EUROPEAN WIND ENERGY CONFERENCE EWEC 2007 Beyond barriers: A strategic R&D Plan for Small Wind Turbines development. Renewable Energy Division CIEMAT Milan, 7 th – 10 nd May 2007 Ignacio Cruz, Enrique Soria Ignacio Cruz, Enrique Soria
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EUROPEAN WIND ENERGY CONFERENCE
EWEC 2007
Beyond barriers: A strategic R&D Plan for Small Wind Turbines development.
Renewable Energy Division
CIEMAT
Milan, 7th – 10nd May 2007
Ignacio Cruz, Enrique SoriaIgnacio Cruz, Enrique Soria
Contents Contents State of the art of SWT.
Reasons of the undeveloped market.
Action 1: Strategic R&D Plan
Action 2: Certification promotion
Action 3: New frame demanded for SWT
Applications:
• SWT for autonomous and hybrid.
• SWT for grid connection. (Building
Integration and micro-grids)
Conclusion and final remarks.
State of the art of small wind turbinesState of the art of small wind turbines
First approach December 1998
Study over 22 Manufacturers from 11 countries (50 models <12 kW)
ConclusionsThere is not a real market but they are good expectative
The more common wind turbine is three bladed, upwind, synchronous generator PMG, wind vane orientation, passive regulation and mechanical brake
It is necessary continuous efforts to decreases the costs and increase the reliability
The passive regulation mechanism requires a strong support
TheThe small wind turbines are far away from technological maturity and small wind turbines are far away from technological maturity and economical competitivenesseconomical competitiveness
Revision of the study 2005 (seven years later)
Study over 60 Manufacturers from 21 countries (160 models <50 kW)
The analysis covered
Technical characteristics
Autonomous and grid connected wind turbines
Costs, certifications and guarantees provides
Some technical conclusions came up:Some technical conclusions came up:
Large scatteringLarge scattering in SWT Specific Cost in €/m in SWT Specific Cost in €/m22 and €/W and €/W
Large scatteringLarge scattering in SWT Specific Cost in €/m in SWT Specific Cost in €/m22
Variations from 100 to 1200 €/m2
Specific Cost decreases with the rated power.Specific Cost decreases with the rated power.
The Ave. specific cost range varies from 1,5 to 5 €/W
Diameter variation over 60% for same rated power.
(Undergoing IEC-61400 –2 consider several SWT classes)
Scattered weightScattered weight for same rated power SWT for same rated power SWT
State of the art of small wind turbines (Con’t)State of the art of small wind turbines (Con’t)
SPECIFIC COST OF SWT ( RATED POWER < 30 kW)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
Aer
ocr
aft
120
AR
-200
W
fort
is y
ello
w s
and
Aer
ocr
aft
240
incl
in 2
50
fort
is y
ello
w s
and
Vél
ter
B
D40
0
Sm
art
400
MK
1
Sm
art
400
MK
2
Aer
ocr
aft
500
AR
-500
W
fort
is y
ello
w s
and
Vél
ter
D
incl
in 6
00
Aer
ocr
aft
750
fort
is e
spad
a
AR
-100
0W
AW
P 3
.6
BW
C X
L.1
PP
S
1kW
Vél
ter
I
WS
1000
TA
3,2
120
0
fort
is p
assa
at
incl
in 1
500
PP
S
2kW
incl
in 3
000
S30
00
AR
-500
0W
fort
is m
on
tan
a
S50
00D
D
incl
in 6
000
PP
S 6
kW
TA
5.6
600
0
BW
C E
xcel
-R
BW
C E
xcel
-S
fort
is a
lize
TA
8,6
120
00
Vél
ter
XV
S20
000
fort
is b
ore
as
SL
G
SPECIFIC COST
(Euros/m2)
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
17500
20000
22500
25000
27500
30000
32500
35000
RATED POWER (W)
SPECIFIC COST OF SWT ( RATED POWER < 30 kW)
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
Aer
ocr
aft
120
AR
-200
W
fort
is y
ello
w s
and
Aer
ocr
aft
240
incl
in 2
50
fort
is y
ello
w s
and
Vél
ter
B
D40
0
Sm
art
400
MK
1
Sm
art
400
MK
2
Aer
ocr
aft
500
AR
-500
W
fort
is y
ello
w s
and
Vél
ter
D
incl
in 6
00
Aer
ocr
aft
750
fort
is e
spad
a
AR
-100
0W
AW
P 3
.6
BW
C X
L.1
PP
S
1kW
Vél
ter
I
WS
1000
TA
3,2
120
0
fort
is p
assa
at
incl
in 1
500
PP
S
2kW
incl
in 3
000
S30
00
AR
-500
0W
fort
is m
on
tan
a
S50
00D
D
incl
in 6
000
PP
S 6
kW
TA
5.6
600
0
BW
C E
xcel
-R
BW
C E
xcel
-S
fort
is a
lize
TA
8,6
120
00
Vél
ter
XV
S20
000
fort
is b
ore
as
SL
G
SPECIFIC COST (Euros/W)
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
17500
20000
22500
25000
27500
30000
32500
RATED POWER (W)
ROTOR DIAMETER (RATED POWER 1 - 10kW)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
TA
3,2
12
00
inc
lin 1
50
0
TA
3.6
18
00
Ke
str
eL
20
00
Vé
lte
r II
Win
db
urn
WT
25
00
inc
lin 3
00
0
TA
3.6
30
00
TA
6,0
38
00
Win
ds
torm
fort
is m
on
tan
a
GE
V 6
/5
S5
00
0D
D
AR
-50
00
W
TA
10
,5 5
30
0
PP
S 6
kW
TA
5.6
60
00
BW
C E
xc
el-
R
Win
dru
sh
TA
8.6
82
00
Air
co
n 1
0
fort
is a
lize
Na
sim
10
kW
WT
10
RATED POWER (W)
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
ROTOR DIAMETER (M)
State of the art of small wind turbines (Con’t)State of the art of small wind turbines (Con’t)
Most of the commercial SWT are not certified:- Power performance IEC 61400-12-1- Acoustic noise measurement techniques: IEC 61400-11 Ed 2- Design requirements for SWT IEC 61400-2 Ed 2- Durability Test: IEC WT01- Safety and function test IEC WT01
Why?• Very expensive implementation.• Reports not friendly for the end users.• Standard doesn't represent the complexity of the SWT behaviour.
