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8/3/2019 European Inequalities - Income Distribution and the Risk of Poverty
Xfn{ kfcrxmz n{ hnqnhmh nexi xfzmm rczx{% Xfm ffiz{x rczx mvc`nem{ xfm hn{xznj}xnie ia neki`m ceh xfm mvxmex ia nems}cdnx~ ne neki`m ne M] @m`jmz [xcxm{< xfm {mkieh rczxn{ kiekmzemh wnxf xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~ ckzi{{ xfm M]$ c{ `mc{}zmh j~ xfm rzirizxnie
ia xfm rir}dcxnie wnxf hn{ri{cjdm neki`m jmdiw 12- ia xfm ecxniecd `mhnce< xfmxfnzh rczx mvxmeh{ xfm cecd~{n{ j~ kie{nhmzneg cdxmzecxnqm nehnkcxiz{ ia xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~ hmffiemh cx ce M] dmqmd ceh xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdm ne xfm hnaamzmex@m`jmz [xcxm{ wfi czm cx zn{l ckkizhneg xi xfm qczni}{ nehnkcxiz{%
Neki`m hn{xznj}xnie ne M] @m`jmz [xcxm{3
Xfm ffiz{x rczx ia xfn{ kfcrxmz rzm{mex{ ki`rczcxnqm m{xn`cxm{ ia neki`m nems}cdnx~$jc{mh ie hcxc azi` xfm M][NDK &Ki``}enx~ [xcxn{xnk{ ie Neki`m ceh DnqnegKiehnxnie{.% Nx hzcw{ cxxmexnie jixf xi xfm hnaamzmekm{ jmxwmme ki}exznm{ ia xfm M]
ne xmz`{ ia neki`m nems}cdnx~ ceh xi xfm ackx xfcx xfm zcelneg ia ki}exznm{ ne xmz`{ia nems}cdnx~ n{ {me{nxnqm xi xfm kfinkm ia `mc{}zm`mex% @izm rzmkn{md~$ nx neqm{xngcxm{ xfm maamkx ie xfm nems}cdnx~ zcelneg ia ki}exznm{ ia {c`rdneg qczncjndnx~ cehxfm kfinkm ia ms}nqcdmekm {kcdm{ ceh xfm nems}cdnx~ nehmv%
Wm neqm{xngcxmh xfm {me{nxnqnx~ ia nems}cdnx~ zcelneg{ xi kfcegm{ ne xfm ̀ mxfihidig~ ia nems}cdnx~ ̀ mc{}zm`mex% @i{x n`rizxcex ̀ mxfihidignkcd kfinkm{wmzm xfm kfinkm ia nems}cdnx~ nehmv ceh xfcx ia ce ms}nqcdmekm {kcdm%
Xfm ki}exz~ zcelneg ckkizhneg xi xfm Gnen nehmv wc{ ki`rczmh xi xfm
zcelneg ckkizhneg xi xfm aiddiwneg nehnkm{? xfm R>2)R32 nehmv &xfm zcxniia xfm enemxnmxf xi xfm xmexf rmzkmexndm ia xfm neki`m hn{xznj}xnie.$ xfm[62)[:2 nehmv &zcxni ia xfm {fczm ne xixcd neki`m ia xfi{m ne xfm xir s}nexndmxi xfi{m ne xfm jixxi` s}nexndm.$ xfm @DH$ xfm Xfmnd$7 xfm {s}czmh kimaffiknmex ia qczncxnie &[KQ.6 nehnkm{ ceh `m`jmz{ ia xfm Cxlne{ie ac`nd~ ia nems}cdnx~ nehnkm{> &wnxf ce mdc{xnknx~ rczc`mxmz ia 2%=$ 3 ceh :.% [i`mnems}cdnx~ nehnkm{ czm rczxnk}dczd~ {me{nxnqm xi neki`m kfcegm{ cx xfm xcnd{ia xfm neki`m hn{xznj}xnie% Xfm [KQ nehmv n{ leiwe xi jm {me{nxnqm xi fngfneki`m{$ wfndm xfm Cxlne{ie nehmv$ kcdk}dcxmh wnxf ce nems}cdnx~ cqmz{nierczc`mxmz ν0:$ n{ qmz~ {me{nxnqm xi diw neki`m{ ne xfm hn{xznj}xnie &Kiwmddceh Adckfcnzm :221.% Ne gmemzcd$ nx kce jm mvrmkxmh xfcx nehnkm{ rczxnk}dczd~{me{nxnqm xi xfm xcnd{ ia xfm hn{xznj}xnie wi}dh rzih}km zcelneg{ dm{{ {n`ndczxi xfm Gnen zcelneg xfce ixfmz nehnkm{%
Kfcrxmz 3? Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh xfm Zn{l ia Riqmzx~
