Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Engineering Textile Engineering Department 7 th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE on PROTECTIVE CLOTHING “Innovative Protectıve Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence integrated, Ecological and Economical” 23-25 May 2016 Çeşme-Izmir / TURKEY Editors Assist. Prof. Dr. Bengi KUTLU Res. Assist. Duygu ERDEM
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Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Engineering
Textile Engineering Department
7th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE on PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
“Innovative Protectıve Clothing in a Changing World:
Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence integrated, Ecological and Economical”
23-25 May 2016
Çeşme-Izmir / TURKEY
Editors Assist. Prof. Dr. Bengi KUTLU
Res. Assist. Duygu ERDEM
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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7th European Conference on Protective Clothing
23-25 May 2016, Çeşme-İzmir, Turkey
ISBN
978-975-441-457-8
All rights reserved. No part of this book can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of Dokuz Eylül University Textile Engineering
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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FOREWORD
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing (7th ECPC) and NOKOBETEF 12, is held in
Çeşme-Izmir, Turkey, on 23-25 May 2016. 7th European Conference on Protective Clothing is
the continuation of a long tradition of ESPC and NOKOBETEF (NOrdisk KOrdineringsgruppe
om BEskyttelseskläder som TEknisk Forebyggelsesmiddel -Nordic Coordination Group on
Protective Clothing as a Technical Preventive Measure) conferences, under the umbrella of the
European Society on Protective Clothing “ESPC”. This conference is organized by Dokuz Eylül
University Textile Engineering Department.
The conference focuses on the safety and optimal protection of people in hazardous
environments. Recently interest in job and labor safety directed people to personal protective
equipment (PPE) is more than before. For this reason, expectations of end-users from the PPEs
have increased day-by-day. The main problem of PPEs is not so much the required level of
protection alone, but the other factors are important. PPEs are expected to be comfortable
enough for end-use, intelligent, ecological that does not damage the environment and
economical that many people can use them.
This conference is intended for researchers, designers, manufacturers, purchasers, experts in
health and safety, end-users, public authorities (procurement) and legislators. It will give an
opportunity to share know-how, dissemination and improve the knowledge about protective
clothing.
We would like to thank to all sponsor companies, to all authors and participants for their kind
supports. We hope that this international event will also generate an occasion to create new
opportunities.
We are happy to welcome you.
Prof. Dr. Merih SARIIŞIK Assist. Prof. Dr. Bengi KUTLU
Head of DEU Textile Engineering Department Head of Organizing Committee of 7th ECPC
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Scientific Committee-ESPC Board Members
George Havenith (chair) Loughborough University, Environmental Ergonomics
Research Centre, United Kingdom
Miriam Martinez Albert Aitex, Spain Grażyna Bartkowiak CIOP_PIB, Poland
CP (Niels) Bogerd (webmaster) TNO, Netherlands
Hilde Faerevik SINTEF Health Research, Norway
Peter Heffels BG BAU - Arbeitsschutzzentrum Haan, Germany
Kirsi Jussila Finish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
Kalev Kuklane Lund University, Sweden
Bengi Kutlu Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey
Jean Leonard (vice-chair) CENTEXBEL, Belgium
René Rossi EMPA, Switzerland
Tiago Sotto Mayor Porto University, Portugal
Henk Vanhoutte (secretary) European Safety Federation (ESF), Belgium
Eric van Wely DuPont, Switzerland
Liaison partners
Roger Barker North Carolina State University, USA
Emiel den Hartog North Carolina State University, USA
Kee Jong Yoon Asian Society of Protective Clothing, South Korea
Eun Ae Kim Yonsei University, South Korea
Kaoru Wakatsuki National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster, Japan
Organizing Committee
Bengi KUTLU Dokuz Eylül University, Textile Engineering Department
Duygu ERDEM Dokuz Eylül University, Textile Engineering Department
Mehmet KORKMAZ Dokuz Eylül University, Textile Engineering Department
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CONTRIBUTORS OF THE CONFERENCE
*Confirmed companies until 10 May 2016.
Names of the companies are listed alphabetically.
AKDENİZ TEKSTİL VE
HAMMADDELERİ
İHRACATÇILARI BİRLİĞİ
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CONTENTS
Foreword ...................................................................................................................... iii
Scientific Committee-ESPC Board Members ............................................................ iv
Organizing Committee ................................................................................................ iv
Contributors of the Conference .................................................................................. v
PROCEEDINGS
23 May 2016 Monday
Invited Speaker: From Nordic Cooperation to Global Networking – The History of
ESPC and ECPC
Helena MÄKINEN ........................................................................................................... 3
Session I: State of Art: Protective Textiles Market
Factors Driving the Evolutionary Protective Clothing Market
Mary Lynn LANDGRAF .................................................................................................. 7
On The Effectiveness of Wet Clothing in Reducing Heat Strain during A
Heatwave
Wenfang SONG, Chengjiao ZHANG, Fanru WEI, Faming WANG ............................... 37
A New Protocol to Characterize Thermal Protective Performance of Garments
Using Instrumented Flash Fire and Spray Mannequin
Farzan GHOLAMREZA, Mark ACKERMAN, Davıd TORVI, Nancy KERR, Guowen
SONG ........................................................................................................................... 39
An Approach with 2 Phase Changes (PCM+) Improves and Prolongs the Cooling
Effect
Kalev KUKLANE, Matthew RAOUFI, Elsa LINDBERG ................................................ 41
Proposal of a Test Method for the Determination of the Efficacy of Protection
Offered by Textiles Exposed to Liquid Hydrocarbon Fires
Shelley KEMP, Martin CAMENZİND, Simon ANNAHEİM, Renè ROSSİ ..................... 45
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24 May 2016 Tuesday
Parallel Sessions
Session I: Protective Clothing against Cold
Evaluation of Heating Protocols with Graphene Heater for Korean Navy Duty
Uniform in Winter
Sora SHIN, Joo-Young LEE ......................................................................................... 49
Silver Nanowire Coated Heatable Textiles
Doğa DOĞANAY, Şahin ÇOŞKUN, Hüsnü Emrah ÜNALAN ....................................... 51
Evaluation of Barrier® Easywarm on Healthy Volunteers in Three Different
Climates
Kalev KUKLANE, Amitava HALDER, Karin LUNDGREN, Chuansi GAO, Magnus
OSTBERG, Lisa SKINTEMO, Anna GROU, Jens TORNQVIST, Karin GANLOV,
Mikael ÅSTROM ........................................................................................................... 53
Protective Effect of Wetsuits for Swimmers in Cold Water: Modelling Results
Irena YERMAKOVA, Anastasia NIKOLAIENKO, Julia TADEIEVA, Leslie
Sensor-Based Airbag for Protection from Damage Induced by Falling
Jan Vincent JORDAN, Gesine KOPPE, Michael LEHNERT, Hyo-dae KIM, Michael
MIN, Yves-Simon GLOY, Thomas GRIES .................................................................... 79
Poster Session: Thermoregulatory Systems for
Protective Clothing
Ecological Dyeing & Finishing Process of Protective Comfortable Wool
Gilda SANTOS, Ana BARROS, Rosa Maria SILVA, Augusta SILVA, Helena
MAGALHÃES, Manuel PINHEIRO ............................................................................... 81
Proposal for Adequate Evaluation Techniques of Smart Acclimatization Textile
Systems
Gilda SANTOS, Cristina OLIVEIRA, Ana BARROS, Patricia FERREIRA .................... 83
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Protection and Comfort of Fire-Fighters’ Personal Protective Clothing
Yusuf SAĞLAM ............................................................................................................. 85
Evaluating Ergonomic Properties of Newly Designed Chinese Female Firefighting
Clothing
Dandan LAI, Faming WANG ......................................................................................... 87
Thermal Comfort Analysis of Firefighter’s Uniforms
Assessment of Sensorial Comfort of Fabrics for Protective Clothing
Simona VASILE, Benny MALENGIER, Alexandra DE RAEVE, Johanna LOUWAGIE,
Myréne VANDERHOEVEN, Lieva VAN LANGENHOVE ............................................ 111
Clothing Protection and Wearing Comfort
Simon ANNAHEIM, Tom PITTS, Matthew MORRISSEY, Pauline WEISSER, André
CAPT, Martin CAMENZIND, René M. ROSSI ............................................................ 115
Numerical Analysis of the Transport Phenomena in Cylindrical Clothing
Microclimates
Tiago S. MAYOR, Marta SANTOS, Dinis OLIVEIRA, João B. L. M. CAMPOS, René M.
ROSSI, Simon ANNAHEIM ........................................................................................ 117
Session VI: Protective Clothing for Medical
Applications
Emerging Factors Related to the Design, Selection and Use of Protective
Clothing against Highly Infectious Diseases
Jeffrey STULL, Christina STULL, Huiju PARK, Susan ASHDOWN, Jason COLE, Judith
MULCAY, Jason ALLEN ............................................................................................. 119
Evaluation of Protective Clothing Used by Medical Personnel against Simulated
Bodily Fluids Using a Rapid Elbow Lean Test
F. Selcen KILINÇ BALCI, Peter A. JAQUES, Pengfei GAO, Lee PORTNOFF, Robyn
WEIBLE, Matthew HORVATIN, Amanda STRAUCH, Ronald SHAFFER .................. 121
Effect of Additive Particle Size on X-Ray Protective Coated Fabrics
Nebahat ARAL, Cevza CANDAN, Banu UYGUN NERGİS ........................................ 123
Multifunctional Tick Repellent Textiles
Wazir AKBAR, G. Bahar BAŞIM ................................................................................. 127
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Session VII: Thermoregulatory Systems for Protective
Clothing
Fabric Water Absorption & Wetness Perception
Margherita RACCUGLIA, Simon HODDER, George HAVENITH ............................... 129
Ergonomic Textile Camouflage Solution for Military Soldiers
Gilda SANTOS, Ana BARROS, Augusta SILVA, Patrícia FERREIRA ....................... 131
Session VIII: Protective Clothing against Pesticide
Validation of Method to Measure Cumulative Permeation of Chemical with Low
Vapor Pressure through Textile and Glove Materials
Anugrah SHAW, Ana Carla COLEONE, Julie MERCKLING, Hyeshin YOON, Karine
LOI, Eva COHEN ........................................................................................................ 133
Personal Protective Equipment as a Measure to Minimise Human Exposure to
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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23 May 2016 Monday
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FROM NORDIC COOPERATION TO GLOBAL
NETWORKING – THE HISTORY OF ESPC AND ECPC
Helena MÄKINEN Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
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NOKOBETEF III
The third symposium was organized 27-30 September 1989 in Gausdal, Norwey in
cooperation with Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for
Environmental Toxicology and sponsored by Norsk Hydro A/S. In this symposium the
topics were concentrated increasingly on standards, regulations and quality control. A
new topic was physiological stress in wearing protective clothing. A few presentation
concerned also heat and fire protection. There were 33 presentations from 10
countries. Invited speaker was Dr Arthur D. Schope giving presentation “Test Methods
Development for Assessing the Barrier Effectiveness of Protective Clothing Materials”.
NOKOBETEF IV Quality and Usage of Protective Clothing
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) took responsibility of the organization.
The conference was held 5-7 February 1992 in Lappland, Kittilä, Finland. The Finnish
Work Environment Fund supported the organization, and some companies sponsored
it. Totally 43 oral presentations and eight posters were presented by 122 participants
from 11 countries. The invited speakers, Dr Mansdorf from USA, Mr Ziegenfuss from
Germany and Dr Estlander from Finland, shed light on the question of quality from the
user’s point of view and showed how quality can be improved by specifications set by
standards. Standardization of protective clothing in CEN TC 162 and it’s working
groups in order to guarantee free trade in the 12 member states of the EC had really
started. Also integration to ISO standardization with working groups was grounded.
NOKOBETEF V
This fifth symposium hosted by the Danish Working Environment Fund, and was held
in Elsinore Demark 5-7 May 1997 with 120 participants from 16 different countries.
Together 39 oral presentations and six posters were presented on different areas of
protective clothing protection against heat playing more remarkable role in the
program. In 1993 the Single Market is completed with the 'four freedoms' of: movement
of goods, services, people and money, and the CE marking of PPE was obligatory from
1 July 1995. In this symposium was decided ground ESPC (European Society of
Protective Clothing), and start to organize European Conferences on Protective
Clothing (ECPC), but keep parallel the Nokobetef symposium.
ECPC 1st and NOKOBETEF 6, Ergonomics of Protective Clothing
Swedish National Institute of Working Life took the hospitality of the first European
Conference on Protective Clothing with sponsors from the Swedish Council for Work
Life Research and some manufacturing companies. This conference held 7-10 May
2000 in Stockholm was a success with 113 participants; totally 77 papers were
presented in 11 sessions. Special emphasis was given to the ergonomics aspects, in
line with the priorities of the European standardization. The PPE directives had
increased the interest in protective and functional properties of work clothing and
intensified standardization work as well as simulated research in areas with still limited
knowledge.