Solution on going:User friendly certification reports -> labelling
Reasons of the undeveloped market.
At the moment of the last survey, the SWT technology works, but is not mature:
• High specific cost (€/kW) and lack of promotion mechanisms, specially for distributedapplications. • Low reliability, especially in windy areas. • Low performance• Lack of user-friendly certification reports.• Lack of SWT products in the power range between 20 and 100 kW
Potential support activities proposed.Potential support activities proposed.Technical improvementTechnical improvement
Reliability and structural design. Aerodynamic:
Airfoil (Low Reynolds number)Models.
Turbine noise:Airfoil, RPM.
Durability: Manufacture process and materials.
Power electronics: SWT converters well adapted.
Cost effective designs. (Great influence in the total cost) Control and protection system. Behaviour of SWT in high wind conditions.
Potential support activities proposed.Potential support activities proposed.CertificationCertification
IEC Wind Turbine standards not always valid for small ones:
Very expensive implementation. Reports not friendly for the end users. Standard doesn't represent the complexity of the SWT behaviour.
Solutions proposed:
Mandatory rules, but with public support for testing and certification activities. Simple, realistic and useful standards.
Potential support activities proposed. Potential support activities proposed. Policy and regulationsPolicy and regulations
• Specific R&D programmes for SWT• Support mechanisms:
• Initial cost buy down is useful for off grid SWT.• Adequate feed-in tariff or net metering for grid connected SWT.• Tax or green credits.
• Easy to manage permits and grid access.• Implementation of a certification system.• Integration with other RES in hybrid system.• Demonstration projects.• Dissemination of results and technologies.
Action 1: Strategic R&D Plan
Project MiniEólicaPromotion of the Technology for Small Wind
2007 - 2011
Three working areas are differentiated:
First Area: Product Development
This area is focused on the support to the manufacturers in the development of their new products. Each line is leaded by one manufacturer which will be helped by technological research centres and private companies. New designs will cover the needs of the market in the power range between 20kW and 100kW.
Second Area: Technical Development
Breaking technological barriers and propitiate the technological development in key areas for SWT sector are the main objectives of this area. Those activities must be lead by technological R&D Centres and only in some cases by private companies. Technology research for medium-term application is attended in this area.
Third Area: Activation of the SWTsector and support infrastructure development
The objective of this area is the promotion, dissemination, sensitization and info collection for the SWT sector. Also in order to promote and adequate development of new products and bussiness associated, a new infrastructures are needed, services has to be established (f. i. certification test facilities). A new called “minieolica sector” is pursuable.
Organization of MINIEÓLICA Project:
Project Structure
SMALL WIND SECTOR TAKE OFF
PUBLIC PRIVATERESEARCH TECHNOLOGICA
CENTRES CENTRES
PR
OD
UC
T
TE
CN
OL
OG
ICA
L
DIN
AM
ISA
TIO
NMINIEÓLICA Project
Action 1: Strategic R&D Plan (Con’t)
• Sub-Project 1.1: Development of a new 100 kW high availability fixed speed small wind turbine. TURBEC
LEADER: ECERSA
• Sub-Project 1.2: Development of high reliability 25 kW SWT . “VENTO25 QUATRO”
LEADER: WINDECO
• Sub-Project 1.3: Development of a new high performance and low cost 50 kW SWT. VELTER 50
LEADER: SOLENERSA
• Sub-Project 1.4: Design, development and manufacturing of a new prototype of VAWT. IDMLEADER: IDM EOL
• Sub-Project 1.5: Development of a new SWT with oscillating stator.LEADER: HIDROELÉCTRICA DEL CADI
• Sub-Project 1.6: Development of new inverter series for SWT grid connected.