C ffiaxf ia xfm M]„{ rir}dcxnie$ xfmzmaizm$ fcqm ce ms}nqcdn{mh neki`m ia dm{{ xfcefcda xfm M] `mhnce$ wfndm {i`m 36- fcqm ce neki`m ia jmxwmme =2- ceh 62- ia xfm `mhnce$ ceh :;- ce neki`m ia czi}eh xfm `mhnce% Cx xfm {c`m xn`m$ {i`m:6- ia xfi{m dnqneg ne xfm M] fcqm ce neki`m ia jmxwmme 3:2- ceh :22- ia xfm`mhnce$ wfndm 3:- fcqm ce neki`m ia xwnkm xfm `mhnce iz `izm%
Wnxf xfm mvkmrxnie ia [diqmenc ceh xfm Kmkf Zmr}jdnk$ xfm `coiznx~ ia rmirdmne xfm aiz`mz {ikncdn{x ki}exznm{ czm ne xfm jixxi` ffiaxf ia xfm M}zirmce neki`mhn{xznj}xnie% @izm xfce 12- ia xfm rir}dcxnie ia Dnxf}cenc ceh Dcxqnc fcqm neki`m{ia dm{{ xfce fcda xfm M] `mhnce$ ceh xfm {c`m n{ xz}m ia =3- ia nehnqnh}cd{ neF}egcz~% Ne D}vm`ji}zg ceh Anedceh$ j~ kiexzc{x$ xfm rzirizxnie ia xfi{m wnxfneki`m{ jmdiw fcda xfm iqmzcdd M}zirmce `mhnce neki`m n{ }ehmz :-% Cx xfm {c`mxn`m$ `izm xfce fcda xfm rmirdm ne D}vm`ji}zg ceh c s}czxmz ia xfi{m ne xfm ]Lfcqm neki`m{ ia ̀ izm xfce hi}jdm xfm ̀ mhnce% Xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdm wnxfneki`m jmdiw cdxmzecxnqm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh{ n{ mvc`nemh jmdiw%
Xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~ ckzi{{ xfm M]33
Rir}dcxnie cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ ne M] @m`jmz [xcxm{
[i acz c{ xfm hn{xznj}xnie ia neki`m n{ kiekmzemh$ xfm aik}{ ia ridnk~ cxxmexnieckzi{{ xfm M] xmeh{ xi jm eix ie xfm hn{xznj}xnie c{ c wfidm j}x ie xfm jixxi` meh%Ne rczxnk}dcz$ xfm ̀ cne kiekmze n{ wnxf xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdm ne mckf ki}exz~wnxf &ms}nqcdn{mh3:. hn{ri{cjdm neki`m ia jmdiw 12- ia xfm ecxniecd ̀ mhnce$ wfnkffc{ ki`m xi jm xclme ne xfm M] c{ xfm `cne nehnkcxiz ia xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~% Xfn{qcznm{ wnhmd~ ckzi{{ xfm M]% Xfn{ n{ c zmdcxnqm$ zcxfmz xfce ce cj{id}xm$ ̀ mc{}zm$ xfmn`rdnknx c{{}`rxnie jmneg xfcx rmirdm c{{m{{ xfmnz {nx}cxnie ne zmdcxnie xi ixfmz{%
Rmirdm kie{nhmzmh xi jm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ czm xfi{m wfi ̀ c~ eix jm cjdm xi rczxnknrcxm ne xfm eiz`cd ckxnqnxnm{ ia {iknmx~$ iz meoi~ c {xcehczh ia dnqneg xfcx xfm gzmcx`coiznx~ xclm{ aiz gzcexmh$ jmkc}{m ia c dckl ia neki`m% Xfm neki`m emmhmh aiz xfn{xmeh{ xi jm zmdcxmh xi xfm rzi{rmznx~ iz ca }mekm ia xfm ki}exz~ kiekmzemh% Zmdcxnqmhmffienxnie{ ia riqmzx~ czm wnhmd~ }{mh ne M}zirm$ wfndm cj{id}xm `mc{}zm{ xmeh xijm }{mh `izm ne hmqmdirneg mkiei`nm{$ wfmzm riqmzx~ kce jm `}kf `izm {mzni}{ceh wnhm{rzmch% Nexmzecxniecd hmqmdir`mex ne{xnx}xm{$ aiz mvc`rdm$ x~rnkcdd~ }{m criqmzx~ xfzm{fidh ia c hiddcz c hc~$ cho}{xmh aiz hnaamzmekm{ ne rznkm dmqmd{ ‘ n%m% ner}zkfc{neg riwmz rcznx~ &RRR. xmz`{ ‘ xi nhmexna~ xfi{m wfi czm riiz%3;