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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ECPC 2nd and NOKOBETEF 7, Challenges for protective Clothing
The success continued at the second conference hosted by The Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) 21-24 May 2003, and held
in Montreux, Switzerland. Totally 58 oral papers and 25 posters were presented in 14
sessions. Almost 150 person participated in the conference. Some of the presentations
concerned also smart clothing. One session handled results of EU-project SUBZERO.
First time there were session on mechanical protection. After this conference ESPC
started coordination with the International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health
(JOSE). Part (9) of the presentations were published as reviewed articles in JOSE, Vol
10, number 3 2004 (http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tose20/10/3).
ECPC 3rd and NOKOBETEF 8, Towards Balanced Protection
Polish Central Institute for Labour Protection (CIOP) hosted this conference in Gdynia,
Poland 10-12 May 2006 with almost 150 participants. From the 82 presentations,
widely in the area of protective clothing, 48 were oral and 34 posters. Also some
presentation on new smart solutions as well as presentations on modelling to help
achieve equilibrium between protection, comfort and durability of protective clothing
included to the presentations. Also after this conference part (9) of the papers were
published as reviewed articles in JOSE, Vol 14, number 1 2008
(http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tose20/14/1).
ECPC 4th and NOKOBETEF 9, Performance and protection
The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) took the
responsibility of this conference with over 100 participants arranged in the Netherlands,
Papendal, Arnhem 10-12 June 2009. Totally six keynote speeches, 49 oral
presentations and 27 posters included to the program. First time there were also
special session in the program on PPE in sport activities. Also after this conference
part of the papers (10) were published as reviewed articles in JOSE, Vol 16, number 2
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Summary
ESPC has formed to global networking organization with main role today to organize
ECPC conferences to serve for the scientists and other experts a presentation and
discussion forum of the latest achievements of the research and development results in
the wide area of protective clothing and also other PPE. In the first NOKOBETEF
symposiums the workers representatives were more involved in the conferences
presenting the user viewpoints on protective clothing. Today they are almost missing.
With increased knowledge in the wide and diverse area of protective clothing the
presentations are scientific and specialized sometimes making the presentations
theoretical. To keep the interest of workers and manufactures representatives to the
conference, presentations also on practical selection, use and care aspects are
important in the conferences.
References
1. Protective clothing against chemicals. Proceedings of first Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing, Lungby, Denmark, eds. Frank Ellingsen and Henning Risvig Henriksen. Denmark 1991.
2. Second Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing against chemicals and other health risks, 5-7 November 2986, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden, Eds. Gunh Mellström and Birgitta Carlson. Abete och Hälsa, vetenskaplig skriftserie 1987:12, Arbetarskyddsverket.
3. Third Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing against chemicals and other health hazards (Nokobetef III), Proceedings and supplement volume, edited Jan Eggestad.
4. Quality and usage of protective clothing, Fourth Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing against chemicals and other health hazards (Nokobetef IV), Proceedings, edited Helena Mäkinen, Finnish Institute of Occupational health January 1992.
5. Ergonomics of protective Clothing, Proceedings of Nokobetef 6 and 1st European Conference of protective Clothing held in Stockholm, Sweden may 7-10, 2000. Eds. Kalev Kuklane and Ingvar Holmer, Arbete och Hälsa 2000:8, National Institute of Working Life 2000, http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/1th_ECPC.pdf.
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An increasing number of people are in workplaces where PPE is needed regularly. The
altered awareness of health and individuality leads to changes in requirements for
protective clothing.
Multifunctional protection or protection clothing with an additional value for the wearer
is therefore more and more required. Moreover, the discussion about sustainability and
environmental protection has increased significantly in the last years and long lasting
concept in the product life cycle are becoming more and more important. That is why
new ways of textile manufacturing, finishing and clothing production has to be
reviewed.
Depending on the end-user and usage scenario, different protection systems are
required. The exigencies to their equipment have increased continually and the
industry has to rise to the challenge to develop equipment with integrated
supplementary functions. For example, for firefighters it is particularly important to have
equipment with high protection performance, combined with high wearing comfort, a
good recognition value and long usage times.
Studies, outcomes and trends
In cooperation with the German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
during the research project SAFE, which was focused on the development of
semipermeable suits for rescue personnel and was supported by the German Federal
Ministry of Education and Research, the author examined a study on ergonomics,
usability and fitness for use of firefighting equipment. The general aim was to improve
the protection and, at the same time, to improve the overall wearing comfort, in order to
increase the safety and performance level [1, 2].
While using suitable and well-fitting protective clothing a lot of hazards in the workplace
can be reduced considerably. Yet not only emergency personnel needs special
equipment but also craftspeople like floor tilers, staff in the building services
engineering and employees in assembly lines need protective equipment which is
adapted to their requirements. The results from at least two surveys conducted in
Germany amongst end-users will be presented. The core issues are:
- good fit and high wearing comfort - quality, reliability and durability - the easy-care handling - optimal value for money [3].
The different topics and proposals for smart solutions in different application areas will
be illustrated with examples and completed with information from different previous and
upcoming research projects with the author’s involvement and will be presented, since
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people, who risk their life in order to safe others, have to be equipped with the most
reliable and convenient personal protective equipment.
1. Final reports to the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research supported project SAFE (Semipermeable Anzüge für Einsatzkräfte), available at http://www.bbk.bund.de/DE/Service/Fachinformationsstelle/Informationsangebote/Forschungsberichte/ForschungsprogrammSicherheitsforschung/SchutzsystemefuerSicherheits_und_Rettungskraefte/SAFE/SAFE_node.html,14.12.2015.
2. T. Bleyer: Entwicklung eines Bewertungsansatzes für die Gebrauchstauglichkeit von Feuerwehrschutzkleidung, 1. Auflage. Dortmund: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin 2015. ISBN: 978-3-88261-151-9.
3. INNOFACT AG Research & Consulting, WORKWEARMARKEN 2015 im Auftrag der Williamson-Dickie Europe GmbH; Düsseldorf, 10th February 2015.
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Acknowledgement
This study is supported by Tianjin Polytechnic University and Iowa State University.
References
1. Song G., Paskaluk S., Sati R., Crown E. M., Dale J. D., Ackerman M., (2010), Thermal protective performance of protective clothing used for low radiant heat protection, Textile Research Journal, 81(3): 1-13.
2. Barker R. L., Guerth-Schacher C., Grimes R. V., Hamouda H., (2006), Effects of moisture on the thermal protective performance of firefighter protective clothing in low-level radiant heat exposures, Textile Research Journal, 76(1): 27-31.
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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IS COMPLETION TIME OF THE COURSE VALID
ENOUGH TO EVALUATE FIREFIGHTERS’
PERFORMANCE?
Siyeon KIM, Joo-Young LEE Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
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pacing strategy. Discussion is needed about whether scoring with completion time, the
simplest method, is the most appropriate method or not.
Figure 1. Comparison of distribution of nine firefighters’ scores rated by three types of
evaluation criteria
Keywords: firefighters; personal protective equipment; performance test; physiological
burden.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Disaster Safety Technology Development &
Infrastructure Construction Program funded by the Ministry of Public Safety and
Security (NEMA-Infrastructure-2013-101), Korea.
References
1. Boyd L., Rogers T., Docherty D., Petersen S., (2014) Variability in performance on a work simulation test of physical fitness for firefighters, Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 40, 364-370.
2. Elsner Kimberly L., Kolkhorst Fred W., (2008) Metabolic demands of simulated firefighting tasks, Ergonomics, 51(9), 1418-1425.
3. Moran Daniel S., Shitzer A., Pandolf Kent B., (1998) A physiological strain index to evaluated heat stress, American Journal of Physiology, 275(1), R129-R134.
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INFLUENCE OF REIMPREGNATION ON THE SWEAT
MANAGEMENT OF FIRE FIGHTER SUITS
Bianca-Michaela WOELFLING, Edith CLASSEN Hohenstein Institute for Textile Innovation GGmbH, Bönnigheim, Germany
By reprocessing of fire fighter suits contaminations of the personal protective
equipment (PPE) can be removed and the functional integrity of such PPE may be
extended. Therefore the usage of special laundry processes according to the
manufacturer information is necessary. To preserve the water and oil repellent
characteristics of the face of the outer shell fabric in long term an impregnation with
perfluorocarbon during the last rinsing bath is recommended. The effect of such
perfluorcarbon impregnations on the thermophysiological wear comfort was
investigated within the German funded project “fire fighter clothing” (AiF 16676N) at
Hohenstein Institute.
Experimental
Five state of the art fire fighter suits were characterized with regard to clothing
physiological parameters in new state and after reprocessing cycles with and without
perfluorocarbon impregnation. During impregnation with perfluorocarbon not only the
face of the outer fabric is impregnated, but also the lining material and membrane. The
resulting influences on the sweat management of the PPE were investigated with the
sweating guarded hot plate. At Hohenstein Institute a method was developed to
investigate the liquid sweat transport of fabrics. Fabrics with high buffering capacity of
liquid sweat Kf (high Kf values) transport the liquid sweat better from the inside to the
outside of clothing.
Results
In new state as well as reprocessing without perfluorcarbon impregnation the fire
fighter suit have higher Kf values than reprocessing with perfluorocarbon impregnation.
In addition, liquid sweat which is produced during high physical strain during fire
fighters work cannot be absorbed by the lining material caused by the impregnation.
Residual sweat on the skin poses a risk for the fire fighter and may end in circulatory
collapse or scalding in case of flash over. In conclusion it can be stated that
reprocessing with perfluorocarbon impregnation on the one hand has a positive effect
on water repellent characteristics of the face of outer shell fabric. But on the other hand
there is a negative effect on sweat absorption and sweat transport of the inner layers of
fire fighter PPE.
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Keywords: PPE; fire fighter; reprocessing; hydrophobic treatment; sweat
management.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Forschungskuratorium Textil e.V. for
financial support of the research project AiF-No 16676N provided from funds of Federal
Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) via a grant of German Federal of
Industrial Research Association (AiF).
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Keywords: LCA; body armour; law enforcement.
Acknowledgement
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union
Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 607295”.
References
1. Horrocks AR and Anand SC, Textile for survival Handbook of technical textiles Cambridge, Woodhead 462 -489, 2000.
2. Horrocks AR, Anand SC. Handbook of Technical Textiles, Woodhead Publishing & The Textile Institute, Cambridge, UK, 2004.
3. Dahllöf L. LCA Methodology Issues for Textile Products. Thesis. Chalmers university of technology, Sweden 2004.
4. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 14040 standard. Environmental management-life cycle assessment-principles and framework 2006.
5. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 14044 standard. Environmental management-life cycle assessment-requirements and guidelines 2006.
6. ILCD Handbook Guidelines, Reference Report by JRC of the European Commission, 2012.
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DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL SUIT FOR
WILDLAND AND STRUCTURAL FIREFIGHTING
Gilda SANTOS, Ana BARROS Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
Firefighters come across a range of hazards during structural as well as wildland
firefighting. The hazards can cause minor injuries to fatal accidents leading to the end
of career or even death of firefighters [1]. Thus, the use of appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE) it’s of real importance in this field. However, the world of
firefighting PPE has become complex and expensive [2].
In response to this current difficulty and taking into account the firefighter’s needs, a
Consortium composed by five Portuguese companies and coordinated by CITEVE
developed a multifunctional suit for wildland and structural firefighting. To ensure the
acceptability and viability of this multifunctional suit among firefighters, an online survey
to all Portuguese firefighter's corporations was done, in collaboration with the National
Civilian Protection Authority (ANPC). The responses (1018) obtained from 336
firefighter's corporations allowed to identify firefighter’s needs and requirements.
According to the graphic below, there is a major need for dual use protective clothing:
structural and wildland firefighting.
Figure 1. Firefighter’s protective clothing needs
New shapes and components were designed in parallel with fabrics development
regarding the accomplishment of EN 469 and EN 15614 standards, resulting in a
balanced improvement between protection and comfort. To assess the PPE developed,
CITEVE performed end user ergonomics and fitting tests within the Portuguese
Firefighters. Multifunctional suit characteristics will be presented in more detail.
Being aware of the recent adoption of ISO-Project ISO 15384 "Protective clothing for
firefighters - Laboratory test methods and performance requirements for wildland
firefighting clothing" as an EN ISO under Vienna Agreement (ISO lead) for the revision
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of EN 15614, maybe this product will need, in the future, further analysis. The need or
not of this analysis could only be decided after the publication of the EN ISO 15384.
New combat equipment for dismounted soldier development requires the combination
of competences in properties of advanced materials and components, military
requirements, system integration, evaluation and industrial production cost calculation.
For this reason, a feasibility study carried out prior to a large-scale definitive project is
of crucial importance.
Extremes of heat, cold and reduced metabolic heat dissipation due to insulating
clothing can seriously put soldier’s life at risk, reducing their performance and
compromising the mission success. This document summaries the activities and
results of the EDA (European Defence Agency) ACCLITEXSYS project. The main goal
was to study the feasibility of a new acclimatisation textile system, regarding active and
passive technologies that can act as a temperature regulator by monitoring and
responding to the soldier’s body needs, taking into account different environmental
conditions.
