European History The Beginnings. Essential Questions: How is pre-history different from History?How is pre-history different from History? How and where.

European HistoryEuropean HistoryThe BeginningsThe Beginnings

Essential Questions:Essential Questions:

• How is pre-history different from History?How is pre-history different from History?• How and where did mankind develop the first How and where did mankind develop the first

civilizations? civilizations? • How did the legacies of the ancient middle How did the legacies of the ancient middle

eastern civilizations affect the development of eastern civilizations affect the development of Greece and thereby modern societies? Greece and thereby modern societies?

• What does modern society owe to the ancient What does modern society owe to the ancient middle eastern societies?middle eastern societies?

• What did the Greeks learn from the ancient What did the Greeks learn from the ancient middle eastern cultures?middle eastern cultures?

Pre-historyPre-history

• NO WRITING!NO WRITING!

• NO RECORDS!NO RECORDS!

• NO HISTORY!NO HISTORY!

Pre-historyPre-history

If only I could send a letter to Ugo warning him

of the advance of

our enemies but NO ONE

HAS INVENTED WRITING

YET!!!!

The ages of manThe ages of man

• The Stone or Paleolithic AgeThe Stone or Paleolithic Age

• The Neolithic AgeThe Neolithic Age The Stone-Copper ageThe Stone-Copper age The Bronze AgeThe Bronze Age The Iron AgeThe Iron Age

• The Ancient CivilizationsThe Ancient Civilizations

• The Modern AgesThe Modern Ages

The Medieval AgeThe Medieval AgeThe Renaissance and ReformationThe Renaissance and ReformationThe Age of ExplorationThe Age of ExplorationThe Age of AbsolutismThe Age of AbsolutismThe Age of EnlightenmentThe Age of EnlightenmentThe Industrial AgeThe Industrial AgeThe Age of NationalismThe Age of NationalismThe Cyber AgeThe Cyber Age

Pre-history

P

aleo

lithi

c

NEOLITHIC

Jericho-oldest known cityJericho-oldest known city

11,000 years ago

The Path from Nomad to CivilizationThe Path from Nomad to Civilization

• Matriarchy to Matriarchy to Patriarchy Patriarchy

• Female to Male godsFemale to Male gods• Better cultivation Better cultivation

methods, more land methods, more land farmed, more foodfarmed, more food

• CitiesCities• Life expectancy and Life expectancy and

leisure time increasesleisure time increases• Better weaponsBetter weapons• JealousyJealousy• WarsWars• Defense-wallsDefense-walls

• Certain males win wars Certain males win wars and therefore have more and therefore have more power than females and power than females and other malesother males

• Social classSocial class• Have and Have not’sHave and Have not’s• GreedGreed• BureaucracyBureaucracy• Politicians/Power elitePoliticians/Power elite• Time/CalendarTime/Calendar• Writing and He who Writing and He who

wins writes historywins writes history• Might makes rightMight makes right

Review: How is civilization Review: How is civilization different from pre-history?different from pre-history?

• Writing exists Writing exists • Records of people’s stories are Records of people’s stories are

recorded on clay, rock, papyrus, recorded on clay, rock, papyrus, lambskin, linen, etc…lambskin, linen, etc…

• History is the study of written recordsHistory is the study of written records• Civilizations have written recordsCivilizations have written records• The Invention of Writing marks the end The Invention of Writing marks the end

of Pre-History and the beginning of of Pre-History and the beginning of HistoryHistory

Thanks to Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Thanks to Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

The First Civilizations

Ancient civilizations that more directly Ancient civilizations that more directly affected Modern Europe (and therefore affected Modern Europe (and therefore

the USA)the USA)

• MesopotamianMesopotamian• Egyptian/AfricanEgyptian/African• GreeceGreece• RomeRome

MesopotamiaMesopotamia

• Land between 2 riversLand between 2 rivers• Cradle of civilizationCradle of civilization -5000 BC-5000 BC• Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent• The Middle EastThe Middle East• Oil LandOil Land• Iraq, Iran , Turkey, Syria, IsraelIraq, Iran , Turkey, Syria, Israel

Essential Questions:Essential Questions:• Who are the Mesopotamians?Who are the Mesopotamians?• Where did they live?Where did they live?• How did they develop their traditions and How did they develop their traditions and

beliefs?beliefs?• How has their culture affected modern day How has their culture affected modern day

society?society?• What is the Mesopotamian legacy to What is the Mesopotamian legacy to

Europe?Europe?