Xfm zcxm ia &zmdcxnqm. riqmzx~ qcznm{ jmxwmme 32- ceh :;- ne M] ki}exznm{$ wnxfxfm rzirizxnie ia xfm rir}dcxnie wnxf neki`m jmdiw xfm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh diwm{x
ne xfm Kmkf Zmr}jdnk ceh xfm Emxfmzdceh{ ceh fngfm{x ne Dcxqnc &Ang}zm 3%1 cehXcjdm C3%3.% Xfm rzirizxnie n{ cd{i zmdcxnqmd~ diw ne xfm Eizhnk ki}exznm{$ Gmz`ce~$
33 Jc{mh ie xfm wizl ia Iz{id~c Dmdlm{$ c{{n{xmh j~ M{xmz _ûd~i`n% Wm czm cd{i gzcxma}d xi C{gfcz _cnhnaiz fn{ kiexznj}xnie xi xfm wizl ia xfm Ij{mzqcxiz~ h}zneg :221‛27%3: Kcdk}dcxnie ia ms}nqcdn{mh fi}{mfidh {nm? xfm ffiz{x `m`jmz ia xfm fi}{mfidh n{ wmngfxmh j~ 3$aiddiwneg ch}dx{ zmkmnqm c wmngfx ia 2%= mckf$ ceh kfndhzme &hmffiemh c{ xfi{m cgmh 3; iz dm{{. zmkmnqm cwmngfx ia 2%; mckf% Aiz c hmxcndmh hm{kznrxnie ia xfm ms}nqcdn{mh hn{ri{cjdm neki`m$ {mm xfm Gdi{{cz~%3; Xfn{ nehnkcxiz n{ nekd}hmh c`ieg xfm ]E @nddmeen}` Gicd{$ wfnkf cn` xi fcdqm xfm rir}dcxnie wnxfce neki`m ia jmdiw c hiddcz c hc~ jmxwmme 3>>2 ceh :23= &]EHR :228.% Cdxfi}gf xfm{m cj{id}xm`mc{}zm{ czm zmrmcxmhd~ kznxnkn{mh aiz eix jmneg }enqmz{cdd~ ki`rczcjdm ceh eix jmneg chms}cxm aiz`mmxneg xfm `nen`}` e}`jmz ia kcdiznm{ emmhmh xi {}zqnqm$ xfm~ crrmcz xi jm }{ma}d ne aik}{neghmqmdir`mex maaizx{ ie xfm ̀ i{x emmh~ &Zcqcddnie :226.%
8/3/2019 European Inequalities - Income Distribution and the Risk of Poverty
GHR rmz fmch$ xfmzmaizm$ gnqm{ ied~ c qmz~ crrzivn`cxm$ ceh rixmexncdd~ ̀ n{dmchneg$nehnkcxnie ia fiw neki`m dmqmd{ qcz~ jmxwmme @m`jmz [xcxm{% Ckkizhnegd~$ xfmzmn{ c {xzieg kc{m aiz mvc`neneg fi}{mfidh neki`m{ ckzi{{ xfm M] hnzmkxd~$ ne izhmzxi ̀ ienxiz hnaamzmekm{ ne dnqneg {xcehczh{ ceh xi c{{m{{ fiw {ikncd kifm{nie cx xfmM] dmqmd n{ kfcegneg% Xfn{ emmh fc{ jmme zmkigen{mh mqmz {nekm xfm rzm{mex nehnkcxiz{ }{mh xi `ienxiz {ikncd mvkd}{nie ne M] @m`jmz [xcxm{ wmzm ffiz{x hmqmdirmh ne
:223%3= Xfm kiekmze fmzm n{ xi mvc`nem xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdm wnxf hn{ri{cjdmneki`m jmdiw c rczxnk}dcz dmqmd ‘ jixf ne zmdcxnie xi `mhnce neki`m ckzi{{ xfm M]c{ c wfidm &n%m% xfm neki`m zmkmnqmh j~ {i`miem cx xfm `nhrinex ia xfm neki`mhn{xznj}xnie cx M] dmqmd.$ wfnkf c`i}exmh xi czi}eh M]Z 3$3;2 c `iexf ne :22=$ceh ne cj{id}xm xmz`{% Neki`m xfzi}gfi}x n{ `mc{}zmh &c{ neqczncjd~ n{ xfm kc{mwnxf zm{rmkx xi GHR rmz fmch. ne r}zkfc{neg riwmz rcznx~ xmz`{ xi cddiw aiz rznkmdmqmd hnaamzmekm{ ceh xi me{}zm ki`rczcjndnx~ ckzi{{ ki}exznm{ ne xmz`{ ia xfmki``ceh iqmz zm{i}zkm{%
[}kf c `mc{}zm n{ eix emw ‘ nx fc{ jmme {}ggm{xmh ie c e}`jmz ia ikkc{nie{
ne xfm zmkmex rc{x%31 Xfm M][NDK `clm{ nx{ kcdk}dcxnie `izm ri{{njdm$ ceh `izm`mcenega}d$ xfce jmaizm j~ rziqnhneg hcxc ie fi}{mfidh neki`m aiz cdd @m`jmz[xcxm{ &wnxf xfm mvkmrxnie cx rzm{mex ia J}dgcznc ceh Zi`cenc. ie c zmc{iecjd~ki`rczcjdm jc{n{% Nx$ ckkizhnegd~$ ̀ clm{ nx ri{{njdm xi nhmexna~ xfi{m wfi{m neki`macdd{ jmdiw c kmzxcne dmqmd ceh ne wfnkf ki}exznm{ xfm~ dnqm%