At the beginning the study of multiple operation environments allowed to conclude that
the most predominant categories are A3 (hot climatic conditions) and C0 (mild cold).
The study proceeded to assess the state of the art determining which are the most
promising technologies for body temperature regulation (Cooling, Heating and
Reversible technologies), maximizing the soldier’s tolerance time when exposed to the
addressed environments. Based on this assessment two different technological
approaches for the stabilization of the soldier’s body temperature were proposed for
conceptual development and evaluation.
The main results achieved within end-users ergonomics and fitting tests showed that
the new acclimatization textile systems are functional and compatible with ballistic
vests and other military equipment’s. The knowledge achieved from this study can be
very useful for setting requirements, assigning a go-ahead development program and
also assessing new commercial products coming to the market.
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Figure 1. Evaluation of smart acclimatization textile systems
Keywords: military protection; feasibility study; comfort and ergonomics; smart
This study was made possible thanks to a team of European partners (CITEVE; AITEX;
DAMEL; SAGEM) within ACCLITEXSYS project (EDA CEDS). CITEVE, as project
coordinator, wish to thank the Portuguese Army cooperation (ESCOLA DAS ARMAS).
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS
GRAPHENE OXIDE FIBERS PREPARED BY WET
SPINNING
Esma Nur GÜLLÜOĞLU1, Rokhsareh BAKHTIARI2, Sajjad GHOBADI2, Lale
IŞIKEL ŞANLI3, Selmiye ALKAN GÜRSEL4, Elif ÖZDEN YENİGÜN1 1Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Textile Technologies and Design, İstanbul, Turkey 2Sabanci University, Faculty of Natural Science and Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey 3Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), İstanbul,
Turkey 4Faculty of Natural Science and Engineering, Sabanci University -Sabanci University
Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), İstanbul, Turkey
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response. Thus, it is clear that specific strength of GO fibers increase with higher
graphene concentrations. The effect of several coagulation baths on specific strength
This study is supported by TÜBİTAK (Project No: 214M398).
References
1. Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov, (2010) Graphene, Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2010, Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, p.8.
2. Zhen Xu and Chao Gao, (2015) Graphene fiber: a new trend in carbon fibers, Zhejiang University, Charlottesville, Materials Today-570, p.3.
3. Zhen Xu and Chao Gao, (2014) Graphene in Macroscopic Order: Liquid Crystals and Wet-Spun Fibers, Zhejiang University, American Chemical Society, 47, 1267−1276.
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EVALUATION OF MANUAL DEXTERITY OFFERED BY
FIRE PROTECTIVE GLOVES IN DRY AND WET
CONDITIONS
Dami KIM, Joo-Young LEE Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Keywords: firefighters; fire protective gloves; dexterity test, wet discomfort, completion
time
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the civic research program to resolve social problems
through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (#2015
M3C8A7A02027383).
References
1. EN 420 (2003) General Requirements for Protective Gloves. European Committee for Standardization.
2. ASTM F 2010 (2010) Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Glove Effects on Wearer Hand Dexterity Using a Modified Pegboard Test. American Society for Testing and Materials.
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Structural integrity test methods; crazing, transparency strength degradation, tear
resistance and strength, puncture resistance, abrasion resistance, dexterity, flexibility,
ozone resistance and U.V. resistance are also important for chemical protective
clothing. ASTM F2061 is used for practice for chemical protective clothing; wearing,
care and maintenance instructions.
Thermal insulating performance of protective clothing to be worn by people physically
active in a cold climate may vary over an order of magnitude because the heat
exchange between the environment and the human body is strongly influenced by
physiological reactions such as sweating or change in the blood circulation in the layer
adjacent to the skin. This feedback between the physiological reaction of the human
body and the clothing must be considered when evaluating thermal performance of
clothing systems.
The objective of the work described here was to examine to what extent the most
precise ASTM test methods (C177, C518, Cl114) could be modified for measurement
of thermal performance of clothing fabrics and clothing insulating systems.
ASTM Method F1060 is used for thermal protective performance of materials for
protective clothing for hot surface contact and ASTM F1291 is used for measuring the
thermal insulation of clothing using a heated manikin. Also ASTM F1731 is used for
body measurement and sizing of fire and rescue services uniforms and other thermal
hazard protective clothing. ASTM F 2302 is used for performance specification for
labeling protective clothing as heat and flame resistant.
Various organizations such as CEN (European Committee for Standardization), NFPA
(National Fire Protection Association), ISO (International Standarts
Organization),AS/NZS (The Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard) and TC (Technical
Committe) issue and manage the standards for the fire-fighting personal protective
clothing [9].
Methods to determine chemical residance of clothing materials have been established
by ASTM Committe F 23 on protective clothing and are widely used, but biological
resistant test methods have yet to be standardized. ASTM Method F903-87 is used for
determining resistance of protective clothing materials to penetration by liquids [2].
Results
Protective clothing design involves a process that takes the designer lots of steps.
Standards are very important for evaluating the performance of protective clothing. The
protective clothing should provide adequate protection as well as should be
comfortable to wear.
Personal protective clothing, impose a barrier between the wearer/user and the
working environment. This can create additional strains on the wearer; impair their
ability to carry out their work and creat significant levels of discomfort.
Many of studies reported on new developments and novel approaches for evaluating
the performance of protective clothing and international standards about protective
clothing. In this research, new and improved test methods for evaluating resistance of
protective clothing design, comfort, physiological stresses and effective performance
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were investigated. Appropriate material selection, clothing design and final evaluation
of the results play a critical role in predicting the clothing performance and comfort.
Systems and Materials, 4. 4. Eiser D.N.,(1988), “Problems in Personal Protective Equipment Selection,
Performance of Protective Clothing, ASTM STP 989 (S.Z. Mansdorf, R.Sager and A.P. Nielsen, eds.) American ociety for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 341-346
5. Easter E.P.,(1994), “Design of Protective Clothing”, Protective Clothing Systems and Materials,
6. ASTM F 1494-14 (2014), “Standard Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing”
7. Gürarda A.,(2015), “Investigation the Relationship Between Fabric Properties and Clothing Process”, Journal of Textile & Engineer, 22:99, pp:41-50
8. Mandal S., Song G., “Thermal Sensors for Performance Evaluation of Protective Clothing Against Heat and Fire: A review”, Textile Research Journal, Vol:85, No:1, pp:101-112
9. Nayak R., Houshyar S. And Padhye R., (2014) “Recent Trends and Future Scope in teh Protection and Comfort of Fire-Fighters’ Personal Protection Clothing”, Fire Science Reviews, 3:4, pp:2-19
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INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO
PERSONAL COOLING STRATEGIES IN HEATWAVES
Chengjiao ZHANG, Wenfang SONG, Faming WANG Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China
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Figure 1. Time course changes in the mean skin and hypothalamic temperature in CON, FAN
and ECG. *, significance between CON and FAN; #, significance between CON and ECG.
p<0.05
Keywords: heatwave; electric fan; evaporative cooling; heat strain; thermal manikin.
References
1. Song W. and Wang F., (2015) The hybrid personal cooling system (PCS) could effectively reduce the heat strain while exercising in a hot and moderate humid environment, Ergonomics, DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1105305.
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THE EFFECTS OF WATER REPELLENT FINISHING ON
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THERMAL
COMFORT OF TEXTILE MATERIALS USED IN OUTER
ENVIRONMENTS
Yaşar ERAYMAN, Yasemin KORKMAZ Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
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finishing. C8 fluorocarbon performed the best water repellency by creating a
hydrophobic membrane structure while C6 fluorocarbon resin and silicone didn't
improve performance of water repellency sufficiently. According to the values of water
vapour permeability, while water vapour permeability of fabrics increased with silicone
finishing, fluorocarbon agents have a negative effect on water vapour permeability. All
of the water repellent agents increased air permeability of fabrics.
Table 1. Test results of fabrics treated with different water repellent agents
Keywords: water repellency; thermal comfort; silicone; fluorocarbon; finishing.
References
1. Bivainytė, A., Mikučionienė, D., (2011), Investigation on the Air and Water Vapour Permeability of Double-Layered Weft Knitted Fabrics, Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, Vol. 19, No. 3 (86) pp. 69-73.
2. Mavruz, S., Ogulata, R. T., (2009), Investigation and statistical prediction of air permeability of cotton knitted fabrics. Textile and Apparel, 19(1), 29-38.
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INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMAL COMFORT
PROPERTIES OF TEXTILES USED IN READY-BEDS
Yasemin KORKMAZ, Sedat ÖZER, Yaşar ERAYMAN Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey [email protected]
Abstract
Thermal comfort properties of bedding are extremely important in terms of sleep
quality. Ready-bed surfaces are produced with quiltings comprised of felt, interlining,
yarn, foam and fabric. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of raw materials
used in bedding on the air permeability and thermal conductivity.
Introduction
In last decades, increased attention is paid to comfort properties of textiles. There is
general agreement that the transfer of heat, moisture and air through the textile
surfaces are the major factors for thermal comfort [1]. The microclimate in the bedding
is determined by the ambient temperature and bedding design. Heat loss in bedding
occurs through leakage of microclimate air to ambient temperature through bedding
upper layers and with the conduction of heat to mattress [2].
Experimental
In this study, air permeability and heat transmission coefficient of bedding quiltings
having different foam density (0.7, 1, 1.4, 1.7, 2 cm), fibre weight (150, 200, 250, 400,
500 gr) and interlining weight (20, 40 gr) are determined. %100 polyester knit fabrics
and cotton-polyester blended woven fabrics were used in upper surfaces of these
quiltings. Samples and their features are given in Table 1.
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Results
Air permeability and thermal conductivity average values of upper and sub-surface of
samples are given Table 2. Important effects of different foam density, fibre weight and
interlining weight on the thermal comfort properties of bedding quilting were found
according to the results.
Table 2. Test results
Surface
Sample
code
Upper
Surface Air
Permeability
(mm/s)
Sub-Surface
Air
Permeability
(mm/s)
Upper Surface
Thermal
Conductivity (λ)
Sub-Surface
Thermal
Conductivity
(λ)
Cotton-polyester
blended woven
fabrics
D1 140 53 0.0578 0.0356
D2 117 53 0.0622 0.0349
D3 160 50 0.0510 0.0358
D4 110 47 0.0583 0.0340
D5 110 50 0.0544 0.0349
D6 107 50 0.0507 0.0349
D7 103 53 0.0595 0.0340
%100 PES knit
fabric
O1 157 143 0.0431 0.0349
O2 170 133 0.0412 0.0353
O3 187 157 0.0413 0.0363
O4 147 123 0.0431 0.0350
O5 160 103 0.0414 0.0354
O6 153 143 0.0427 0.0351
Keywords: ready-bed; quilting; thermal comfort; air permeability; thermal conductivity.
References:
1. Ertekin G., Marmarali A., (2011), Heat, Air And Water Vapor Transfer Properties Of Circular Knitted Spacer Fabrics, Textile and Apparel, 4, 369-373.
2. Amrit, U. R. (2007), Bedding Textiles And Their Influence On Thermal Comfort And Sleep, AUTEX Research Journal, 8(4), 252-254.
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ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WET CLOTHING IN
REDUCING HEAT STRAIN DURING A HEATWAVE
Wenfang SONG, Chengjiao ZHANG, Fanru WEI, Faming WANG Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China
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Figure 1. Time course changes in the mean skin and core temperatures in CON and WEC
1. Kenney W.L., Craighead D.H., Alexander L.M., (2014) Heat waves, aging, and human cardiovascular health, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(10): 1891-1899.
2. Song W., Wang F., (2015) The hybrid personal cooling system (PCS) could effectively reduce the heat strain while exercising in a hot and moderate humid environment, Ergonomics, DOI:10.1080/00140139.2015.1105305.
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A NEW PROTOCOL TO CHARACTERIZE THERMAL
PROTECIVE PERFORMANCE OF GARMENTS USING
INSTRUMENTED FLASH FIRE AND SPRAY
MANNEQUIN
Farzan GHOLAMREZA1, Mark ACKERMAN1, David TORVI2, Nancy KERR1,
Guowen SONG3 1University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 2University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada 3Iowa State University, Ames, USA
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significantly to second degree burns and can reduce the level of protection from
wearing protective clothing. Also, it is confirmed that the SECE, TED and SEC2nd can be
used as parameters to evaluate the thermal performance of the fabric system in full
scale tests. The results also indicate that the SECE, TED and SEC2nd can be used to
quantify the stored thermal energy effect in full scale tests.
