1. Normally, slippage cracking occurs at

location where there is a sharp curves and busy junction where the vehicle

accelerates and decelerates continuously. However, this problem was also results

from where vehicle is likely to exert high horizontal force.

Besides that, other pavement distresses which were related to the insufficient

bonding between asphalt layers such as surface layer delamination, premature fatigue

and top down cracking and potholes. Despite the presence of any of these distresses

can be seriously affects the pavement structural integrity as the loss of bond leads to

increased subgrade deformation as well as reduce the riding quality. In Malaysia,

delamination and potholes can be considered also one of the most common types of

pavement distress which related to the poor bonding due to the less comprehensive

guidelines on the proper tack coat application during construction.

3

Figure 1.1: Slippage failure due to poor bonding between HMA layers (West

et al, 2005)

1.3 Objective of the Study

The specific objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of tack

coat types, application rates, and layer thickness on the interface bond strength

between hot mix asphalt and stone mastic asphalt.

1.4 Scope of Study

This study was focus on the performance of tack coat materials on the stone

mastic asphalt (SMA) pavement wearing course. The mixtures with the nominal

maximum aggregates size of 14 mm were studied. A total of three tack coat materials

will were used, which are RS-1K and RS-2K and RS-2KL. These tack coat materials

were applied at three different application rates, which are 0.25 l/m², 0.40 l/m² and

0.55 l/m² represent low, medium and high application rates respectively in

accordance with the JKR specification (2008). Three specimens are prepared for

4

each test. Direct shear test was conducted at shearing rate 1 mm/min and shearing

platens 5 mm gap.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study was carried out to enhance the pavement bonding between the

layers. Besides that, the lack of tack coat between pavement layers can lead to

premature failure. Thus, this study was investigating the factor that lead to this

failure, therefore premature failure can be avoided.

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EVALUATION OF BOND STRENGTH BETWEEN HOT MIX … · spesifikasi JKR. ... 2.8 Application of tack coat using hand wand sprayer 19 ... Asphalt emulsion is the most common used of tack

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