@mc{}zneg hn{ri{cjdm neki`m ckzi{{ xfm M] ie c ki`rczcjdm jc{n{$ fiwmqmz$ n{eix wnxfi}x nx{ rzijdm`{% Cdxfi}gf xfm crrdnkcxnie ia RRR m{xn`cxm{ xclm{ mvrdnknxckki}ex ia rznkmdmqmd hnaamzmekm{ ceh cddiw{ fi}{mfidh neki`m xi jm ki`rczmhne hnaamzmex ki}exznm{ ne xmz`{ ia wfcx neki`m n{ kcrcjdm ia r}zkfc{neg$ xfn{ kcejm hiem ied~ crrzivn`cxmd~% Ne rzckxnkm$ nx n{ hna ffik}dx xi nhmexna~ ce ms}nqcdmexrcklcgm ia giih{ ceh {mzqnkm{ ne hnaamzmex rczx{ ia xfm M] ie wfnkf rznkm{ kce jmki`rczmh$ {nekm kie{}`rxnie rcxxmze{ qcz~ azi` ki}exz~ xi ki}exz~%
@izmiqmz$ xfm neki`m jmneg `mc{}zmh him{ eix nekd}hm neki`m ne lneh$ {}kf c{aiih gziwe aiz c fi}{mfidh„{ iwe kie{}`rxnie ‘ wfnkf n{ n`rizxcex ne c e}`jmzia rdckm{$ m{rmkncdd~ ne xfm ̀ izm z}zcd rczx{ ia {i`m ia xfm emw @m`jmz [xcxm{$ cehwfnkf n{ dnlmd~ xi caamkx xfi{m ie diw neki`m ne rczxnk}dcz ‘ iz jmemffix{ ne lneh${}kf c{ xfm azmm rziqn{nie ia kfndhkczm$ wfnkf n{ cd{i n`rizxcex ne {i`m ki}exznm{&{mm Kfcrxmz 6.%
Xfm dn`nxcxnie{ ia xfm RRR ̀ mc{}zm xfcx czn{m azi` xfm{m kie{nhmzcxnie{$ c{ wmdd c{xfm zcegm ia ixfmz ackxiz{ xfcx `clm nx hna ffik}dx xi ki`rczm neki`m dmqmd{ ckzi{{xfm M] &{}kf c{ xfm qcz~neg neknhmekm ia jixf neki`m ceh jmemffix{ ne lneh.$ emmh xijm lmrx ne `neh wfme nexmzrzmxneg xfm zm{}dx{ ia xfm cecd~{n{ rzm{mexmh jmdiw%37
3= [mm xfm hn{k}{{nie ceh zmamzmekm{ ne Cxlne{ie mx cd% &:22=.%31 njnh%37 Nx i}gfx cd{i xi jm lmrx ne ̀ neh$ fiwmqmz$ xfcx xfm {c`m dn`nxcxnie{ crrd~ xi ki`rczn{ie{ ia GHR rmzfmch jmxwmme hnaamzmex rczx{ ia xfm M]$ xfi}gf {}kf ki`rczn{ie{ czm azms}mexd~ ̀ chm%
8/3/2019 European Inequalities - Income Distribution and the Risk of Poverty
Ne cdd ixfmz ki}exznm{$ xfm rzirizxnie n{ 32- iz dm{{ ‘ kdi{m xi 32- ne xfm ]L
&hm{rnxm xfm `mhnce dmqmd ia neki`m rmz fmch jmneg xfm xfnzh fngfm{x ne xfm M]. ceh
Gmz`ce~$ ceh czi}eh >- ne Azcekm$ Nzmdceh ceh [wmhme%:2 J~ kiexzc{x$ ne Hme`czl$
xfm Emxfmzdceh{ ceh C}{xznc$ xfm ffig}zm n{ =- iz dm{{$ ceh ne D}vm`ji}zg nx n{ ied~
3-%
C zmh}kxnie ne xfm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh azi` 12- xi =2- ia M] `mhnce neki`m$ ia ki}z{m$ zmh}km{ xfm e}`jmz ia rmirdm jmdiw xfm xfzm{fidh$ j}x xi qcz~neg mvxmex{ne hnaamzmex ki}exznm{ jmkc}{m ia hnaamzmekm{ jmxwmme xfm` ne xfm hn{xznj}xnie
ia neki`m cx xfn{ meh ia xfm neki`m {kcdm% Ne xfm M] c{ c wfidm$ xfm rzirizxniewnxf neki`m jmdiw xfn{ dmqmd n{ zmh}kmh xi 3=%=- ia xfm xixcd rir}dcxnie &iz {i`m73 `nddnie rmirdm.% Ne Dcxqnc ceh Dnxf}cenc xfm rzirizxnie n{ zmh}kmh$ j}x nx n{{xndd 17‛72- ia xfm rir}dcxnie$ wfndm ne Ridceh ceh [diqclnc$ nx n{ zmh}kmh j~`izm$ xi 1;- ceh =7-$ zm{rmkxnqmd~$ zmmkxneg xfm dczgmz kiekmexzcxnie ia rmirdmwnxf neki`m o}{x jmdiw xfm 12- xfzm{fidh$ m{rmkncdd~ ne [diqclnc$ wfmzm xfm