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a) b) c) d) e) f)
Figure 1. a) Dry plate with square shaped measuring zone in the middle; b) PCM on dry plate;
c) PCM in plastic pouch filled with 50 g of water; d) PCM in plastic (bottom side) and vapour
permeable membrane (upper side) pouch filled with 50 g of water; e) a setup covered with a
firefighter jacket; f) wet plate and onset of sweating
Results and discussion
In all dry conditions the PCM with membrane did perform the best, and in some cases
the total cooling energy was about twice as high as from ordinary PCM based on 4
hours’ exposure calculations (Figure 2). On wet plate the differences between
membrane and other cooling solutions were not as high. The best cooling was
achieved by “bare skin” that was more than twice as good as any other option, while
under the protective layer the PCM solutions showed an advantage. The differences
between the solutions were dependent on the specific conditions and time points. 50 g
of water under the membrane lasted for more than 12 hours at a constant effect under
the specified conditions indicating the possibility to reduce added water mass. Also, the
test series did provide new ideas for customized design of the cooling solutions with
PCM packages.
Figure 2. Total energy (kJ) for cooling from various solutions and conditions under 4 hours of
exposure
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Conclusions
Combining cooling from melting PCM with advantages of evaporation did prolong
cooling effect and allowed for more cooling power than other tested options. Choice of
cooling solution must be matched to the specific user requirements and to the
1. Gao C., Kuklane, K., Wang F., Holmér I. (2012) Personal cooling with phase change materials to improve thermal comfort from a heat wave perspective. Indoor Air, 22 (6), p. 523-530.
2. Kuklane K., Gao C., Holmér I. (2012) Ventilation solutions in clothing. The 10th Joint International Scientific Conference CLOTECH 2012: Innovations in textile materials & protective clothing. p. 205-212.
3. McCullough E.A., Eckels S. (2009) Evaluation of personal cooling systems for soldiers. In: Eds. Endrusick TL, Castellani JW. The 13th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, Boston, USA: University of Wollongong, Australia: published on behalf of the organisers.
4. Smolander J., Kuklane K., Gavhed D., Nilsson H., Holmér I. (2004) Effectiveness of a light-weight ice-vest for body cooling while wearing fire fighter's protective clothing in the heat. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 10 (2), p. 111-117.
5. Lu Y., Wei F., Lai D., Shi W., Wang F., Gao C., Song G. (2015) A novel personal cooling system (PCS) incorporated with phase change materials (PCMs) and ventilation fans: An investigation on its cooling efficiency. Journal of Thermal Biology, 52, p. 137-146.
6. Song W., Wang F. (2015) The hybrid personal cooling system (PCS) could effectively reduce the heat strain while exercising in a hot and moderate humid environment, Ergonomics, online, DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1105305.
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PROPOSAL OF A TEST METHOD FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICACY OF PROTECTION
OFFERED BY TEXTILES EXPOSED TO LIQUID
HYDROCARBON FIRES
Shelley KEMP, Martin CAMENZIND, Simon ANNAHEIM, Renè ROSSI Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology(EMPA), Switzerland [email protected]
Introduction
People may be exposed to fires involving flammable liquids and liquefiable solids (type
B fires) in a number of situations. Predominately, these individuals work in the
emergency services and military. Fires involving flammable liquids typically reach
higher temperatures sooner when compared to other fuel types [1], yet there appears
to be little literature that specifically investigates the protective properties of fabrics
against such fires.
Experimental
Three fabrics, with varying flame retardant properties, were tested on apparatus
designed and constructed by Empa (Figure 1). The fabric samples were mounted on a
sample plate inclined to three different angles (5°, 15° and 30°). Known volumes of fuel
(1, 2 and 4 ml; 2:1 petrol: diesel) were pipetted into a fuel reservoir, ignited, then tipped
onto the technical face of the fabric. Ten thermocouples embedded in the sample plate
measured the resultant change in temperature at the technical rear of the fabric
samples during exposure.
Results
Significant differences were observed between fabrics for burn time, maximum
temperature, time to maximum temperature (Figure 2), maximum heat flux and
estimated burn risk. Therefore, this new methodology enabled discrimination among
textile materials based on the protection they provide. Differences were also observed
between fuel volumes and the sample angle and, therefore, these parameters must be
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Figure 1. Test apparatus
Figure 2. A typical example of the temperature time profiles for each of the three fabric types
1. Bourbigot, S., & Duquesne, S. (2010). Intumescence-based fire retardants.
In Wilkie, C.A., & Morgan, A.B. (Eds.), Fire Retardancy of Polymeric
Materials, 2nd Ed, 113–184. CRC Press, USA.
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24 May 2016 Tuesday
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EVALUATION OF HEATING PROTOCOLS WITH
GRAPHENE HEATER FOR KOREAN NAVY DUTY
UNIFORM IN WINTER
Sora SHIN, Joo-Young LEE 1Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
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continuous heating condition. In conclusion, we suggest the back-intermittent heating
protocol with a grapheme heater for navy duty uniform in winter.
Keywords: graphene heater; cold stress; navy duty uniform; intermittent heating
protocol; thermal insulation.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Ministry of National Defense (Project #
2014UMM1398)
References
1. Lee H.H., Shin S., Lee J.Y., Baek Y.J., (2015) Survey on the Actual Wearing
Conditions of Naval Duty Uniforms in Naval Vessels, Fashion & Textiles
Research Journal, 17(4), 646–656.
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SILVER NANOWIRE COATED HEATABLE TEXTILES
Doğa DOĞANAY, Şahin ÇOŞKUN, Hüsnü Emrah ÜNALAN Midlle East Technical University, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,
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Figure 1: (a) SEM images of Ag NW coated textile, (b) Temperature change with respect to
applied voltage time (c) Resistance change with rescpect to washing cycle
References
1. Markevicius T., Furferi R., Olsson N., Meyer H., Governi L., Carfagni M., Volpe Y., Hegelbach R., (2014), Towards the Development a Novel CNTs-based Flexible Mild Heater for Art Conservation, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, 4 (8).
2. Hsu P-C., Liu X., Liu C., Xie X., Lee H.R., Welch A.J, Zhao T., Cui Y., (2014) Personal Thermal Management by Metallic Nanowire-Coated Textile, Nano Letters, 15 (1), pp 365-371.
3. Coskun S., Aksoy B., Unalan H.E., (2011), Polyol Synthesis of Silver Nanowires: An Extensive Parametric Study, Crystal Growth and Design, 11, pp 4963-4969.
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EVALUATION OF BARRIER® EASYWARM ON
HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS IN THREE DIFFERENT
CLIMATES
Kalev KUKLANE1, Amitava HALDER1, Karin LUNDGREN1, Chuansi GAO1,
Magnus OSTBERG2, Lisa SKINTEMO2, Anna GROU2, Jens TORNQVIST2,
Karin GANLOV2, Mikael ÅSTROM2 1Lund University, Department Of Design Sciences, Lund, Sweden 2Mölnlycke Health Care, Gothenburg, Sweden
Anaesthesia induced hypothermia (AIH) [1] is a commonly encountered, serious but
preventable condition associated with increased bleeding and blood transfusion,
increased risk of surgical site infections, and morbid cardiac events [2-5]. Active
warming is effective in preventing hypothermia, but there is a need for easy-to-use and
cost-effective products that make it available to more patients [6, 7]. Establishing how
the environment affects patient’s skin temperature and total body heat content (TBHC)
under active warming is an important aspect in developing new, more effective
warming products to prevent or treat AIH [8-10]. Simultaneously, it is important to avoid
any adverse effects, e.g. discomfort, skin burns, on the patients [11,12].
Objectives
This investigation was undertaken in three different indoor climate settings to evaluate
the safety and efficacy of the BARRIER® EasyWarm active warming blanket. The
results were intended to be used as a part of the product and technical documentation
development.
Methods
Ten healthy male volunteers were recruited for an interventional, single centre, single
arm, open labelled investigation performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the
BARRIER® EasyWarm active self-warming blanket in 18 °C, 20 % RH; 21 °C, 50 %
RH; 24 °C, 80 % RH. The duration of each test was 4 hours, and subjects’ skin (8 sites
for mean skin and 4 sites for skin under the heating pads), core and blanket (under 4
pads) temperatures were recorded each minute. Ordinary operation blankets were
exchanged to the heated blankets after 20 minutes of stay at each environment.
Results and discussion
A statistically significant increase (67-71 kJ) in TBHC was observed over time in all
three climates. With this investigation design, however, it was not possible to show
differences in TBHC between the three climates, i.e. the total subjects’ heat gain from
the blanket and environment combination was not significantly different in 3 indoor
climates.
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The active self-warming blanket was well tolerated in healthy male volunteers, and
none of the six Adverse Events (AE) reported were serious. The reported AEs were not
related to the investigational device but rather to the required static posture, which is
not a problem for patients under anaesthesia. All AEs were resolved at the end of the
test.
Skin temperature (Figure 1a) during any of the conditions reached maximally 42.2 °C,
which is lower than the pain threshold of 43 °C. Increase of core temperature (Figure
1b) over time in climate 18 °C and 24 °C was on average 0.1 °C to 0.2 °C, leading to
mean final core temperatures of 36.9 (SD 0.2) and 37.1 (SD 0.4) °C for 18 °C and 24
°C exposures, respectively. Thermal comfort and the mean thermal sensation were
maintained within slightly cold and warm throughout the whole exposure length.
a)
b)
Figure 1. Mean (with SD) and maximum temperatures for each minute of the sensors on the skin under four heating packages (a); and mean rectal temperature (with SD) for all climate conditions (Note: time starts 20 minutes prior to placing the active warming blanket on the
subject)
Conclusions
The active warming blanket was found to be able to maintain or slightly increase the
body temperature of the subjects in all conditions without any adverse thermal effects.
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reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association; 277: 1127-34.
3. Kurz, A., Sessler, D.I., Lenhardt, R.A. (1996) Study of wound infections and temperature group: perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical wound infection and shorten hospitalization. New England Journal of Medicine; 334: 1209-15.
4. Rajagopalan, S, Mascha, E., Na, J., Sessler, D.I. (2008) The effects of mild perioperative hypothermia on blood loss and transfusion requirement: A meta-analysis. Anesthesiology; 108: 71.
5. Schmied, H., Kurz, A., Sessler, D.I., Kozek, S., Reiter, A. (1996) Mild intraoperative hypothermia increases blood loss and allogenic transfusion requirements during total hip arthoplasty. Lancet; 347: 289-92.
6. Winkler, M, Ake, O, Birkenberg, B., Hetz, H., Scheck, T., Arkilic, C.F., Kabon, B, Marker, E., Grubl, A., Czepan, R., Greher, M., Goll, V., Gottsuner-Wolf, F., Kurz, A., Sessler, D.I. (2000) Aggressive warming reduces blood loss during hip arthroplasty. Anesthesia and Analgesia; 91:978-84.
7. Mahoney, CB, Odom, J. (1999) Maintaining intraoperative normothermia: A meta-analysis of outcomes with costs. AANA Jourmal; 67(2), 155-164.
8. De Witte, J.L.., Demeyer, C., & Vandemaele, E. (2010) Resistive heating or forced air warming for the prevention of redistribution hypothermia. Anesthesia and Analgesia; 110: 829-833.
9. Kim, J.Y., Shinn, H., Oh, Y.J., Hong, Y.W., Kwak, H.J., & Kwak, Y.L. (2006) The effect of skin surface warming during anesthesia preparation on preventing redistribution hypothermia in the early operative period of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery; 29: 343-347.
10. Perl, T., Rhenius, A., Eich, C.B., Quintel, M., Heise, D., & Brauer, A. (2012) Conductive warming and insulation reduces perioperative hypothermia. Central European Journal of Medicine; 7: 284-289.
11. Sessler, D.I., Schroeder, M., Merrifield, B., Matsukawa, T., Cheng, C. (1995) Optimal duration and temperature of pre-warming. Anesthesiology; 82: 674-681.
12. Torossian, A. (2008) Thermal management during anesthesia and thermoregulation standards for the prevention of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. Best Practice and Research Clinical Anaesthesiology; 22: 659-668.
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PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF WETSUITS FOR SWIMMERS
IN COLD WATER: MODELLING RESULTS
Irena YERMAKOVA1, Anastasia NIKOLAIENKO1, Julia TADEIEVA1, Leslie
MONTGOMERY2 1International Scientific-Training Center for Information Technologies and Systems, Kiev,
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competition conditions. Comparison of simulation results with real measurements
showed good coincidence [3]. Modeling results are within the ranges of the individual
variations for swimmers wearing wetsuits and without them. Simulations of swimming
in cold water can also be a useful tool for development of protective wetsuits for
different combinations of water temperature and swimmer velocity avoiding hazards of
It is extremely important to protect ourselves while using sharp objects, such as knives
and different types of cutters in our daily life, especially in house hold activities [1].
Many industrial jobs and laboratory work, put personnel at danger of injuries to their
arms, hands, and fingers [2]. According to a survey in France, almost 33% of injuries,
at work, are associated with hands and arms [3, 4].In this regard, the protective textiles
play an important role in protecting human beings from such mishaps. Gloves [5],
helmets [6], pads, knee caps, seatbelts [7], airbags, shoes [8] and garments for
medical workers [9] are few examples utilizing protective textiles in different forms.
