Eut440 lect wk 7 2 april 2013 id hazards and routes grp b

EUT440

ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY

• Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

WEEK 7 2nd APRIL 2013

EUT440ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY

• Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

MID TERM EXMINATION: DATE:TIME;VENUE:

ASSIGNMENT EUT440

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

What is Accident?

• Unwanted and undesirable • Unexpected • Involves a deviation from what was intended, i.e.

a planned safe operation • Involves injury to people and/or damage to plant

and equipment or materials, including the finished product - or at least the potential for injury/damage (an event labeled a ‘near miss accident’)

• Involves a chain of events, rather than one isolated event

Stop on 17/10/2012

Why Managing Safety and Health?• Moral and Ethical Issues

-Respect Human Resources - morale, commitment, image-Respect their family – pride, - Ethical Issues AS A PROFESSIONAL

• Legal Issues -Claims for compensation-Disruption during the legal process

• Financial Issues - is not a JUST legal, moral and ethical obligation; it also makes good business sense!!!!!.

-Increase of Insurance Premium -Direct Lost-Indirect Lost

-

REGISTRATION OF ENGINEERSACT 1967

(Revised – 2002)Act 138

An Act to provide for the registration of Engineers and for purposes connected

therewith.

ETHICAL ISSUES

Functions of the Board - on Ethics -

For the purposes of this Act there is hereby established a board to be called "Board of Engineers", Malaysia (BEM). The functions

of the Board shall be among others:

– to hear and determine disputes relating to professional conduct or ethics of registered Engineers;

– to determine and regulate the conduct and ethics of the engineering profession;

ETHICAL ISSUES

Why do Engineers need to know about Ethics?

• With knowledge & skills, engineers have the capability to do services to the public.

• With this capability, engineers have a tremendous responsibility to clients, individuals and society.

• Ethics help engineers to guide their decisions to ensure they act responsibly.

ETHICAL ISSUES

Basic Ethical Concepts

• Ethical considerations are an integral part of making engineering decisions.

• The professional obligations of engineers go beyond fulfilling a contract with a client or customer.

• Codes of ethics can provide guidance in the decision-making process.

ETHICAL ISSUES

Basic Ethical Concepts

•Ethical obligations do not stop at any country’s border; they are global.

•Wherever engineers practice, they should hold paramount the health, safety, and welfare of the public.

•How an engineer fulfils those obligations may depend on the social and economic context of engineering practice.

ETHICAL ISSUES

ETHICAL ISSUESCODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCTREGISTRATION OF ENGINEERS REGULATIONS 1990

• Conduct of Registered Engineer.– 23. Every registered Engineer shall at all times uphold thedignity, high standing and reputation of his profession.

• Responsibility to employer, clients or profession.– 24. A registered Engineer in his responsibility to his employer,

client or the profession shall have full regard to the publicinterest.

• Discharge of duties.– 25. (1) A registered Engineer shall discharge his duties to hisemployer or client as the case may be with complete fidelity.

ETHICAL ISSUESCODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCTREGISTRATION OF ENGINEERS REGULATIONS 1990

• Reputation etc. of a Registered Engineer not to beinjured.

– 26. A registered Engineer shall not maliciously injure or attempt to maliciously injure whether directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, prospects or business of anotherregistered Engineer.

BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSBIA (BEM) GUIDELINES FOR CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCTFive (5) Main SECTIONS for CODE of ETHICS(27 Sub-Sections)

1/5. A Registered Engineer shall at all times hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public.

- 5 SUB-SECTIONS

ETHICAL ISSUES


2/5. A Registered Engineer shall undertake assignments only if he is qualified by education & experience in the specific technical fields in which he is involved.

2 SUB-SECTIONS

3/5. A Registered Engineer shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.

3 SUB-SECTIONS

ETHICAL ISSUES


4/5. A Registered Engineer shall act for each employer or clients as faithful agent or trustee.

7 SUB-SECTIONS

ETHICAL ISSUES


5/5. A Registered Engineer shall conduct himself honourably, responsibly, ethically and lawfully so as to enhance the honour, reputation and usefulness of the profession.