:2 Cdxfi}gf GHR rmz fmch ne Nzmdceh n{ xfm {mkieh fngfm{x ne xfm M] jmfneh D}vm`ji}zg$ cqmzcgmfi}{mfidh neki`m n{ `}kf diwmz xfce xfn{$ jmkc}{m ia xfm {}j{xcexncd {kcdm ia emx neki`m xzce{amzzmhcjzich &xclneg xfm aiz` xi c dczgm mvxmex$ ne rzckxnkm$ ia zmxcnemh rziffix{ ia aizmngeiwemh mexmzrzn{m{.$wfnkf ndd}{xzcxm{ xfm {}j{xcexncd hnaamzmekm xfcx kce mvn{x jmxwmme GHR rmz fmch ceh hn{ri{cjdm neki`mrmz fmch%
8/3/2019 European Inequalities - Income Distribution and the Risk of Poverty
Ang}zm 3%3:? Hnqn{nie ia rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw 12-$ =2- ceh 82- ia xfm M] `mhnce dmqmd ia
hn{ri{cjdm neki`m &ne RR[.$ :22=
[i}zkm? M]-[NDK :221 Eixm? Ne xfm kc{m ia @cdxc$ ei hcxc cqcndcjdm%
Neki`m jmdiw M]Z = rmz hc~
Xfm xfzm{fidh{ }{mh xi `mc{}zm xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdm wnxf diw neki`m{kce cd{i jm mvrzm{{mh ne cj{id}xm zcxfmz xfce zmdcxnqm xmz`{ ne izhmz xi ̀ clm xfm``izm xcegnjdm% Ce neki`m ia 82- ia xfm M] `mhnce ne :22= zmrzm{mex{ ce cqmzcgmia o}{x }ehmz M]Z 3= c hc~$ mvrzm{{mh ne r}zkfc{neg riwmz xmz`{ zcxfmz xfceckx}cd m}zi{% Ne Dcxqnc ceh Dnxf}cenc$ c{ nehnkcxmh cjiqm$ xfm neki`m ms}nqcdmex ia
xfn{ dmqmd ia r}zkfc{neg riwmz mvkmmhmh xfm ecxniecd ̀ mhnce$ wfndm ne Ridceh ‘ cx o}{x iqmz M]Z 6 c hc~ ‘ nx wc{ ied~ {dngfxd~ jmdiw xfm ecxniecd `mhnce%
Xfn{ rziqnhm{ c }{ma}d jc{n{ aiz {mxxneg c riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh ne cj{id}xm zcxfmz xfce
zmdcxnqm xmz`{% Xfm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh ne Ridceh$ c{ kieqmexniecdd~ hmffiemh ne xmz`{
ia 12- ia xfm ecxniecd ̀ mhnce$ n{$ xfmzmaizm$ czi}eh M]Z = hc~$ wfnkf$ cgcne r}zmd~
aiz xfm {clm ia ndd}{xzcxnie$ kce jm {mx c{ xfm M] xfzm{fidh aiz mvc`neneg xfm zmdcxnqm
e}`jmz ia rmirdm ne M] @m`jmz [xcxm{ wnxf neki`m jmdiw xfn{ dmqmd% Nx {fi}dh jm
zmnxmzcxmh xfcx$ c{ ne xfm kc{m ia xfm ixfmz xfzm{fidh{$ M]Z = c hc~ fc{ ei eiz`cxnqm
C{ m`rfc{n{mh cx xfm i}x{mx$ xfm{m ffig}zm{ emmh xi jm nexmzrzmxmh wnxf kc}xnie% Nerczxnk}dcz$ xfm dn`nxcxnie{ ia xfm M][NDK hcxc ie neki`m emmh xi jm zmkigen{mh% Nexfm ki}exznm{ ne wfnkf xfm rzirizxnie ia rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw M]Z = c hc~ n{zmdcxnqmd~ dczgm$ {}kf c{ Ridceh ceh xfm Jcdxnk {xcxm{$ {i`m ia xfm rmirdm kiekmzemhczm dnlmd~ xi fcqm c {ngenffikcex c`i}ex ia neki`m ne lneh ne xfm aiz`$ ne rczxnk}dcz$ia aiih rzih}kmh aiz xfmnz kie{}`rxnie% Cdxfi}gf xfm M][NDK ne :221 kiexcne{ei hmxcnd{$ iz m{xn`cxm{$ ia xfm {kcdm ia {}kf neki`m$:3 ecxniecd {i}zkm{ ne Ridceh$na c dnxxdm hcxmh$ hi rziqnhm ce nehnkcxnie ia nx{ zmdcxnqm n`rizxcekm%