Experimental
In this paper, the effect of woven fabricating technique on the cut resistant properties of
fabrics was studied. 100% Kevlar fabrics were woven indigenously by weaving
technique. The produced fabric was tested for cut and puncture resistance tests for
comparative exploration. The surface morphology of un-deformed and deformed
samples was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Results
The number of woven fabric samples are fabricated indigenously from Kevlar in order
to analyze the cut resistant and puncture properties for comparative exploration. The
woven samples possess better cut resistance property than conventional Kevlar
fabrics. Composite woven samples show highest cut resistance index as shown in Fig.
01. This is interesting finding which may attract in future for making the industrial cut
resistance material. Currently, industrial cut resistance products such as gloves and
sleeves are made by knitting technique. Moreover, it is seen that cut resistance
depends on the thickness of fabric. By increasing the thickness of the fabric, the cut
resistance property is enhanced. Scanning electron microscopy images of un-deformed
and cut woven fabrics reveals the cutting behavior of different woven structures.
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Figure 1. Cut index analysis (a) +450 and (b) -450 of kevlar woven fabrics
Keywords: kevlar; woven fabric; cut resistant property; SEM.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to Beltexco Ltd. Karachi (Midas Safety group) for providing
testing facilities.
References
1. Kwok, T., V. Arrandale, and S. Skotnicki-Grant, Repeated Mechanical Trauma to the Hands: The Use of Anti-Impaction Gloves for Treatment and Return to Work. Dermatitis, 2009. 20(5): p. 278-283.
2. Johnson, J.S. and S.Z. Mansdorf, Performance of protective clothing. Vol. 1237. 1996: ASTM International.
3. Payot, F., Measurement and Control Method for Cutting Resistance of Protective Gloves. Performance of Protective Clothing, 1992: p. 17.
4. Rebouillat, S., B. Steffenino, and A. Miret-Casas, Aramid, steel, and glass: characterization via cut performance testing, of composite knitted fabrics and their constituent yarns, with a review of the art. Journal of Materials Science, 2010. 45(19): p. 5378-5392.
5. Jacobs, M. and J. Mencke. New Technologies in Gel-Spinning the World’s Strongest Fibres. in Techtextil-Symposium, Lecture. 1995.
6. Roedel, C. and X. Chen. Innovation and analysis of police riot helmets with continuous textile reinforcement for improved protection. in Computational Engineering in Systems Applications, IMACS Multiconference on. 2006. IEEE.
7. Fung, W. and M. Hardcastle, Textiles in automotive engineering. Vol. 13. 2001: Woodhead Publishing.
8. Shishoo, R., Recent developments in materials for use in protective clothing. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 2002. 14(3/4): p. 201-215.
9. Leslie, L.F., et al., Needle puncture resistance of surgical gloves, finger guards, and glove liners. Journal of biomedical materials research, 1996. 33(1): p. 41-46
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLEXIBLE PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE WITH SPACER FABRICS
Sinem ÖZTÜRK, Buket DEĞİRMENCİ, Hüseyin Erdem YALKIN, Simge
SAKİN, Bekir BOYACI Sun Tekstil R&D Center, İzmir, Turkey
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Figure 1. Spacer fabric impact behaviour (5)
Keywords: spacer; personal protective clothing; impact resistant; flexibility; air
permability.
Acknowledgement
This study is supported by Sun Textile R&D Center.
References
1. Gokarneshan N. (2006), Design of warp knit spacer Fabrics: Resent research insights on technical applications, Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management, Volume:9, Issue:3.
2. Liu Y., Hu H., Long H., Zhao L., (2012), Impact compressive behaviour of warp-knitted spacer fabrics for protective applications, Textile Research Journal, 82(8): 773-788.
3. VPAM-KDIW 2004 (2011) Test Standard “Stab and Impact Resistance”. 4. ISO 11092:2014 Textiles - Physiological effects - Measurement of thermal
and water-vapour resistance under steady-state conditions (sweating guarded-hotplate test).
5. Goodwin E., (2006), Protective device using a spacer fabric. Patent 2006/0287622 A1, USA.
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DEVELOPMENT OF LIQUID ARMORS FOR BODY
PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Oylum ÇOLPANKAN1, Sema YILDIZ1, Mehmet Deniz GÜNEŞ1, Fikret
ŞENEL2, Metin TANOĞLU1 1İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey 2Barış Elektrik Endüstrisi A.Ş., Ankara, Turkey
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Figure 1. Steady shear viscosity as a function of shear rate for (STFs)
Keywords: body armor; aramid; shear thickening fluid; rheology; stab resistance.
Acknowledgement
This study is supported by Undersecretariat for Defence Industries of Turkey (SSM).
References
1. Srivastava A., Majumdar A., Butola B. S., (2012). Improving the Impact Resistance of Textile Structures by using Shear Thickening Fluids: A Review. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 37:115-129.
2. Srivastava, A., Majumdar, A., Butola, Bhupendra S., (2011). Improving the impact resistance performance of Kevlar fabrics using silica based shear thickening fluid. Materials Science and Engineering A, 529:224-229.
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BOZDAĞ1 1İstanbul Technical University, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey 2İstanbul Technical University, Department Of Textile Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey
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Acknowledgement
The authors thank to CARBOMID Co. for providing hybrid carbon/aramid and
carbon/carbon fabrics.
References
1. H. Harel, J. Aronhime, K. Schulte, K. Friedrich, G. Marom (1990), Rate-dependent fatigue of aramid-fibre/carbon-fibre hybrids, Journal of Materials Science, Volume 25, Issue 2, pp 1313-1317.
2. O.B. Ozipek, E. Bozdag, E. Sunbuloglu, A. Abdullahoglu, E. Belen, E. Celikkanat, (2013) Biaxial Testing of Fabrics - A Comparison of Various Testing Methodologies, International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering Vol:7, No:3, pp:427-432.
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COMPARISON OF NOVEL CORE TEMPERATURE
MEASURING METHODS WITH CONVENTIONAL
METHODS: TELEMETRIC INTESTINAL TEMPERATURE
Cornelis P. BOGERD1, Claudy KOERHUIS1, Mauris HPH VAN BEURDEN1,
Simon ANNAHEIM2, Hein AM DAANEN1,3 1Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Training & Performance
Innovations, the Netherlands 2Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology(EMPA), Laboratory for
Protection and Physiology, Switzerland 3VU University, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, the Netherlands
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1. Taylor, N.A.S., Tipton, M.J., Kenny, G.P. (2014). Considerations for the measurement of core, skin and mean body temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology, 46, 72-101.
2. Teunissen, L.P.J., de Haan, A., de Koning, J.J., & Daanen, H.A.M. (2012). Telemetry pill versus rectal and esophageal temperature during extreme rates of exercise-induced core temperature change. Physiological Measurement, 33(6), 915–24. http://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/33/6/915.
3. Byrne, C. & Lim, C.L. (2007). The ingestible telemetric body core temperature sensor: a review of validity and exercise applications. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41, 126–133. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.026344.
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Figure 1. Verification of statistical model using human subject (l) and THS (r) measurements.
Key words: sweating torso, heat stress, firefighters, standardization, core temperature
DuPont providing Material and Swiss Firefighter Association for supporting validation
study.
References
1. Zimmerli, T. and M.S. Weder, Protection and comfort - A sweating Torso for the simultaneous measurement of protective and comfort properties of PPE. Performance of Protective Clothing, 6th Volume, 1997. 1273: p. 271-280.
2. Psikuta, A., M. RICHARDS, and D. Fiala, Single-sector thermophysiological human simulator. PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT, 2008. 29: p. 181-192.
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COMPARISON OF THERMAL INSULATION EVALUATED
BY QUESTIONNAIRE, THERMAL MANIKIN AND HUMAN
TEST
Kirsi JUSSILA, Sirkka RISSANEN, Pertti TUHKANEN, Jouko REMES, Satu
MÄNTTÄRI, Juha OKSA, Hannu RINTAMÄKI Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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insulation of the clothing was greatly lower in the legs than in the torso. The thermal
insulation measured by moving thermal manikin was 1.9-2.3 clo (0.29-0.36 m²K/W) and
wind 4 m/s decreased effective thermal insulation by 18-30%.
The questionnaire based evaluation of basic thermal insulation provided similar results
with the measured values during working in open-pit mines. The moving thermal
manikin resulted higher insulation values than other methods, but when wind speed of
4 m/s was took into account the results corresponded with the other methods.
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SPECIFICATION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS AND FIELD
TRIALS PROTOCOLS FOR SMART ACCLIMATIZATION
TEXTILE SYSTEMS
Gilda SANTOS1, Cristina OLIVEIRA1, Ana BARROS1, Patricia FERREIRA2 1Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal 2Damel Confecção De Vestuário, LDA., Braga e Região, Portugal
The impact of clothing on comfort and performance of soldiers is of particular
importance. However, the analysis of current evaluation methods for comfort and
ergonomics of smart acclimatization textile systems (SATS), for hot and cold
environments, reveals a gap in comfort and ergonomics assessment [1].
This study focused on specification of human subjects and field trials protocols for
comfort and ergonomics evaluation of SATS. To specify the most suitable protocol to
perform the evaluation tests, a preliminary analysis of the evaluation techniques was
done based on evaluation techniques for human subjects evaluation tests in: a)
controlled environment and b) non-controlled environment (preliminary field trials tests).
For human subjects evaluation tests in controlled environment the main goal was to
test distinct systems under different conditions of temperature and humidity with real
subjects, in order to evaluate their heating and cooling performance. A quantitative and
qualitative methodology regarding the measurement of core and skin temperature,
heart rate, body-mass loss and the perception of comfort was defined. Regarding the
field trials two main goals were set: 1) evaluation of the ergonomics and fitting of SATS
and 2) evaluation of the impact of SATS on the military user. CITEVE performed end
user ergonomics and fitting tests in cooperation with ESCOLA DAS ARMAS. New field
trials protocols were defined in order to test fitting, ergonomics, mobility and
compatibility.
Considering the new defined protocols an exemplary evaluation of SATS with real
subjects (civilians and soldiers) was done. The results obtained showed that the test
methods and protocols defined are promising for comfort and ergonomics evaluation of
SATS. Moreover, the methods and protocols defined within this study can also be used
to study and evaluate other protective garment.
Key words: comfort and ergonomics; smart acclimatization; textile systems; human
subjects and field trials protocols; evaluation techniques.
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Acknowledgments
This study was made possible thanks to a team of European partners (CITEVE; AITEX;
DAMEL; SAGEM) within ACCLITEXSYS project (EDA CEDS). CITEVE, as project
coordinator, wish to thank the Portuguese Army (ESCOLA DAS ARMAS).
References
1. Santos, G., Oliveira, C., Barros, A., Ferreira, P. (2015), New methods for comfort and ergonomics evaluation of smart acclimatization textile systems, Protective and smart textiles, comfort and well-being. Pp 78-86, July 2015, Lodz University of Technology, Poland.
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THE ADVANTAGES IN FIRE SAFETY USING
FUNCTIONAL SMART TURNOUT GEAR
Daniela ZAVEC PAVLINIC1, Miklos KOZLOVSZKY2, Andreja ODER3, Klaus
RICHTER4 1University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Maribor, Slovenia 2Obuda University, John von Neumann Faculty of Informatics, Murska Sobota, Slovenia 3Prevent Deloza Ltd., Celje, Slovenia 4ITP Intelligente Textil Produkte GmbH, Weimar, Germany
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Results
The Smart Turnout Gear has been developed and a prototype is produced. It enables
to measure, combine, transfer, and monitor and visualize physiological and
environment signals collected from and within the firefighter’s suit (Figure 1). This
innovative turnout gear presents the advantages in fire safety.
Figure 1. Smart Turnout Gear
Acknowledgement
This study was for the feasibility study (Phase 1) supported by smart@fire initiative.
References
1. Lee, J-Y. et al. (2015): “What do firefighters desire from the next generation of personal protective equipment? Outcomes from an international survey", Industrial Health, 53(5), pp. 434–444.
2. www.smartfire.eu (2015). 3. Kozlovszky, M. & Zavec Pavlinic, D. (2013): Intelligent Firefighter Suite With
Real-time Monitoring System, 6th ECPC, Brugge, Belgium. 4. Kozlovszky, M., Zavec Pavlinic, D., Feher, G. (2015): Location awareness
using combined multimodal sensor infrastructure for emergency service personnel, Extrem Physiol Med.; 4(Suppl 1): A29.
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Figure 1. Comparison of antistab performances of different treatments
Ongoing work focuses on optimizing the balance between stab and ballistic resistance,
weight and flexibility, taking always into consideration the end-users requirements.
Keywords: body armour; ballistic; stab resistance; protective panel.
Acknowledgement
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union
Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 607295”.
References
1. Silva E. Protective clothing for law enforcement personnel. Protective and comfort Science, 2010.
2. Kang TJ, Kim CY, Hong KH. Rheological behavior of concentrated silica suspension and its application to soft armour. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2010; 124: 1534-1541.