10 SUB-SECTIONS

ETHICAL ISSUES

HazardHAZARD –condition with the potential of causing:

• Injury• Diseases• Damage to equipment or structures• Loss of material or lessening of the ability to

perform a prescribed function• Damage to the environment• Or a combination of the above

- It is something that can cause harm if not controlled

- the outcome is the harm that results from an uncontrolled hazard.

Workers don’t create hazards. Hazards are often built into workplace.

Work processes can be designed to prevent accidents and illnesses. Existing hazards should be removed from the workplace.

• Breakdown of Accident Costs for the Industry

• The costs can be categorized into - Direct cost - Indirect cost

Direct costs • payment for work not performed; • medical and compensation payments;

• repair or replacement of damaged machinery and equipment;

• reduction or a temporary halt in production;

• increased training expenses and administration costs;

• possible reduction in the quality of work;

negative effect on morale in other workers.

The costs of an accident or illness can be 4 to 10 times greater than the direct costs, or even more!

An occupational illness or accident can have so many indirect costs to workers that it is often difficult to measure them. One of the most obvious indirect costs is the human suffering caused to workers' families, which cannot be compensated with money.

Indirect costs

Indirect costs • the injured/ill worker has to be replaced; • a new worker has to be trained and given

time to adjust; • it takes time before the new worker is

producing at the rate of the original worker; • time must be devoted to obligatory

investigations, to the writing of reports and filling out of forms;

• accidents often arouse the concern of fellow workers and influence labor relations in a negative way;

• poor health and safety conditions in the workplace can also result in poor public relations.

RISK ASSESSEMENT

Risk Risk - a combination of the probability that a particular outcome will occur and the severity of the harm involved.(Risiko - Kombinasi kemungkinan berlakunya kejadian berbahaya/kemalangan dan kesan akibatnya)

- Chance or probability of danger, loss or injury occuring- A measure of economic loss or human injury in terms of both

the accident likelihood and magnitude (consequence) of loss or injury

- It is a combination of incident, probability and consequences.

Danger – expresses the relative exposure to hazard. A hazard may presence, but there may be little danger because of the precaution taken.

Risk management involves the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities.

Checking and Reviewing the risk control

- Controlling the risk • Eliminating the hazard, if possible • Minimizing, if possible • Controlling the hazard

Identifying types of HAZARDSand

Various Route of Entry

Issues in Managing of Health at Workplace

• Difficult to develop strategy due to - Long latency period - Individual susceptibility factor

• The difficulties are experienced by - Designers - difficult in taking account of health risks in

their specifications - Managers - determining the level of health protection

that personnel require - Operatives - being aware of health risks and the

systems, whether control or prevention, that are put in place to protect them.

Types of HAZARDS - categories

i. Physical Hazardsii. Chemical Hazardsiii. Biological Hazardsiv. Electrical Hazardsv. Radiation Hazardsvi. Psychological Hazards

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Types of HAZARDS - categoriesi. Physical Hazards eg height, force, noise,

vibration, lighting, etc- route -> tissue damage, hearing loss, lifting, manual handling, ergonomic, traffic hazards, collapse, falling objects

Manual Handling

• The lifting and carrying of loads is a big problem in every industry

• Manual handling injuries contributed about 25% of all work-related injuries

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

How to reduce the effects?

• Bagged materials must be less than 25 kg. • Apart of the weight factor, other factors also affect this manual handling related accident

- The individual

• Age

• Gender • Training • Experience • Previous Injury

- The overall operation

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Work Related Upper Limb Disorder

• WRULD is caused by repetitive movements Diseases associated - Neck disorder

- Shoulder disorder - Elbow disorder

- Writs and Hand Lesions (localized area of diseased or injured tissue)

- Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Work Related Upper Limb Disorder

• Factors associated with the development of WRULD - Resisting Excessive Force - Frequency and Duration of Movement

• Jobs are dictated by machine rather than personnel

- Posture - ERGONOMIC - Work Organization

• Length of work period without rest breaks, lack of training and inadequate supervision

- Psychosomatic Factors (illness due to the interaction of the mind and the body)