Indo-European Migrations: 4000-2000 BC

Indo-European Migrations: 4000-2000 BC

The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three Continents”

The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three Continents”

The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area

The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area

The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

Sumerians- 5000 to 4ooo BC

Sumerians- 5000 to 4ooo BC

Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic

Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic

Enki

Enki

Innana/Ish

tar

Innana/Ish

tar Anthropomorphic Gods Anthropomorphic Gods

Votiveofferings to the Sumeriangods

Mesopotamian TradeMesopotamian Trade

“The Cuneiform World”

“The Cuneiform World”

Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

Cuneiform WritingCuneiform Writing

Deciphering Cuneiform

Deciphering Cuneiform

Sumerian ScribesSumerian Scribes

“Tablet House” “Tablet House”

Sumerian Cylinder Seals

Sumerian Cylinder Seals

GilgameshGilgamesh

Gilgamesh Epic Tablet:Flood Story

Gilgamesh Epic Tablet:Flood Story

Ziggurat at UrZiggurat at Ur

Temple

“Mountain

of the Gods”

Temple

“Mountain

of the Gods”

Was this Babel?

The Royal Standard of Ur

The Royal Standard of Ur

Mesopotamian HarpMesopotamian Harp

Board Game From UrBoard Game From Ur

Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills

at Ur

Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills

at Ur

Sargon of Akkad:The World’s First Empire

[Akkadians]

Sargon of Akkad:The World’s First Empire

[Akkadians]

Decorative Akkadian Helmet

Akkadian astronomyAkkadian astronomy

En-hedu-anaEn-hedu-ana

– I am yours! It will always I am yours! It will always be so!be so!

– May your heart cool off for May your heart cool off for meme

– May your understanding... May your understanding... compassion…compassion…

– I have experienced your I have experienced your great punishmentgreat punishment[1][1]

• ......– My Lady, I will proclaim My Lady, I will proclaim

your greatness in all lands your greatness in all lands and your glory!and your glory!

– Your ‘way’ and great deeds Your ‘way’ and great deeds I will always praise!I will always praise![2][2]

• Sargon’s daughterSargon’s daughter• Priestess to InannaPriestess to Inanna• First person to write First person to write

in the first personin the first person• First known hymnsFirst known hymns• 2340 BC2340 BC

The Babylonian Empires

The Babylonian Empires

Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750

B. C. E.] CodeHammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750

B. C. E.] Code

Hammurabi, the JudgeHammurabi, the Judge

“writt

en in

stone”

“eye for a

n

eye”

Babylonian MathBabylonian Math

Babylonian NumbersBabylonian Numbers

Don’t say I never taught you anything worthwhile

3300 BC

Assyria- 2000 BC

The The Chaldeans Chaldeans

(modern day (modern day Iraq)Iraq)

• Nebuchadnezzar II Nebuchadnezzar II is considered one of is considered one of the greatest kings of the greatest kings of Mesopotamia by Mesopotamia by Middle Eastern Middle Eastern peoples and peoples and Muslims but in the Muslims but in the Western world is Western world is known principally known principally for conquering for conquering Jerusalem, Jerusalem, destroying destroying Solomon’s Temple Solomon’s Temple and deporting most and deporting most of the Jewish of the Jewish people to people to Babylonia. Babylonia.

605 to 582 BC

• In the throne room of In the throne room of King King Nebuchadnezzar's Nebuchadnezzar's palace, Saddam palace, Saddam Hussein placed new Hussein placed new brickwork over the brickwork over the ruins. ruins.

• The original bricks The original bricks were inscribed with were inscribed with words praising words praising NebuchadnezzarNebuchadnezzar

• Above these, Above these, Hussein's workers Hussein's workers laid bricks inscribed laid bricks inscribed with the words, "In the with the words, "In the era of Saddam era of Saddam Hussein, protector of Hussein, protector of Iraq, who rebuilt Iraq, who rebuilt civilization and rebuilt civilization and rebuilt BabylonBabylon." ."

Something to Ponder

Persia (modern day Kurds of Iraq Persia (modern day Kurds of Iraq and Iran)and Iran)

• The empire of the The empire of the Medes and Persians Medes and Persians

• Cyrus the Great Cyrus the Great (c. 590 BC (c. 590 BC or 576 — August 529 BC or 530 or 576 — August 529 BC or 530

BC),BC), • First proponent of First proponent of

human rights and human rights and religious tolerancereligious tolerance

• Magi and ZoroasterMagi and Zoroaster• Present-day IranPresent-day Iran

When I entered Babylon as a friend and (when) I established the seat of government in the palace of the ruler under jubilation and rejoicing,

Marduk, the great lord [induced] the magnanimous inhabitants of Babylon [to love me], and I was daily endeavoring to worship him. My numerous troops walked around in Babylon in peace, I did not allow

anybody to terrorize (any place) of the [country of Sumer] and Akkad. I strove for peace in Babylon and in all his (other) sacred cities. As to the inhabitants of Babylon, [who] against the will of the gods [had/were….,

I abolished] the corvee (lit.: yoke] which was against their (social) standing. I brought relief to their dilapidated housing, putting (thus) an

end to their (main) complaints.