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SENSOR-BASED AIRBAG FOR PROTECTION FROM
DAMAGE INDUCED BY FALLING
Jan Vincent JORDAN1, Gesine KOPPE1, Michael LEHNERT2, Hyo-dae KIM3,
Michael MIN4, Yves-Simon GLOY1, Thomas GRIES1 1Institut Für Textiltechnik Der RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany 2ABS Peter Aschauer GmbH, Munich, Germany 3Saenal Tech-Tex Co. Ltd., Kyungbuk, South Korea 4Korea Dyeing&Finishing Technology Institute (Dyetec), Daegu City, South Korea
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ECOLOGICAL DYEING & FINISHING PROCESS OF
PROTECTIVE COMFORTABLE WOOL
Gilda SANTOS1, Ana BARROS1, Rosa Maria SILVA1, Augusta SILVA1,
Helena MAGALHÃES2, Manuel PINHEIRO2 1Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal 2Tinturaria Têxtil SA (TINAMAR), Barcelos, Portugal
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In order to enable the determination of associated impacts, a Life Cycle Assessment
study was performed. For the ecological process the following reductions were verified:
operating time - 24%; electric power consumption - 24%; natural gas consumption -
47%; water consumption - 55%. From the results achieved, the ecological dyeing
process developed will have a significant positive environmental and economic impact.
All clothing design for military use has the multi-purpose of protecting the soldier and
enabling him to function effectively, while at the same time maintaining the comfort
within a range that maximizes physical, cognitive or other performances on the
battlefield [1].
This study focused the activities/steps involved in the definition and development of
suitable methods for evaluation of comfort and ergonomics of smart acclimatization
textile systems (smart clothing with active thermoregulatory systems for stabilization of
soldier’s body temperature in cold and hot environments), in laboratorial and
operational environments.
A proposal for testing smart acclimatization textile systems was defined and evaluated
based in the following stages: a) Biophysical analysis of textiles; b) Biophysical
analysis of garments in climatic chamber; c) Preliminary field tests in non-controlled
environment. Two different smart acclimatization textile systems (with heating and
cooling technologies) in different environments were evaluated, since the analysis and
characterization of textile materials (skin model) until the analysis of the garments in
climatic chamber (manikin and human subjects) followed by preliminary field tests in
non-controlled environment. In both environments (hot and cold), it was possible to
obtain quantitative and qualitative results for both acclimatization textile systems even
when wearing a ballistic vest.
According to the results achieved and the crucial importance of thermoregulatory
systems for the military and civilian human subjects, suitable methods and tailored
technical inputs for new standards for laboratory and field tests are needed, taking into
account namely the possibility to evaluate the cold or heat stress and the comfort
together in the final solution. Information from the evaluation techniques proposed can
be relevant for new methods and standards development. Other issues like the
subjectivity of the human reaction to physical stimuli (thermophysiological and
sensorial) and the physiological impact of the solutions, the impact of fit and size on
comfort and ergonomics and cost effective evaluation of the final solution are also of
great importance.
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Keywords: smart acclimatization; textile systems; military protective clothing; comfort
and ergonomics assessment; thermophysiological comfort; thermal sweating manikin.
Acknowledgments
This study was made possible thanks to a team of European partners (CITEVE; AITEX;
DAMEL; SAGEM) within ACCLITEXSYS project (EDA CEDS programme B-1143-RT-
GP). CITEVE, as project coordinator, wish to thank the Portuguese Army cooperation
(Escola das Armas).
References
1. Santos, G., Oliveira, C., Barros, A., Ferreira, P. (2015), New methods for
comfort and ergonomics evaluation of smart acclimatization textile systems,
Protective and smart textiles, comfort and well-being. Pp 78-86, July 2015,
Lodz University of Technology, Poland.
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getting a balance between protection and comfort will always be the area of future
research.
Keywords: fire-fighters’ protective clothing; test standards; heat stress; performance;
comfort.
References
1. Barker RL (2002) From fabric hand to thermal comfort: the evolving role of objective measurements in explaining human comfort response to textiles. Int J Cloth Sci Technol 14(3/4):181–200.
2. Bruce-Low S, Cotterrell D, Jones G (2007) Effect of wearing personal protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus on heart rate, temperature and oxygen consumption during stepping exercise and live fire training exercises. Ergonomics 50(1):80–98.
3. Farnworth B (1986) A numerical model of the combined diffusion of heat and water vapor through clothing. Text Res J 56(11):653–665.
4. EN 469 Protective clothing for firefighters. Performance requirements for protective clothing for firefighting.
5. NFPA 1971: Standard on protective ensembles for structural fire fighting and proximity fire fighting.
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EVALUATING ERGONOMIC PROPERTIES OF NEWLY
DESIGNED CHINESE FEMALE FIREFIGHTING
CLOTHING
Dandan LAI, Faming WANG Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China
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Results
Range of static motion determined from main joints and motions of body. It was found
that the NEW significantly increased the flexion of shoulder and elbow, and the
percentage of increase was 15.4% and 12.8%, respectively. For dynamic and task-
related range of motion, the new female firefighting clothing provided a much greater
freedom of movement for all dynamic movements due to the improvement of crotch of
pants, ranging from 5.2% to 34.6%. The questionnaire demonstrated that subjects
were more satisfied with the NEW than EXISTING in terms of fitting, mobility and wear
comfort.
Keywords: firefighting turnout gear; females; ergonomic; range of motion; pattern
design.
References
1. Huang D., Yang H., Qi Z., Xu L., Cheng X., Li L., Zhang H., (2012) Questionnaire on firefighters’ protective clothing in China. Fire Technol, 48(2): 255-268.
2. Park H., Hahn K.H.Y., (2014) Perception of firefighters’ turnout ensemble and level of satisfaction by body movement. Int J Fashion Des Technol Educ, 7(2): 85-95.
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THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS OF FIREFIGHTER’S
UNIFORMS
Selin Hanife ERYÜRÜK, Senem KURŞUN BAHADIR, Fatma KALAOĞLU İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
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resistance values. High thermal resistance is required to meet the thermal isolation and
high water vapour resistance values were obtained because of five layers. Moreover,
acceptable air permeability results were obtained.
Table 1. Characteristics of the fabrics
Layer Fabric details
1st layer OUTER FABRIC
PBI Matrix 200 g/m²
2nd layer MOISTURE BARRIER
PU Membrane which is laminated to knitted fabric (85g/ m²)
PU Membrane which is laminated to knitted fabric (145g/ m²)
3rd layer HEAT BARRIER LAMINATED WITH CONDUCTIVE YARN
Aramid Viscose FR inner lining quilted to nonwoven (55g/ m²)
Aramid Viscose FR inner lining quilted to nonwoven (85g/ m²)
4th layer MOISTURE BARRIER
PU Membrane which is laminated to knitted fabric (85g/ m²)
PU Membrane which is laminated to knitted fabric (145g/ m²)
5th layer HEAT BARRIER
Aramid Viscose inner lining quilted to Aramid felt
Keywords: firefighter uniform; thermal comfort; air permeability; thermal resistance;
water vapour resistance.
Acknowledgement
The author would like to thank Kıvanç Tekstil A.Ş.,Turkey for their fabrics and firefighter
clothings support.
References
1. Raheel, M. (1994), “Protective Clothing Systems and Materials”, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
2. Vettori, R. (2005),“Estimates of Thermal Conductivity for Unconditioned and Conditioned Materials Used in Fire Fighters' Protective Clothing”, National Institute of Standards and Technology, November 2005.
3. Raimundoa A. M., Figueiredo R. A., (2009), “Personal protective clothing and safety of firefighters near a high intensity fire front”, Fire Safety Journal, Volume 44, Issue 4, 514–521.
4. Teunissena L. P.J., Wang L.-C., Chou S.-N., Huang C.-H., Jou G.-T., Daanen H.A.M., “Evaluation of two cooling systems under a firefighter coverall”, Applied Ergonomics, Volume 45, Issue 6, November 2014, 1433–1438.
5. Levels K., Koning J.J.E. M., Foster C., Daanen H.A.M., (2014), “The effect of pre-warming on performance during simulated firefighting exercise”, Applied Ergonomics, Volume 45, Issue 6, 1504–1509.
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6. Son, S.-Y., Bakri, I., Muraki, S. and Tochihara,Y.,(2014), “Comparison of firefighters and non-firefighters and the test methods used regarding the effects of personal protective equipment on individual mobility”, Applied Ergonomics, Volume 45, Issue 4, 1019-1027.
7. Kong, Pui W., Suyama, J. and Hostler D., (2013), “A review of risk factors of accidental slips, trips, and falls among firefighters”, Safety Science, Volume 60, 203-209.
8. Chung, G-S.and Lee, D. H., (2005), “A study on comfort of protective clothing for firefighters”, Elsevier Ergonomics Book Series, Volume 3, 375-378.
9. Jiang Y.Y., Yanai E., Nishimura K., Zhang H., Abe N., Shinohara M., Wakatsuki K.,(2010), “An integrated numerical simulator for thermal performance assessments of firefighters’ protective clothing”, Fire Safety Journal, Volume 45, Issue 5, 314-326.
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DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMULATION APP FOR
THERMAL CLOTHING ENGINEERING DESIGN
Benjamin VAN DER SMISSEN, Peter VAN RANSBEECK, Alexandra DE
RAEVE, Simona VASILE, Joris COOLS, Mathias VERMEULEN University College Gent, Ghent, Belgium
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Acknowledgement
This study is supported by the University College Ghent, Belgium.
References
1. Mao, A; Luo, J.; Li, Y; Xiaonan, L & Wang, R: A multi-disciplinary strategy for computer-aided clothing thermal engineering design, Computer-Aided Design 43, 1854–1869 (2011).
2. Van Ransbeeck, P., De Raeve, A., Benoot, R., Cools, J., Van Der Smissen, B., Vermeulen, M., Cools, J., Vasile, S. and Vermeulen M. (2014) Towards Virtual Engineering of Protective Clothing Comfort, 6th European Conference on Protective Clothing, 14-16 May 2014, Bruges, Belgium.
3. Mert, E., Böhnisch, S. ,Psikuta, A., Bueno M.A., Rossi, R.M. (2015), Determination of the Air Gap Thickness underneath the Garment for Lower Body Using 3D Body Scanning, 6th International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 27-28 October 2015.
4. Gibson, P.,Charmchi, M., (1997) The Use of Volume-Averaging Techniques to Predict Temperature Transients Due to Water Vapor Sorption in Hygroscopic Porous Polymer Materials, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 64, 493-505.
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FUNCTIONAL TEXTILE WITH ELECTROSPUN
NANOFIBERS CONTAINING POLYESTER AND
CHITOSAN
Nagihan OKUTAN1, Ahmet ÇİFTÇİ2, Filiz ALTAY1 1İstanbul Technical University - NANOTEL A.Ş., İstanbul, Turkey 2Çiftçiler Tekstil Ltd., İstanbul, Turkey
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Results
The electrospun nanofibers containing polyester and chitosan were obtained. The
contact angle measurements of the nanofibers were done. The suspension containing
nanofibers and binders will be prepared and then sprayed onto woven fabric. The
outcomes of this study will help to develop woven textile products with functional
properties. Even though there are functional textiles present in the market,
nanotechnology applied products seems to be more efficient with less amount of active
materials which is considered as sustainable and green systems.
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Figure 1. Textile samples exposed to UV radiation after anatase coating at different
concentrations
Keywords: doped titania; photocatalytic textiles.
References
1. “Classification of foundry as a profession", National Occupational
Standards, Professional Qualification Agency., 2011, pp 7.
2. Faulkner Brent C., Drake David B., MD, Gear Andrew J. L., Frederick
Watkins H. ve Edlich Richard F., (1997) Molten Metal Burns: Further
Failure To Comply With Occupational Administration Regulations,
Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
Virginia, 15(5): 675-677.
3. EN ISO 9185 (2007) Protective clothing —Assessment of resistance of
materials to molten metal splash The European Standard has the status
of a British Standard.
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MACROPOROSITY AND THE ULTRAVIOLET
PROTECTION FUNCTION OF WOVEN FABRICS
Polona DOBNIK DUBROVSKI1, Abhijit MAJUMDAR2 1University of Maribor, Textile Materials and Design Department, Maribor, Slovenia 2Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Department of Textile Technology, New Delhi, India
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R² = 0,72
R² = 0,98
R² = 0,99
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
UP
F
Open porosity (%)Cover factor (%)
plain twill satin
100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65
good UV protection
Figure 1. The influence of open porosity on the UPF of cotton woven fabrics
This study is supported by the Slovenian Research Agency "ARRS" (P2-063).
References
1. Kaneko, K., (1994), Determination of pore size and pore size distribution, Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 96, pp. 59-89.
2. Dubrovski, P.D., Golob, D., (2009), Effects of Woven Fabric Construction and Colour on Ultraviolet Protection, Textile Research Journal, Vol.79, No.4, pp. 351-359.