• Poor awareness by managers and employees • Lack of management to detect problems • Poor ergonomic job design • Lack of training to control WRULD

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Noise

• It can cause hearing loss • Factors influencing hearing loss

- Intensity of the noise

- Frequency

- Length of exposure

- Individual Tolerance. This factor is also affected by other factors such as

• Age

• Effect of Drugs

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Sound Level in dB (A) Sources

Harmfull 140 Jet Engine 130 Riveting Hammer

Critical 120 Propeller Aircraft 110 Rock Drill 100 Typical outdoor construction, plate fabrication noise 90 Heavy Vehicle

Safe 80 Pile drivers, power lawn mower, very busy traffic 70 Private car 60 Air compressor and concrete mixers 50 Conversation (at 1 m) 40 Average business office 30 Quite Whisper

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

How to control noise hazard?

• Review the design and change if possible • Change with other processes or equipment • PPE (Personel Protective Equipment): Earmuff

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Vibration

• Result in tissue damage • Two kinds of vibration

- Whole body vibration: vehicles - Segmental vibration: pneumatic handheld tools(white knuckles)

• How to control this hazard? - Use of vibration isolator - Select equipment that produces less vibration

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Electronics assembly worker –

Eye problems from doing close work, especially in poor light

Long periods with inadequate seating, can suffer from back and other musculoskeletal problems.

Solder fumes or solder “flecks” in the eye when the excess solder is cut off with pliers.

PHYSICAL HAZARDS - examples

Source: International Labor Organization (ILO)

PSYCOLOGICAL

OCCUPATIONAL STRESS;

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

ii. Chemical Hazardseg. Gas, Liquid, Vapor, Fumes, Mist, Dust, Asbestos, Lead -route -> Inhalation, skin contact with chemical, ingestion of chemical,


Routes of Entry of Toxic Agents

• Respiratory

• Skin and eye contact • Mouth (Ingestion) • Injection

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Types of Effect

• Acute - A lot of exposure

- The reaction happen in short period of time

• Chronic

- Repeated small exposure - Long period of time

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Common Types of Toxic Effect

• Irritations - Lung

• By inhaling some chemicals, e.g. ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide

- Skin: chemical, physical, mechanical and biological

• Central Nervous System (CNS) Depression - Headache, Drowsiness, Unconsciousness - Organ affected: brain - Many solvents (toluene, xylene, ether, acetone) produce

this effect if the vapor concentration is high

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

• Asphyxia - Interfere with the transfer of oxygen

- Suffocated because the bloodstream cannot supply enough oxygen

- When the oxygen level of 21% drop to 16% - Sources

• Gas from sewerage • Argon, propane, methane • Carbon monoxide

• Hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen cyanide

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont

• Cancer

- The effect is about 20-30 years - Sources

• Benzene Æ Leukemia

• Chromium, Beryllium and Arsenic Trioxide Æ Lung Cancer • Asbestos Æ Larynx, Lung and Abdomen cancer • Vynil Chloride Æ Liver Cancer

• Coal Tar Pitch Æ Skin Cancer • Benzidine Æ Bladder Cancer

CHEMICAL HAZARDS


• Pneumoconiosis - Dusts retained in the lung - Reduce the elasticity of the lung

- Sources • Silica, beryllium, asbestos, iron oxide, tin

• Reproductive Effect - Cause the ability to reproduce and fetal development

• Mercury Æ Low birth weight • PCBs Æ Brown patches • Lead Æ Miscarriage • X-Rays and Some Pesticides (e.g., DBPC) Æ Decreased sperm

cell and sterility CHEMICAL HAZARDS


• Systemic Poisons (effect whole body or at least a multiple of organs

- Affect to more than one organ - Sources

• Cadmium: - causes lung irritation, - impairs kidney normal function and - may cause sterility

• Mercury: - Accumulation in the brain causes tremors and mood changes - Decreased kidney efficiency - Gum inflammation and excess saliva

CHEMICAL HAZARDS


Factors Affecting Toxic Effect • Factors related to the agent

- Chemical Composition - Physical properties - Solubility in body fluids

• Factors related to the Exposure Situation - Dose: how much and how long? - Co-factors: Presence of other materials

