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ICEG activities on PTWs and HDVs emissions
S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco
Internal Combustion Engines Group (ICEG)
Department of Mechanical, Energetic, Management and
Transportation Engineering
(DIME)
University of Genoa
European Research Group
on Mobile Emission Sources annual plenary meeting
Bruxelles, 27 - 28 September 2012
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S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES
group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 2
The Internal Combustion Engines Group (ICEG) is currently
involved in four main thematic areas related to the following
aspects:
- Experimental investigations on spark ignition and diesel
engines
- Bio-diesel characterisation on a CFR engine
- Automotive intake and exhaust system components performance
definition
- Road vehicles exhaust emissions evaluation
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S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES
group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 3
Activities on road vehicle emissions
- Development of a code for the evaluation of exhaust emissions
from a waste
collection vehicles fleet taking into account the specific
mission profile
(in cooperation with the Azienda Multiservizi e d’Igiene Urbana
of Genoa (AMIU), properly divided according to the different
performed services: waste collection, transportation and disposal,
streets
cleaning, containers cleaning and auxiliary jobs)
- Experimental definition of real driving conditions for cars
and motorcycles on
typical routes with particular reference to the urban
environment, through
instantaneous speed measurements with a GPS system
(in cooperation with the Environment Department of the Genoa
Provincial Administration)
- Experimental definition of hot and cold emission factors of
powered two
wheelers on different driving cycles
(jointly developed with Istituto Motori – CNR of Naples)
- Characterization of driving patterns and operations of HDVs in
Genoa port area
and evaluation of related exhaust emissions and fuel
consumption
(in cooperation with IFSTTAR)
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S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES
group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 4
PTWs emissions
Evaluation of cold and hot emission of powered two wheelers in
urban traffic conditions
Different representative speed profiles were selected for
chassis
dynamometer tests to measure PTW exhaust emissions
A number of instantaneous speed acquisition with a GPS system
have been performed with several scooters (engine displacement of
125 or 150 cm3) in four hourly intervals considering different
urban trips in Genoa urban environment
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S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES
group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 5
PTWs emissions
A wide investigation on motorcycles and mopeds cold start
emissions is being performed using several normalized and real
world driving cycles on the Istituto Motori chassis bench.
Instantaneous emission measurements allow to analyse cold
transient, focusing on the evaluation of extra-emissions, duration
and travelled distance
The influence of engine operating parameters (excess air ratio
λ, inlet
catalyst temperature, etc.) is taken into account
Cold start phase is being investigated for different motorcycle
classes (defined according to the regulation phase, engine working
principle and after-treatment system characteristics).
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S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES
group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 6
HDVs emissions
Evaluation of the emission contribution of Heavy duty vehicles
(HDVs) reaching/leaving the Genoa urban area
throw highways accesses
Different investigations were recently developed outlining a
lack of information on HDV activities in urban environment, in
terms of circulating fleet, mileage and speed patterns, thus
limiting the possibility of evaluating their influence on pollutant
emission and energy consumption.
A specific study is being performed on the HDV flows entering
and leaving the urban area at the different highway exits and
having the port as Origin –
Destination point
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S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES
group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 7
HDVs emissions
Over 2500 vehicles per day cross the
Genoa urban area to reach the port (2008 data)
They represent the 44% of the Genoa
tollgate HDV traffic
More than 50% of these vehicles are
TT/AT over 28 tons
Correlating the highway and port data was possible to quantify
the most common HD vehicle classes entering and leaving the port
area
Classes are defined according to axle number and vehicle full
load mass
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S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES
group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 8
HDVs emissions
For each port gate the typical urban trips linking it to the
highway exits were identified.
Using a technical survey the relevant mission profiles were
identified in terms of operating phases, travelled distances,
vehicle speed, engine idling or switched-off, etc.
The evaluation of the related fuel consumption and exhaust
emissions can be a difficult task if emission models based on
average speed functions are applied.
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S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES
group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 9
HDVs emissions
Phase Duration
[min:s] Average speed
[km/h] Distance
[m]
P1 21:47 1.4 520
P2 01:37 12.5 337
P3 15:51 0.05 13
P4 00:45 16.2 203
P5 01:32 19.5 499
Total 41:34 2.3 1572
To define the most representative speed patterns through a
proper statistical data processing, instantaneous speed
measurements are being performed on the typical
urban trips with a GPS instrument fitted on different HDVs
Even if in the assumed mission profile lowest speed values were
expected for each single step, the overall experimental average
speed proved to be very low. Moreover, a strong difference among
the first phase and the others was apparent, in terms of traffic
situation and average speed.
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S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES
group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 10
HDVs emissions
In collaboration with IFSTTAR, PHEM model was applied to
estimate emission and fuel
consumption factors using the selected speed profile for
different HDV classes
The comparison with COPERT and HBEFA models shows significant
differences, mainly
related to the very low speed levels in real conditions.
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S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES
group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 11
HDVs emissions
A number of further steps are scheduled with a view to deepen
different issues of this investigation:
- enhancement of the experimental database on speed profiles,
taking also into account the connections between highway network
and port accesses, with an aim to define the representative speed
patterns through a dedicated processing procedure
- a more extended fuel consumption and exhaust emissions
calculation applying PHEM model will then be performed, aiming at
evaluating the contribution of the HDV fleet involved in port
activities to the total emissions and energy consumption related to
road transport within the Genoa urban area
- all the developed methodologies will then be available for the
application in different urban and port zones.
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S. Malfettani, G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – ERMES
group annual plenary meeting - Bruxelles, September 2012 12
M. Capobianco, M. Cerulli, P. Cinquetti, G. Zamboni – “Exhaust
Emissions from a Waste Collection Vehicles Fleet: a Case Study” –
SAE Paper 2005-24-23, 7th International Conference on Engines for
Automobile (ICE2005), Capri, 2005.
M. Capobianco, G. Zamboni – “On the Definition of Two Wheelers
Exhaust Emission Factors” – 2nd Conference Environment and
Transport including 15th Conference Transport and Air Pollution
Reims, 2006.
G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. V. Prati, M. A. Costagliola, M.
Bonfantini – “Cold Emissive Behaviour of Motorcycles” – 8th
International Conference on Engines for Automobile (ICE 2007),
Naples, 2007, SAE Paper 2007-24-0111.
G. Zamboni, M. Capobianco, E. Daminelli – “Estimation of road
vehicle exhaust emissions from 1992 to 2010 and comparison with air
quality measurements in Genoa, Italy” – Atmospheric Environment
Volume 43, Issue 5, pp. 1086 - 1092, 2009.
G. Zamboni, C. Carraro, M. Capobianco – “On-road instantaneous
speed measurements on powered two-wheelers for exhaust emission and
fuel consumption evaluation” – Energy 36, pp. 1039-1047, 2011.
M. V. Prati, G. Zamboni, M. A. Costagliola, G. Meccariello, C.
Carraro, M. Capobianco – “Influence of driving cycles on Euro 3
scooter emissions and fuel consumption” – Energy Conversion and
Management 52, pp. 33279-3336, 2011.
G. Zamboni, S. Malfettani, M. André, C. Carraro, S. Marelli, M.
Capobianco – “Characterization of Driving Patterns and Operations
of Heavy Duty Vehicles in a Port Area and Their Influence on
Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption Evaluation Through Different
Emission Models” – paper accepted for ASME International Mechanical
Engineering Congress & Exposition, Houston, November 2012 ,
IMECE2012-86303.
Thank you for the attention
www.iceg.unige.it
Stefano Malfettani: [email protected]
Giorgio Zamboni: [email protected]
ICEG bibliography and contacts