I returned to (these) sacred cities on the other side of the Tigris, the sanctuaries of which have been ruins for a long time, the images which (used) to live therein and established for them permanent sanctuaries. I (also) gathered all their former inhabitants and returned (to them) their habitations. Furthermore, I resettled upon the command of Marduk, the

great lord, all the gods of Sumer and Akkad whom Nabonidus has brought into Babylon to the anger of the lord of the gods, unharmed, in

their (former) chapels, the places which made them happy.

From Babylon to Aššur and From Babylon to Aššur and (from) Susa, Agade, Ešnunna, (from) Susa, Agade, Ešnunna, Zamban, Me-Turnu, Der, as far Zamban, Me-Turnu, Der, as far

as the region of Gutium, the as the region of Gutium, the sacred centers on the other sacred centers on the other

side of the Tigris, whose side of the Tigris, whose sanctuaries had been sanctuaries had been

abandoned for a long time, I abandoned for a long time, I returned the images of the returned the images of the

gods, who had resided there gods, who had resided there [i.e., in Babylon], to their [i.e., in Babylon], to their

places and I let them dwell in places and I let them dwell in eternal abodeseternal abodes. . I gathered all I gathered all their inhabitants and returned their inhabitants and returned to them their dwellings.to them their dwellings. Esra 1: Esra 1:

1-41-4

DariusDarius the Great- the Great- cousin of Cyruscousin of Cyrus

• Revises legal codes-Revises legal codes-evidence, bribery, evidence, bribery, assaultassault

• Introduced the draft Introduced the draft and pay for soldiersand pay for soldiers

• Organized empire into Organized empire into provincesprovinces

• Fixed the coinageFixed the coinage• Standardized weightsStandardized weights

Xerxes Xerxes Hollywood styleHollywood style

Xerxes Xerxes ( not so ( not so

great)great)

• Tried to extend Tried to extend Persian Empire into Persian Empire into Europe Europe

• Lost to the Greeks at Lost to the Greeks at Battle of Salamis Battle of Salamis which is probably why which is probably why we are not speaking we are not speaking Persian today. Persian today.

• Legend has it that he Legend has it that he lost because of lost because of women trouble in the women trouble in the HaremHarem

• Understood to be the Understood to be the husband of Esther in husband of Esther in the Torahthe Torah

Phoenicians-Phoenicians-2000 BC2000 BC

• Sea peoplesSea peoples• Little is known of them or where they came Little is known of them or where they came

from. from. • May have been of Canaanite genetic stockMay have been of Canaanite genetic stock• Worshiped Baal and AstarteWorshiped Baal and Astarte• Supposedly had 7 great cities in present day Supposedly had 7 great cities in present day

Lebanon, Syria, and IsraelLebanon, Syria, and Israel• Tyre and Sidon in Lebanon were PhoenicianTyre and Sidon in Lebanon were Phoenician• Their cedar trees built Solomon’s TempleTheir cedar trees built Solomon’s Temple• Their alphabet is the basis for our alphabetTheir alphabet is the basis for our alphabet

Tyre

Phoenician fertility treatment

LydiansLydians (Turkey) (Turkey)• BarterBarter is the way is the way

most most civilizations civilizations exist until 600 exist until 600 BCBC

• Lydians Lydians invent theinvent the money based money based

economyeconomy

Mesopotamia's LegacyMesopotamia's Legacy

• Writing in a non -Writing in a non -pictograph mannerpictograph manner

• AstronomyAstronomy• The DraftThe Draft• Empires organized into Empires organized into

provinces or statesprovinces or states• Coinage is fixedCoinage is fixed• Weights are Weights are

standardizedstandardized• Money based economyMoney based economy• HymnsHymns• Writing in the first Writing in the first

PersonPerson

• Human rightsHuman rights• Concept of a Battle of Concept of a Battle of

Light versus DarkLight versus Dark• NumbersNumbers• Code of LawCode of Law• PolytheismPolytheism• Flood storyFlood story• ZiggurtsZiggurts• MetallurgyMetallurgy• EmpiresEmpires