• Factors related to the individuals - Individual differences: genetic status and allergic status - Age - Presence of predisposing disease:

• Angina (Heart Disease) Æ cannot tolerate carbon monoxide • Emphysema (lung ailment)

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Construction Materials Causing Occupational Diseases

DISEASE Skin Respiratory Tract Lungs Eyes Nervous System

Construction Material Form Oils Irritation Irritation Cement (Chromium) Lesions, Eczema,

Burns

Insulation Mineral wool Irritation Glass wool Irritation Isocyanate Damage Damage Asthma

Asphalt Irritation, Burns Bronchitis, Increased risk of cancer

Caulking and Sealants

Polyacrylate Irritation Irritation Methyl ethyl ketone Irritation Irritation

Methyl isobutyl ketone Irritation Irritation

Isocyanate Eczema Asthma Adhesive

Acrylic monomers Irritation Irritation Toluene Irritation Irritation Damage Xylene Irritation Irritation Damage Isocyanate Discomfort Epoxy Resin Irritation Polyamine Irritation

Plasters, Drywall, Putties Irritation Irritation

Asbestos • It can cause lung cancer

• The disease develops 20-40 years after exposure

• Problems with asbestos in construction - Many construction contracts are being awarded

without the contractors being informed of the presence of asbestos materials

Construction Materials Causing Occupational Diseases

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

CHEMICAL Hazard …..cont

- Identification

Hazards related materials

- Workplace Hazardous Material Information System (WHMIS)

(Canada’s National Workplace Hazard Communication Std)

The key elements of the system are cautionary

labelling of containers of WHMIS "controlled products", the provision of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) and worker education and training programs

http://www.safetyemporium.com/?08807

Hazard Identification chemical …..cont

Hazards related materials • Hazardous material usually has WHMIS symbols link

• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) link

http://www.safetyemporium.com/?08807

Class B: Flammable Class A: Compressed Gas & Combustible

WHMIS Symbol

Class C: Oxidizing Material Class D: Poisonous and Infectious Material

Material Safety Data Sheets - MSDS

A form with data regarding the detailed properties of a particular hazardous material

An important component of product stewardship and workplace safety, it is intended to provide workers and emergency personnel with procedures for handling or working with that substance in a safe manner

What is an MSDS?

• A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provides detailed information about a specific hazardous material. An MSDS contains the following information: - Identity (name of substance) - Physical Hazards (target organ)

- Health Hazards - Routes of Body Entry - Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) - Carcinogenic Factors (cancer causing)

- Safe-Handling Procedures

What is an MSDS?

- Data of Sheet Preparation

- Control Measures (personal protective equipment) - Emergency First Aid Procedures (emergency telephone

number)

- Contact Information (for the preparer of the sheet) - Special Instructions

Sample

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Material_safety_data_sheet.JPG

Sample MSDS Page - Nitric Acid, 70%

• This is a sample page from the MSDS for Nitric Acid, 70 percent. The product is made by the ABC Rubber Company, Science Products Division, P.O. Box M, Altonia, Illinois 40361. Effective date is 8- 21-85.

Sample MSDS Page - Nitric Acid, 70%

Product identification, synonyms, other names for nitric acid are: aqua fortis, azotic acid, nitric acid 70 percent. Formula CAS Number 7697-37-2. Molecular weight 63.00. Hazardous ingredients, not applicable. Chemical formula, HNO3.

Precautionary measures, danger, strong oxidizer, contact with other materials may cause fire. Causes sever burns, may be fatal if swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. Avoid breathing mist, use only with adequate ventilation. Wash thoroughly after handling. Do not store near combustible materials. Store in a tightly closed container. Remove and wash contaminated clothing properly.

When Do You Use an MSDS?

• You should use an MSDS whenever you need additional information about a hazardous material that is not included on the product label.

• For example, you have spilled nitric acid on the floor, and you need to know how to clean it up safely. You need only refer to the "Safe-Handling Procedures" section of the nitric acid MSDS.