LEADER: BORNAY AEROGENERADORES
First Area: Product Development
Action 1: Strategic R&D Plan (Con’t)
• Sub-Project 2.1: Evaluation and design of rotors. Aerodynamic and aeroacoustics. ROTOR LIDER: INTA
• Sub-Project 2.2: New power converters of high efficiency specific for SWT. Competitive Regulation systems, control and supervisory. Predictive maintenance and
tele management. Communications standard IEC 61400-25. (starting in 2008)
• Sub-Project 2.3: Development of technology for direct hydrogen production driven by small wind energy. (starting in 2008)
LIDER: AJUSA
• Sub-Project 2.4: Development of technology for sea water desalination driven by small wind energy. (starting in 2008)
Second area: Technological Development
Action 1: Strategic R&D Plan (Con’t)
• Sub-Project 3.1: Test and certification of national commercial SWT technology for off-grid and grid connected applications.
LEADER: CIEMAT
• Sub-Project 3.2: Development of national wind resources map adapted to small wind applications.
LEADER: CENER
• Sub-project 3.3: Technology watch and study. Domestic market promotion and foreign markets assessment. Sensibility, promotion and demonstration Results dissemination. (Starting in 2008)
LEADER: ROBOTIKER/CIEMAT
• Sub-Project 3.4: Development of demonstration projects (Starting in 2008)
LEADER: ROBOTIKER/CIEMAT
Third Area: Activation of the SWT Sector and support infrastructure development
Action 1: Strategic R&D Plan (Con’t)
Small Wind Test FacilitySmall Wind Test Facility
CIEMAT has recently developed a Small Wind Test Facility (SWTF) to enable operational and performance tests to be
carried out on smaller wind turbines.
While the performance of larger wind turbines has been widely studied and, generally, readily available, objective information of the performance and reliability of smaller
wind turbines has been difficult to obtain.
The intent of the SWTF is to test a series of small (< 100 kW) turbines over a sufficient period of time to reasonably evaluate both the performance and the reliability of the units.
The test results will be publicly available.9 small turbines, are currently under test at CEDER.
Action 2: SWT Certification
SMALL WIND TURBINE CONSUMER LABELING
International Energy Agency proposal:
Background: IEA Topical Expert Meeting held in Stockholm 2006.
Consumer labeling URGENTLY needed for small wind turbines.
To enable a speedy development and deployment, both a draft Recommended Practice and Task Proposal has been written by the AdHoc group formed on the Topical Expert Meeting.
The basic idea is to base the labeling on the existing IEC standards, which are accepted world-wide (but ignored by much of the small wind turbine industry), instead of developing new standards that may be applicable only in certain countries.
Provides independent and comparable information regarding NOISE, ENERGY PERFORMANCE and SAFETY at a glance!
Applications: SWT for autonomous and hybrid systems
Applications: SWT for grid connection• Building integration
• Mini grids (DC Bus or AC Bus)
42%
12%
31%
15%1500 SWT
12 m Tower
Inverter
Installation Cost
• Fit into the urban environment Quiet – no flutter, furling, tower thump, or drive train noise Unobtrusive – “light pole” tower, 10 m height, minimum visual obstruction
Accepted as an “appliance” Easy to purchase User friendly interface Highly reliable – minimum part count Versatile – on/off grid, 120/240 VAC, low I2R loss Dramatically simplified distribution - one item to stock
Good low-wind performance
Requirements for Building Integration
• New technology is required
• Mini grids (AC or DC Bus)
SWT mini grids for commercial and industrial areas
Reduction of the power electronics costsand cabling losses: DC Bus
Present situation and regulation of SWT sector in Spain
• Small Wind Turbine: Rated power below than 100 kW. At present only used for power supply in remote areas.
• Specific installed cost is five times above the 500 kW wind turbines.
• Great potential for grid connected applications.
• Possibility, because their complementarities to produce energy in
hybrid systems with solar PV.
• 1) Grid connected applications– It does not exits any specific regulation for SWT grid connected.
– SWT is included in the wind frame.
– Different technological situation if compared to medium-large technology (≥ 500 kW).
– Hybridisation possibility specially with solar PV.
– LV grid connection.
– Bureaucracy required similar to large wind farms.
• 2) Isolated applications– Lack of funding from regional governments and local institutions
– Bureaucracy required similar to large wind farms.
SWT PROMOTION
SPANISH PRESENT SITUATION:
Action 3: New frame demanded for SWT
Two type of installations are distinguished: (both LV grid connection)
• SWT installations with rated power below 100 kW. • Three to five times wind farms fixed feed-tariff (<> 0.07 €/kWh).
• Hybrid systems with Solar PV grid connected with rated power below 10 kW.
• Similar feed-in tariff than solar PV (0,4 €/kWh)
• Standards must follow the international standards for certification of SWT.
Summary
Most SP manufacturers are involve in new SWT designs in the range between 20 and 100 kW
Better understanding of small wind turbine dynamic behavior is necessary.
SWT test data and modeling effort will help make better designs.
User friendly test info from small turbine testing is required.
Demo projects of SWT building integration and SWT mini grids for commercial and industrial areas are also required.
Thanks for your attention
www.ciemat.es
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