Quest Journals Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering Volume 6 ~ Issue 3 (2021) pp: 28-34 www.questjournals.org *Corresponding author: Hassan Laminu 28 | Page Research Paper Evaluation for Mechanical Properties of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) Blended Granite - Gravel Concrete’ Hassan Laminu Department of Civil Engineering maidriss Alooma polytechnic Geidam yobe state Nigeria ABSTRACT The study was carried out to establish an optimum replacement ratio of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel of concrete. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete i.e. concrete with 100% OPC and ordinary gravel used as control, and concrete with 25% - 35% POFA replacement and granite-gravel of 0% - 100% replacement having uniform water/binder (w/b) ratios of 0.5 and mixes ration of 1:2:4 was utilized. Furthermore, curing ages of 7 days, 28 days, and 56 days were used. Thirteen runs of experiments were designed using the Central Composite Response Surface method (Design Expert). Based on the analyses, the optimum compressive strength of 26.59 N/mm 2 at %POFA of 26.69% and %Granite of 86.69% was observed. Also, the optimum strength found is slightly lower than the control (26.67 N/mm 2 ) with 0.30% difference. Furthermore, decrease in compressive strength due increase in %POFA was observed. Also Increase in Granite with increase of compressive strength was recorded. In addition, increase in concrete slump height was observed with increase in %POFA and %Granite. KEYWORDS: Concrete, Granite-Gravel, compressive strength, and Palm Oil, Received 29 Mar, 2021; Revised: 10 Apr, 2021; Accepted 12 Apr, 2021 © The author(s) 2021. Published with open access at www.questjournals.org I. INTRODUCTION Concrete is regarded as the primary and widely used construction ingredient around the world in which cement is the key material. However, large scale cement production contributes greenhouse gases both directly through the production of CO 2 during manufacturing and also through the consumption of energy (combustion of fossil fuels). Currently world’s annual cement production contributes about 7-8% of the global loading of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in to the atmosphere (Ridzuan, 2014). Moved by the economic and ecological concerns of cement, researchers have focused on finding a substitution of this over the last several years. In order to address both the concerns simultaneously many attempts have been made in past to use materials available as by product or waste. This is due to the fact that the use of by product not only eliminates the additional production cost, but also results in safety to the environment. Hence, the development and use of blended cement is growing rapidly in the construction industry mainly due to considerations of cost saving, energy saving, environmental protection and conservation of resources. A number of investigations have been carried out with Palm oil fuel ash (POFA), an agro-waste ash, as potential replacement of cement in concrete. Sata et al. (2004) found compressive strength of 81.3, 85.9, and 79.8 MPa at the age of 28 days by using improved POFA with a reduced particle size of about 10 microns in concrete as replacement of 10%, 20% and 30% of cement respectively. They also reported highest strength at 20% replacement level. Tangchirapat [2009] observed the compressive strengths of ground POFA concrete in the range of 59.5–64.3 MPa at 28 days of water curing and with 20% replacement it was as high as 70 MPa at the end of 90 days of water curing. However, the drying shrinkage and water permeability were noted to be lower than that of control concrete with improved sulphate resistance. Past researchers also depict that both ground and un-ground POFA increase the water demand and thus decrease the workability of concrete. However, ground POFA has shown a good potential for improving the hardened properties and durability of concrete due to its satisfactory micro-filling ability and pozzolanic activity. 1.1 Physical properties For the physical characteristics of POFA, it is easily affected by the operating system in the factory. Based on the previous studies, it is observed that the temperature of the incinerator that the industries controlled
Evaluation for Mechanical Properties of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) Blended Granite - Gravel Concrete’
Apr 29, 2023
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