Safe-Handling Procedures Section - Nitric Acid, 70% Isolate or enclose the area of the leak or spill. Clean-up personnel

should wear protective clothing and respiratory equipment suitable for toxic or corrosive fluids or vapors. For small spills:

Flush with water, and neutralize with alkaline material (soda ash, lime, et cetera). Sewer with excess water.

For larger spills and lot sizes:

Neutralize with alkaline, pick up with absorbent material (sand, earth, vermiculite) and dispose in a RCRA approved waste facility or sewer the neutralized slurry with excess water if local ordinances allow. Provide forced ventilation to dissipate fumes.

Reportable Quantity (RQ) (CWA/CERCLA): 1000 pounds Insure compliance with local, state and federal regulations.

Sample

When Do You Use an MSDS?

• Some chemicals, such as sodium hydroxide, are very dangerous. If you have an accident, you may not have time to look up the information you need in an MSDS. • You should read the MSDSs for the hazardous materials present in your work area before you work with them.

i. Physical Hazardsii. Chemical Hazardsiii. Biological Hazards – living organism or

once-living organism eg. Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses

iv. Electrical Hazardsv. Radiation Hazardsvi. Psychological Hazards


iii. Biological Hazards a. Microorganism -Fungi, Bacteria, Virusesroute –in contact with bacteria thro’ improper treated cooling towersb. Arthropods – mosquitoes, spiders route – bitten by infected mosquitoesc. Animals – crocodiles, snakesd. Plant allergens and toxins – pollene. Protein allergens – food, urine, feces, hair route – rodent dropping/urine- route -> infection, needle stick injury, handling of waste


i. Physical Hazardsii. Chemical Hazardsiii. Biological Hazardsiv. Electrical Hazards eg current, voltage,

sparks- route -> direct electrocution, contact with overhead or underground cables

v. Radiation Hazardsvi. Psychological Hazards


i. Physical Hazardsii. Chemical Hazardsiii. Biological Hazardsiv. Electrical Hazards v. Radiation Hazards eg. UV light, lasers etc

- route -> skin contact, eye contactvi. Psychological Hazards


Ultraviolet • UV can damage eyes and skin

- Skin cancer - Skin burn - Eye discomfort

• Where is the exposure of this hazard? - Outdoor job - Welding - Work using high intensity lamp

• How to reduce the hazard? - Sun block

- UV Protection Sunglasses - Blue color costume

i. Physical Hazardsii. Chemical Hazardsiii. Biological Hazardsiv. Electrical Hazards v. Radiation Hazards vi. Psychological Hazards eg. workplace,

space, organizational culture, stress


Occupational Stress

• Three types of occupational stress - Physical

- Mental

- Emotional

PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Causes of Occupational Stress • Uncertainty and lack of control (low job

discretion) • Lack of support from others, including co-workers • Conflicts

• High demands of working environment, e.g. long hours, high responsibility, commitment • Very low demands: boredom, lack of meaning in work • Work station: noise, poor lighting, lack of space, extreme temperatures, poor ergonomics • Chemical hazards, fumes, passive smoking


• Organizational culture • Repetitive Tasks • Low pay leading to overtime and piecework • Change


Causes of Occupational Stress …cont

How do humans react? 3 stages • Alarm Stage

- Immediate reaction - Fight or Flight? - Human body coordinates the readiness of

action, influencing mood, causing heart palpitation, shallow fast breathing, muscle tension, dryness of throat, dizziness and light- headedness, numbness of the limbs, nausea, anxiety and sweating


• Resistance Stage Alarm stage cannot be maintained indefinitely At one point, resistance stage occurs in which humans develop survival strategies and a way of fighting the stress

Typically, short-term relief is preferable

• Exhaustion Stage - Stress response is healthy and a motivator - When expectations are not realistic, humans become

suffer


How do humans react?

can be burnt from the sparks

the danger of the work process starting a fire.

the intense light can cause permanent eye damage

Heat

HAZARDS – can you identify them?

Source: International Labor Organization (ILO)

PHYSICALPSYCOLOGICAL

fumes given off by the process which can damage the lungsCHEMICAL

Welder

TO BE CONTINUED

- RISK ASSESSMENT

Eut440 lect wk 7 2 april 2013 id hazards and routes grp b

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