Xfm{m {fiw xfcx neki`m ne lneh n{ m{xn`cxmh xi fcqm chhmh ied~ czi}eh ;- xicqmzcgm fi}{mfidh hn{ri{cjdm neki`m ne Ridceh ne :22;$ ceh xi fcqm zmh}kmhxfm rzirizxnie ia rmirdm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ j~ ied~ 3‛: rmzkmexcgm rinex{%:: Na xfm{m m{xn`cxm{ czm c zmc{iecjdm zmmkxnie ia xfm ckx}cd {nx}cxnie ne Ridceh$ xclnegckki}ex ia neki`m ne lneh wi}dh eix kfcegm xfm zm{}dx{ ia xfm cjiqm cecd~{n{`czlmhd~%
_mzi ceh emgcxnqm neki`m{
S}nxm crczx azi` xfm mvkd}{nie ia neki`m ne lneh$ xfm ffig}zm{ aiz xfm zmdcxnqme}`jmz ia rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw M]Z = c hc~ nemqnxcjd~ neqidqm c hmgzmm ia }ekmzxcnex~$ c{ n{ cdwc~{ xfm kc{m cx xfm mvxzm`m{ ia xfm neki`m hn{xznj}xnie% Xfn{}ekmzxcnex~ zmdcxm{ eix ied~ xi xfm hcxc xfm`{mdqm{ ‘ ne rczx jmkc}{m nx n{ hna ffik}dxxi me{}zm c zmrzm{mexcxnqm kiqmzcgm ia xfm fi}{mfidh{ kiekmzemh ‘ j}x cd{i xixfmnz nexmzrzmxcxnie ne xmz`{ ia xfm r}zkfc{neg riwmz ia xfm zmknrnmex{% Cx xfmjixxi` meh ia xfm neki`m {kcdm$ xfmzmaizm$ xfmzm czm c e}`jmz ia rmirdm zmkizhmhc{ fcqneg emgcxnqm iz mzi neki`m{% Ne :22=$ ckkizhneg xi xfm M][NDK$ cd`i{x3%7 `nddnie rmirdm ckzi{{ xfm M] amdd nexi xfn{ kcxmgiz~% Xfn{ n{ ms}nqcdmex xi {i`m
2%8- ia xfm xixcd rir}dcxnie$ j}x nx c`i}ex{ xi 3:- ia xfi{m wnxf neki`m jmdiwM]Z = c hc~% Xfm s}m{xnie n{ wfmxfmz xfm rmirdm kiekmzemh zmcdd~ fch ei neki`mh}zneg xfm ~mcz ‘ dmx cdiem c emgcxnqm c`i}ex ‘ ceh$ na {i$ fiw xfm~ `cecgmh xi{}zqnqm$ {nekm nx n{ ijqni}{d~ xfm kc{m xfcx$ aiz xfm`$ neki`m kceeix jm ce chms}cxmzmmkxnie ia xfm r}zkfc{neg riwmz xfm~ fch cx xfmnz hn{ri{cd%
Ne rzckxnkm$ xfm e}`jmz ia rmirdm ne s}m{xnie qcznm{ `czlmhd~ jmxwmme @m`jmz[xcxm{ ‘ azi` ei iem$ iz qnzx}cdd~ ei iem$ jmneg zmkizhmh c{ fcqneg mzi iz emgcxnqmneki`m ne xfm Kmkf Zmr}jdnk$ Nzmdceh$ K~rz}{$ D}vm`ji}zg$ C}{xznc$ Rizx}gcd ceh[diqmenc xi iqmz ;22$222 ne Gmz`ce~$ Nxcd~ ceh xfm ]L$ xfi}gf eiwfmzm him{ xfme}`jmz mvkmmh 3- ia xfm rir}dcxnie% @izmiqmz$ wnxf xfm mvkmrxnie ia Hme`czlceh xfm Emxfmzdceh{$ ne cdd ki}exznm{ dm{{ xfce fcda ia xfi{m wnxf neki`m ia dm{{xfce M]Z = c hc~ czm zmkizhmh c{ fcqneg mzi iz emgcxnqm neki`m%
Xfmzm czm xwi `cne zmc{ie{$ crczx azi` {n`rdm zmrizxneg mzziz{$ wf~ {i`miem{fi}dh jm zmkizhmh ne xfm M][NDK c{ fcqneg mzi iz emgcxnqm neki`m% Xfm ffiz{xn{ xfcx xfm~ czm {mdam`rdi~mh ceh fcqm c j}{nem{{ wfnkf `chm xzchneg di{{m{ne :22= ‘ iz dnqm ne xfm {c`m fi}{mfidh c{ {i`miem wfi n{ {mdam`rdi~mh wnxf{}kf c j}{nem{{ ‘ {nekm xfm neki`m ia xfm {mdam`rdi~mh n{ hmffiemh j~ xfm {}zqm~c{ xfmnz emx neki`m azi` xzchneg% Xfn{$ fiwmqmz$ him{ eix `mce xfcx xfm~ fch ei
:3 Nx wndd azi` :227 iewczh{%:: Xfm{m ffig}zm{ czm jc{mh ie m{xn`cxm{ `chm j~ xfm Ridn{f [xcxn{xnkcd Ia ffikm ne :22= ie xfm jc{n{ ia hcxc azi` ecxniecd {i}zkm{%