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GENERATING OF PASSIVE NOICE CANCELING
HEADSETS BY USING RECYCLED MATERIALS
Ulaş ÇINAR1, Aliye KAŞARCI HAKAN1, Emre GÜMÜŞ2 1İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University, İstanbul, Turkey 2İstanbul Gedik University, İstanbul, Turkey
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References
1. “Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment", Occupational Safety&Health Council., 2001, p 5.
2. ElliottS. J., Nelson P. A., (1993) Active Noise Control, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine; p 12.
3. EN 352-1 (2002)Hearing protectors - General requirements - Part 1: Ear muffs.
4. ASTM E1050-10 (2010) Standard Test Method for Impedance and Absorption of Acoustical Materials Using a Tube, Two Microphones and Digital Frequency Analysis System.
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A NEW ROUTE FOR SYNTHESIS OF ANTIBACTERIAL
TIN (IV) OXIDE NANOPARTICLES FOR FABRICS
Aslı BAYSAL, Banu Yeşim BÜYÜKAKINCI, Gül Şirin USTABAŞI İstanbul Aydın University, İstanbul, Turkey
Nanomaterials like metal oxides have unique physicochemical properties, and they are
presently much investigated for their potential applications in various areas. Tin oxide
appears particularly interesting when grown in nanometer. It is very important to design
a synthetic method using cheap and non-toxic reagents [1]. It also provides
antibacterial properties [2].
This study illustrates a simple synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles using sodium citrate and
investigates the antibacterial efficacy of SnO2 colloidal solution on the wool and
polyester fabrics.
Experimental
Synthesis of SnO2 NPs was achieved according to the silver nanoparticle synthesis
method described in Aashritha’s work [3]. Trisodium citrate 5.5 dihydrate solution was
added drop wise onto SnCl2 solution, mixed vigorously, while they were heated to
boiling temperature.
Characterization was made using UV-VIS and FTIR spectrometry, Dinamic Ligth
Scattering and zeta potentials for both characterization and particle size determination.
FTIR results proved the SnO2 nanoparticles (Figure 1).
Figure 1. FTIR Spectrum of (a) SnCl2 as a precursor, (b) after synthesis procedure; SnO2 NPs
After the synthesis and characterization of SnO2 NPs, precursor concentration (0.05-4
g/L SnCl2) effect on particle size and antibacterial efficiency were investigated. For this
purposes, different SnO2 colloidal solution were applied to the fabrics (wool and
polyester) with padding method without an additional binder or chemicals. Antibacterial
efficiency was investigated on these fabrics using antibacterial effect test (AATCC 147-
2004) for ATCC25923 Staphylococcus aureus.
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Results
UV-VIS and FTIR spectrometry observation of SnO2 nanoparticles informed their shape
and size distribution. Concentration of SnO2 NPs on antibacteriel efficency were
investigated and antibacteriel effect were observed at >2 g/L of SnCl2 was adding as
precursor material. SnO2 colloidal solution is also an alternative to nano silver in terms
1. Bhattacharjee A., Ahmaruzzaman M. (2015) A green approach for the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles and its application in the reduction of p-nitrophenol, MaterialsLetters, 157 p 260–264.
2. Büyükakıncı B. Y. (2013) Investigation of antibacterial activities of tin ions on wool fabric, Industria Textila, 5, p 241-245.
3. Shenava, A., Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction method and their antifungal activity, International Research Journal Of Pharmacy 10/2013; 4(10):111-113.
Following the recent outbreak of Ebola in West Africa, the demand for protection
against infectious diseases and primarily against the transmission of viruses has
increased dramatically. In addition, both the regulation regarding such protective
equipment and the proper evaluation of their effectiveness is not well known.
There is also some lack of knowledge concerning the necessary measures to ensure
that a product normally used as a medical device can also be used as a means of
protection. An example are the surgical gowns used in hospitals which, first and
primarily serve to protect the patient from infection during an operation, but now, the
surgeon must also be protected against the patient's infection. It’s mainly the suppliers
of Western hospitals that have been faced with this question as part of their preparation
to receive patients suffering from Ebola disease from risk areas in West Africa [1].
Summary
The barrier fabrics are used to protect the wearer against different kind of fluids and dry
particles. In the medical field, the protection is principally against biological fluids
(bodily fluids contaminated by micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses).
Barrier fabrics are mainly used in the operating room as gowns, drapes and masks. In
these situations the infective agents to which the patients and the staff may be exposed
are usually well known.
Other fields of use are some working conditions with a risk of exposure to infective
agents are laboratories or biotechnological production, where the infective agents are
usually also well known or in sewage works, waste treatment, emergency clean-up,
etc. In the latter cases the infective agents the workers are exposed to may not be
known, although the possible risks can be assessed.
Several European and US product standards exist that describe test methods to
evaluate the microbial barrier properties of materials and articles (ex. woven,
nonwoven, coated or laminated fabrics and coveralls, masks or gowns) [2, 3]:
• EN 13795+A1:2013 - Surgical drapes, gowns and clean air suits, used as medical devices for patients, clinical staff and equipment - General requirements for manufacturers, processors and products, test methods, performance requirements and performance levels
• EN 14126:2003 - Protective clothing - Performance requirements and tests methods for protective clothing against infective agents (+AC:2004)
• EN 14683:2014 - Medical face masks - Requirements and test methods
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• ASTM F2100 – 11 - Standard Specification for Performance of Materials Used in Medical Face Masks
• ANSI/AAMI PB70:2012 - Liquid barrier performance and classification of protective apparel and drapes intended for use in health care facilities
In addition to mechanical (ex. tensile, burst and tear strength) and water barrier (ex.
hydrostatic pressure or impact penetration) properties, these standards prescribe a
number of specific tests for microbial resistance:
• Against penetration by blood-borne pathogens using bacteriophage (ISO 16604:2004 and ASTM F1671/F1671M – 13). These tests are the only ones that permit to determine the resistance against viral penetration of a material. The hydrostatic pressure challenge can vary between 0 kPa and 14 kPa (medical textiles) or 20 kPa (protective garments), with bacteriophage PHI-X174 being used as a challenge virus.
• Against penetration by infective agents due to mechanical contact with substances containing contaminated liquids (ISO 22610:2006). In this test, the material is subjected to a dynamic mechanical stress that could cause liquid migration and allow bacteria to penetrate through it. Breakthrough time (protective garments) and count of penetration (medical textiles) are used to set performance requirements.
• Against penetration by biologically contaminated liquid aerosols or bacterial filtration efficiency (ISO/DIS 22611:2003 and ASTM F2101 – 07). These tests permit to evaluate the bacterial filtration efficiency of a protective material against a contaminated aerosol challenge.
• Against penetration by contaminated solid particles (ISO 22612:2005). This test method provides a means for assessing the resistance to penetration through barrier materials of bacteria-carrying dust particles.
Figure 1. Introduction of the contaminated particles - ISO 22612
1. World Health Organization, (2014), Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Care of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Filovirus Haemorrhagic Fever in Health-Care Settings, with Focus on Ebola.
2. Rogister Y., Croes M., (2013), Surgical Mask Performance, Arab Medical Hygiene Magazine, January 2013, p 64-67.
3. Rogister Y., Croes M., (2013), Surgical drapes and gowns, European Medical Hygiene Magazine, February 2013, p 31-35.
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FUNCTIONAL DISPOSABLE FACE MASKS FOR
MALODOROUS SURGICAL OPERATIONS
Özge YÜKSEL1, Beliz BOZALP1, Gizem Ceylan TÜRKOĞLU1, Tolga
ÖNDER2, Ayşe Merih SARIIŞIK1, Salih OKUR3, Ayşenur DURU3 1Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Textile Engineering, İzmir, Turkey 2Kars Sarıkamış Public Hospital, Kars, Turkey 3İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Department of Material Science and Engineering, İzmir, Turkey
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Keywords: functional face mask; malodor; menthol; cyclodextrin.
References
1. Horrocks, A. Richard, and Subhash C. Anand, eds., (2000) Handbook of technical textiles. Elsevier Science & Technology, Elsevier Health Sciences.
2. Anand, S. C., Kennedy, J. F., Miraftab, M., & Rajendran, S. (Eds.). (2005). Medical textiles and biomaterials for healthcare. Elsevier Science & Technology, Elsevier Health Sciences.
3. Sarıısık A.M. and Kartal G.E., (2015) Disposable Mask Design For Odor Pollution In The Work Environment, Journal Of Textiles & Engineers/Tekstil Ve Mühendis, 22 (97): 31-36.
4. İnceboz T., Erkan G., Türkoğlu G.C., Sarıışık A.M., Bakırcı S., Üner S., and Üner A. (2015). In-Vivo And In-Vitro Tick Repellent Properties Of Cotton Fabric, Textile Research Journal, 85(19) 2071–2082.
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insulation layer of cool protective clothing can be compressed during the washing and
drying process. If the tumbler is used for drying the differences of the thermal insulation
are lower than in finishing process. So it is necessary to find the right process
parameter of the protective clothes which show no or only a low influence on the
product performance.
Keywords: PPE; reprocessing; functionality; comfort; destructive and non-destructive;
test methods.
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ASSESSMENT OF SENSORIAL COMFORT OF FABRICS
FOR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
Simona VASILE1, Benny MALENGIER2, Alexandra DE RAEVE1, Johanna
LOUWAGIE2, Myréne VANDERHOEVEN1, Lieva VAN LANGENHOVE2 1University College Gent, Gent, Belgium 2Gent University, Gent, Belgium
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The FTT instrument was employed and the following fabric indices simultaneously
assessed: BAR (bending average rigidity), BW (bending work), surface friction
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CLOTHING PROTECTION AND WEARING COMFORT
Simon ANNAHEIM1, Tom PITTS1, Matthew MORRISSEY1, Pauline
WEISSER2, André CAPT2, Martin CAMENZIND1, René M. ROSSI1 1Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Switzerland 2DuPont, USA
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Figure 1. Protection (T24) and thermo-physiological impact (cMAWD)
1. Cheung SS, Petersen SR, McLellan TM. Physiological strain and countermeasures with firefighting. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010;20 Suppl 3:103–16.
2. Holmér I. Protective Clothing in Hot Environments. Ind Health 2006;44:404–13.
3. EN ISO 6942. Evaluation of materials and material assemblies when exposed to a source of radiant heat. 2002.
4. Annaheim S, Wang L, Psikuta A, et al. A new method to assess the influence of textiles properties on human thermophysiology. Part I. Int J Cloth Sci Technol 2015;27:272–82.
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NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSPORT
PHENOMENA IN CYLINDRICAL CLOTHING
MICROCLIMATES
Tiago S. MAYOR1, Marta SANTOS2, Dinis OLIVEIRA2, João B. L. M.
CAMPOS2, René M. ROSSI1, Simon ANNAHEIM1 1Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology(EMPA), Switzerland 2Engineering Faculty of Porto University, Transport Phenomena Research Centre, Portugal
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influence of natural convection in the way heat/mass is transported across cylindrical
microclimates, and highlights how misleading average transport rates can be, when
microclimate geometries and prevailing environmental conditions lead to natural
convection. Knowledge on these effects is crucial for the development of protective
equipment (e.g. CBRN). Further investigation is needed to clarify the influence of
clothing transport properties (e.g. air permeability), on the relevance of natural
convection inside clothing.
Keywords: clothing microclimates; air gap; natural convection; protective clothing.
References
1. Mayor, T. S., Couto, S., Psikuta, A. & Rossi, R. M. (2015). Advanced modelling of the transport phenomena across horizontal clothing microclimates with natural convection. Int. J. Biomet. 59, 1875–89.
2. Mayor, T. S., Oliveira, D., Rossi, R. M. & Annaheim, S. (2015), Numerical simulation of the transport phenomena in tilted clothing microclimates. in XVI Int. Conf. Environ. Ergon.
3. Mayor, T. S., Couto, S., Psikuta, A. & Rossi, R. M. (2014). Transport phenomena in clothing wavy microclimates – a numerical study. in Sci. Conf. Smart Funct. Text. Well-being, Therm. Comf. Clothing, Des. Therm. Manikins Model. (Ambience14 10i3m).
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EMERGING FACTORS RELATED TO THE DESIGN,
SELECTION, AND USE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
AGAINST HIGHLY INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Jeffrey STULL1, Christina STULL1, Huiju PARK2, Susan ASHDOWN2, Jason
COLE3, Judith MULCAY3, Jason ALLEN4 1International Personnel Protection, Inc., Austin, Texas, USA 2Cornell University, New York, USA 3Kappler, Inc., Guntersville, Alabama, USA 4Intertek Testing Services NA, Inc., New York, USA
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Principal Finding
The new ensemble designs and practices for their use, particularly doffing and
decontamination approaches, have demanded shifts in the how clothing is developed,
selected, and used for highly infectious diseases and pointed to the inadequate of both
local and international standards.
Keywords: PPE; design; selection; ebola; disease.
Acknowledgement
This research was supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development.