8/3/2019 European Inequalities - Income Distribution and the Risk of Poverty
Kfcrxmz 3? Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh xfm Zn{l ia Riqmzx~
neki`m xi dnqm ie$ {nekm$ ne rzckxnkm$ ̀ }kf ia xfmnz {rmehneg ie giih{ ceh {mzqnkm{`ngfx jm ckki}exmh c{ j}{nem{{ ki{x{$ wfndm ms}cdd~ nx ̀ c~ ki`m i}x ia xfm neki`mckk}`}dcxmh iqmz rzmqni}{ ~mcz{% Mnxfmz wc~$ xfmnz neki`m$ c{ zmkizhmh j~ xfmM][NDK$ zmmkx{ emnxfmz xfmnz r}zkfc{neg riwmz$ eiz wfmxfmz xfm~ {}aamz azi`hmrznqcxnie ceh$ ckkizhnegd~$ czm cx zn{l ia {ikncd mvkd}{nie%
Ckkizhneg xi xfm {}zqm~$ {i`m 83- ia xfi{m wnxf mzi iz emgcxnqm neki`m ne :22=wmzm mnxfmz {mdam`rdi~mh iz dnqmh wnxf {i`miem wfi wc{ {mdam`rdi~mh% Xfn{rzirizxnie qcznm{ `czlmhd~ ckzi{{ ki}exznm{$ azi` 6=- ne xfm Emxfmzdceh{$ 78- neGzmmkm$ 17- ne Hme`czl ceh 18- ne [rcne xi ied~ 36- ne Azcekm$ 31- ne Dcxqnc$ 33-ne [wmhme ceh o}{x =- ne Dnxf}cenc%
Xi kfmkl xfm r}zkfc{neg riwmz ia xfm nehnqnh}cd{ kiekmzemh$ xfmnz zm{rie{m{xi xfm s}m{xnie{ ne xfm {}zqm~ ie `cxmzncd hmrznqcxnie kce jm mvc`nemh xi {mmxfm mvxmex xi wfnkf xfm~ zmrizx jmneg }ecjdm xi caaizh rczxnk}dcz nxm`{ iz fcqnegffiecekncd hna ffik}dxnm{% [}kf ce mvc`necxnie nehnkcxm{ xfcx$ wfndm ne `i{x kc{m{ cdczgmz rzirizxnie ia xfm` xfce cqmzcgm aiz xfm ki}exz~ ne s}m{xnie zmrizx jmneg}ecjdm xi `mmx }emvrmkxmh ki{x{$ ne czi}eh fcda xfm ki}exznm{ &ia xfi{m ne wfnkfxfm e}`jmz{ czm dczgm mei}gf xi jzmcl hiwe zmdncjd~.$ xfm `coiznx~ zmrizx jmnegcjdm xi `mmx {}kf }ecexnknrcxmh ki{x{ ‘ ne Hme`czl$ Azcekm ceh xfm ]L$ czi}ehxwixfnzh{$ ne Jmdgn}` ceh F}egcz~$ iqmz 72-$ ceh ne xfm Emxfmzdceh{ ceh [wmhme$iqmz >2-%
[n`ndczd~$ ne czi}eh fcda xfm ki}exznm{$ amwmz ia xfm` zmrizx jmneg }ecjdm xi caaizhxi j}~ c kcz xfce xfm ecxniecd cqmzcgm$ ceh dm{{ xfce 32- iqmzcdd% Xfn{ {}ggm{x{xfcx `ce~ ia xfm rmirdm kiekmzemh ne c e}`jmz ia ki}exznm{$ xfi}gf j~ ei `mce{cdd ia xfm`$ fcqm {ngenffikcexd~ ri{nxnqm dmqmd{ ia r}zkfc{neg riwmz ‘ ceh kmzxcned~c fngfmz dmqmd xfce M]Z = c hc~ wi}dh {mm` xi n`rd~%
Emqmzxfmdm{{$ mqme na cdd ia xfi{m zmkizhmh c{ fcqneg mzi iz emgcxnqm neki`m czmmvkd}hmh$ xfn{ {xndd dmcqm{ cd`i{x ;- ia xfm M] rir}dcxnie &{i`m 3:%= ̀ nddnie rmirdm.wnxf neki`m ia dm{{ xfce M]Z = c hc~% Cx xfm {c`m xn`m$ `ce~ ia xfi{m rmirdm &c{ne xfm kc{m ia xfi{m wnxf mzi iz emgcxnqm neki`m. {mm` azi` xfm mqnhmekm eix xifcqm {}aamzmh azi` ̀ cxmzncd hmrznqcxnie$ {i rzm{}`cjd~ xfm~ fch ckkm{{ xi {i}zkm{ia r}zkfc{neg riwmz ixfmz xfce xfm neki`m xfm~ zmkmnqmh$ iz xfcx wc{ cxxznj}xmhxi xfm`$ ne :22=$ ne xfm aiz` ia ckk}`}dcxmh wmcdxf$ c{ wmdd c{ neki`m ne lneh%Ckkizhnegd~$ xfm zm{}dx{ ia xfm cjiqm cecd~{n{ hi eix emkm{{cznd~ n`rd~ xfcx xfmrmirdm nehnkcxmh fcqm ied~ M]Z = c hc~ xi dnqm ie$ xfi}gf xfm~ hi {}ggm{x xfcxxfmzm czm dczgm e}`jmz{ ckzi{{ xfm M] wfi czm ne xfn{ {nx}cxnie%
8/3/2019 European Inequalities - Income Distribution and the Risk of Poverty
Kfcrxmz 3? Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh xfm Zn{l ia Riqmzx~
dnqneg {xcehczh{ jmxwmme rmirdm ne @m`jmz [xcxm{ ceh aiz `ienxizneg xfm rzikm{{j~ wfnkf xfm riizmz rczx{ ia xfm M] kcxkf }r ne neki`m xmz`{% Nx ki`rdm`mex{ xfmcrrzickf xi `ienxizneg hn{rcznxnm{ ne mkiei`nk rmzaiz`cekm xfzi}gf GHR rmzfmch%
Xfm `mc{}zm fngfdngfx{ xfm ackx xfcx$ cdxfi}gf xfm rzijdm` ia diw neki`m{ n{`i{x {mzni}{ ne ̀ ce~ ia xfm emw @m`jmz [xcxm{$ xfmzm czm emqmzxfmdm{{ {ngenffikcexe}`jmz{ ia rmirdm ne xfm znkfmz rczx{ ia xfm ]enie wfi{m neki`m n{ wmdd jmdiwxfm `mhnce dmqmd ne xfm M] ceh wfi {mm` xi fcqm zmdcxnqmd~ dnxxdm xi dnqm ie% Xfn{zm`cne{ xfm kc{m mqme caxmz cddiwcekm n{ `chm aiz xfi{m zmkizhmh c{ fcqneg mziiz emgcxnqm neki`m$ `ce~ ia wfi` {mm` xi fcqm r}zkfc{neg riwmz kdi{mz xi xfm`mhnce xfce xfm jixxi` meh ia xfm {kcdm%
Nx zm`cne{ xi jm hmknhmh$ fiwmqmz$ wfnkf ia xfm hnaamzmex `mc{}zm{ crrdnmh ne xfmcecd~{n{ n{ xfm `i{x {}nxcjdm aiz }{m c{ c xfzm{fidh xi nehnkcxm xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmzia rmirdm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~$ hmffiemh cx ce M] zcxfmz xfce c ecxniecd dmqmd$ ceh xi`ienxiz kfcegm{ ne xfn{ iqmz xn`m c{ iem ri{{njdm g}nhm xi wfmxfmz xfm Xzmcx~ijomkxnqm ia {ikncd kifm{nie n{ ki`neg kdi{mz iz n{ zmkmhneg%
8/3/2019 European Inequalities - Income Distribution and the Risk of Poverty
[i}zkm? M]-[NDK? iwe kcdk}dcxnie{< [IMR? Aznkl ceh Gzcjlc &:226.
F}egcz~
Xfm rzirizxnie ia rmirdm m{xn`cxmh xi jm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ ne :22= azi` xfmM][NDK hcxc n{ 31-$ wfnkf n{ `}kf `izm xfce ne xfm rzmqni}{ ~mcz &3;-. iz xfceckkizhneg xi ixfmz hcxc {i}zkm{ &3;- ne :221. &{mm Xcjdm C3%8.% Ckkizhneg xi xfm
XÃZLN Fi}{mfidh @ienxiz$ xfm zn{liariqmzx~ zcxm zm`cnemh `}kf xfm {c`mjmxwmme :22= ceh :227 &czi}eh 3:‛3;-.% @izmiqmz$ xfm `i{x zmkmex M][NDKhcxc aiz :227 &k}zzmexd~ cqcndcjdm ied~ ne xfm ecxniecd {xcxn{xnkcd ia ffikm. cd{i {fiwc zcxm ia czi}eh 3;-% Ckkizhnegd~$ xfm mqnhmekm {}ggm{x{ xfcx xfmzm n{ c rzijdm`wnxf xfm :221 hcxc% Xfmzm n{ ei neaiz`cxnie cqcndcjdm ie hcxc s}cdnx~ c{ zmgczh{xfm M][NDK aiz :221% Xfm M][NDK aiz :22=$ fiwmqmz$ fch c zm{rie{m zcxm ia ied~=3-$ wfnkf {}ggm{x{ xfcx xfmzm `ngfx jm rzijdm`{ c{ zmgczh{ nx{ zmrzm{mexcxnqmem{{% Ne chhnxnie$ xfmzm {mm`{ xi fcqm jmme }ehmzzmrizxneg ia neki`m ki`rczmhxi xfm xwi cdxmzecxnqm ia ffikncd {}zqm~{ j~ xfm Kmexzcd [xcxn{xnkcd Ia ffikm$ wnxf neki`m{cx xfm jixxi` jmneg 3;‛38 rmzkmexcgm rinex{ diwmz xfce ne xfm `nkzikme{}{ cehxfm Fi}{mfidh J}hgmx [}zqm~%