Figure 1. Coverall with separating
sleeves for quick donning
Figure 2. Hood with integrated faceshield
and protective, reusable facepiece
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EVALUATION OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING USED BY
MEDICAL PERSONNEL AGAINST SIMULATED BODILY
FLUIDS USING A RAPID ELBOW LEAN TEST
F. Selcen KILINÇ BALCI1, Peter A. JAQUES2, Pengfei GAO1, Lee
PORTNOFF1, Robyn WEIBLE2, Matthew HORVATIN2, Amanda STRAUCH1,
Ronald SHAFFER1 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health/National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 2URS Corporation, Greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Disclaimer
The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not
necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health. Mention of product names does not imply endorsement. The authors identify no
conflicts of interest in the conduct of this study.
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EFFECT OF ADDITIVE PARTICLE SIZE ON X-RAY
PROTECTIVE COATED FABRICS
Nebahat ARAL1, Cevza CANDAN2, Banu UYGUN NERGİS2 1İstanbul Kavram Vocational School - Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey 2İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
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results, the coated fabrics with nano sized tungsten additives (W12-SR-1h (average
size: 300 nm) and W12-SR-8h (average size: 150 nm) can attenuate more radiation
than W12-SR which is composed of micro sized powders. Besides W12-SR-8h
samples with lower average particle size has the highest attenuation ratios at each
tube voltage levels.
Table 1. The radiation attenuation ratios of the coated fabrics at three different tube voltage
levels
Radiation quality X-ray voltage
(kV)
Radiation attenuation ratios (%)
W12-SR W12-SR-1h W12-SR-8h
N30 30 58.1 77.3 88.8
RQR6 80 35.8 47.4 59.5
RQR8 100 31.3 41.4 52.7
In Figure 1, SEM images of the samples at x1000 magnification were shown. As it can
be evaluated visually, at the same volume fraction (12%) there was a notable
difference between the samples with nano and micro powders in terms of the uniformity
of the particles in silicone rubber matrix. It may be seen that the tungsten particles in
coated surface of W12-SR-8h samples with the average particle size of 150 nm were
dispersed more uniformly compared to the other samples.
Figure 1. SEM images of W12-SR, W12-SR-1h, and W12-SR-8h samples from left to
right respectively.
Conclusion
In conclusion, our results indicated that the particle size of tungsten additives in textile
coating has an effect on x-ray shielding performance which possibly stems from the
more uniform particle distribution of tungsten powders in coating.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by TUBITAK (112M453) and Istanbul Technical University
(BAP 37057).
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References
1. Schueler BA (2010)Operator Shielding: How and Why, Tech Vasc Interventional Rad 13:167-171.
2. Tajiri, M., Sunaoka, M., Fukumura, A., & Endo, M. (2004). A new radiation shielding block material for radiation therapy. Medical physics, 31(11), 3022-3023.
3. Schlattl, H., Zankl, M., Eder, H., & Hoeschen, C. (2007). Shielding properties of lead-free protective clothing and their impact on radiation doses. Medical physics, 34(11), 4270-4280.
4. Kobayashi, S. et al., (1997), “Tungsten alloys as radiation protection materials”, Nuc Inst and Met in Physics Res, A 390, 426-430.
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MULTIFUNCTIONAL TICK REPELLENT TEXTILES
Wazir AKBAR, G. Bahar BAŞIM Özyeğin University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Figure 1. Optimization of design variables in design of experiment
Acknowledgement:
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Eureka TickoTEX project
E18083 and Kivanc Tekstil in Adana Turkey.
References:
1. Haglund, Mats, and Göran Günther. (2003): "Tick-borne encephalitis-
pathogenesis, clinical course and long-term follow-up." Vaccine 21 S11-
S18.
2. Donoso Mantke O, Schädler R, Niedrig M. (2008) A survey on cases of tick-
borne encephalitis in European countries. Euro Surveill;13(17): pii=18848.
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condition might suggest the use of thicker fabrics given that they result in dryer
sensations [4] however, when profuse sweating occurs and saturation is reached,
thicker materials would contain more water than the thinner ones, resulting in higher
WP and thermal discomfort. This study demonstrated that thickness is the main factor
affecting fabric water absorption and also the related WP. The diverse outcomes
resulting from the application of two different water contents, i.e. REL and ABS,
suggest that the methodology used when studying fabrics moisture behaviour and
moisture perception should be carefully considered in relation to the application.
Keywords: fabric absorption property; fabric thickness; water content; wetness
perception; thermal comfort.
References
1. Li Y (2005) Perceptions of temperature, moisture and comfort in clothing during environmental transients. Ergonomics 48:234–48.
2. Fukazawa T, Havenith G (2009) Differences in comfort perception in relation to local and whole body skin wettedness. European journal of applied physiology 106:15–24.
3. Filingeri D, Havenith G (2015) Human skin wetness perception: psychophysical and neurophysiological bases. Temperature 2:86–104.
4. Tang KPM, Kan CW, Fan JT (2014) Assessing and predicting the subjective wetness sensation of textiles: subjective and objective evaluation. Textile Research Journal 85:838–849.
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ERGONOMIC TEXTILE CAMOUFLAGE SOLUTION FOR
MILITARY SOLDIERS
Gilda SANTOS1, Ana BARROS1, Augusta SILVA1, Patrícia FERREIRA2 1Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
2Damel Confecção de Vestuário, LDA., Braga e Região, Portugal
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Keywords: military clothing system; protection and physiological factors; comfort;
ergonomics and fitting; soldier’s performance.
Acknowledgement
This study was made possible thanks to a Portuguese Consortium (CITEVE, DAMEL
and AST) within a QREN / COMPETE Project in cooperation with the Portuguese
Army.
References
1. Bishop et al. (2013), Ergonomics and Comfort in Protective and Sport
Clothing: A Brief Review, J Ergonomics, S2, Pp. 1.
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VALIDATION OF METHOD TO MEASURE CUMULATIVE PERMEATION OF CHEMICAL WITH LOW VAPOR PRESSURE THROUGH TEXTILE AND GLOVE MATERIALS Anugrah SHAW1, Ana Carla COLEONE2, Julie MERCKLING3, Hyeshin YOON4, Karine LOI5, Eva COHEN6 1University Of Maryland Eastern Shore, Maryland, USA 2São Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brazil 3French Instıtute Textile and Apparel (IFTH), Paris, France 4Korea Apparel Testing & Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea 5CTC Groupe, France 6Centro Nacional de Medios de Protección, Sevilla, Spain [email protected]
Introduction Permeation tests are used to measure the protection provided by materials against chemicals. The existing standards are designed primarily to measure permeation of pure chemicals that are volatile and/or soluble in water or other liquid or gaseous collection media. A new test method has been developed to measure the permeation of pure or mixtures of chemicals with low vapor pressure and/or low solubility in water and other collection media. All tests for methodology development were conducted in one laboratory based on expertise provided by several individuals. Drafts submitted to ASTM and ISO for consideration as standards were approved as new projects. Five laboratories from ISO member countries participated in inter-laboratory tests.
Inter-laboratory Study The inter-laboratory study was conducted as a two-step process. The first phase was refinement of methodology and the second phase to determine the repeatability and reliability for the test method. A website was developed to support the inter-laboratory studies. The website included instructions as well as templates for submission of information, images, and data by the respective laboratories. For the first phase, six materials were tested using diluted Prowl 3.3 EC (5% a.i.). After one hour the collector disc was extracted and analyzed to determine the amount of pendimethalin (active ingredient) that permeated through the material. The laboratories were asked to take images prior to extraction for visual analysis. The bright yellow color of the test chemical is beneficial in determining the distribution of the permeated material on the absorbent disc. After initial testing, individuals from two laboratories and the coordinator met to determine possible reasons for variability. The procedure used by each lab was observed, modifications made to the methodology and tests repeated until the issues were resolved. Lessons learned were incorporated in draft document and the revised version used for further testing. During the second phase three test materials were tested to determine repeatability and reproducibility. Data from three laboratories that conducted tests in accordance with the final draft show low variability in materials that are relatively homogeneous and variability in the sample that was selected to represent materials that have
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demonstrated high variability in test results. The final analysis will be conducted in January 2016.
Acknowledgement The study was supported by funds received from US Department of Agriculture through the University of Maryland Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station. Participating laboratories covered their own costs to conduct tests. The test chemical and textile materials were provided by the manufacturers.
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AS A MEASURE
TO MINIMISE HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES
Dimitra NİKOLOPOULOU, Kyriaki MACHERA Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
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References
1. Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21
October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the
sustainable use of pesticides, OJ L 309, 24.11.2009, p. 71–86.
2. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of
substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC
and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, OJ L 353,
31.12.2008, p. 1–1355.
3. ISO 27065 (2011) Protective clothing – Performance requirements for
protective clothing worn by operators applying liquid pesticides.
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THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSES TO PESTICIDE
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING BY PROTECTIVE LEVELS
Do-Hee KIM, Dahee JUNG, Joo-Young LEE Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
As dermal exposure to pesticide has been shown to account for about 87 percent of
total body [1], wearing pesticide protective clothing (PPC) is therefore an effective
mean to reduce the risk of pesticide exposure. Nonetheless, the low wear rate of PPC
has been reported because of discomfort in hot and humid environments [2]. Although
ISO 27065 [3] provides performance requirements for PPC by protective levels,
thermal burden due to PPC has not been evaluated enough. The purpose of this study
was to examine thermoregulatory responses to PPC with different protective levels
through human wear trials.
Experimental
Three types of commercially available PPC with different protective levels (P1, P2 and
P3) were selected. P1 was T/C long-sleeved shirt and long pants which were widely
used for pesticide operator exposure studies; P2 was a reusable and widely provided
suit for pesticide handlers in Korea (nylon fabric with a microporous membrane); P3
was a disposable and impermeable coverall equivalent to the current chemical
resistant clothing requirement. The evaporative resistances of P1, P2 and P3 showed
42, 54 and 151 m2 Pa/W according to ISO 9920 [4]. Eight young males participated in a
wear trial at the air temperature of 32oC, 50%RH. The exercise protocol consisted of
10-min rest, followed by 60-min walking and 10- min recovery. Total sweat rate, rectal
(Tre) and skin temperatures (Tsk) were measured.
Results
Significant differences among the types in most measurement items were found. P3
caused the greatest thermal burden along with the greatest total sweat rate (0.52 ±
0.07, 0.81 ± 0.18 and 1.08 ± 0.21 kg·h-1 for P1, P2, and P3, respectively), the highest
Tre (37.5 ± 0.3, 38.0 ± 0.3 and 38.5 ± 0.4 oC) and the highest mean Tsk (35.1 ± 0.6, 35.9
± 0.4 and 36.1 ± 0.4 oC) at the end of experiments. The rises in Tre showed 0.5, 1.0 and
1.5 oC for P1, P2 and P3. The limit value of Tre recommended an increase of 1.4℃ or
38.5oC, whichever comes first in case of rapid heat storage under hot environment
condition according to ISO 9886 [5].
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea
[Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development
(#PJ010518)].
Keywords: pesticide workers; personal protective clothing; protective level; thermal
strain.
References
1. Durham, W. F., Wolfe, H. T., (1962), Measurement of the Exposure of Workers to Pesticides, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 26, 1, 75-91.
2. Hayashi, C., Tokura, H., (2000), Improvement of Thermo-physiological Stress in Participants Wearing Protective Clothing for Spraying Pesticide, and its Application in the Field. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 73, 3, 187-194.
3. ISO 27065 (2011), Protective clothing -- Performance Requirements for Protective Clothing Worn by Operators Applying Liquid Pesticides.
4. ISO 9920 (1995), Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment -- Estimation of the Thermal Insulation and Evaporative Resistance of a Clothing Ensemble.
5. ISO 9886 (2004), Ergonomics -- Evaluation of Thermal Strain by Physiological Measurements.
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VARIABILITY ON TESTS RESULTS USING ISO 17491-4
WITH DIFFERENT SPRAYING NOZZLE
Hamilton Humberto RAMOS1, Anugrah SHAW2, Viviane Corrêa Aguiar
RAMOS1, Polyane Barbalho DA SILVA1 1Centro de Engenharia E Automação (CEA), Instituto Agronômico (IAC), São Paulo, Brazil 2University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
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Keywords: pesticide; protective clothing; PPE quality; worker safety.
Acknowledgement
Special thanks to the Ana Flávia Villa and Melissa Alexandre dos Santos for assistance
in conducting the experiments.
References
1. ISO 17491-4 (2008) Performance requirements for protective clothing worn
by operators applying liquid pesticides.
2. ISO 27065 (2011) Protective Clothing – Test methods for clothing providing
protection against chemicals. Part 4 – Determation of resistance to
penetration by a spray of liquid (spray test).
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The authors thank Mrs Dimitra Nikolopoulou for her contribution to the presentation of
this work.
References
1. Tsakirakis Α.Ν., Kasiotis K.M., Charistou A.N., Arapaki N., Tsatsakis A., Tsakalof A., Machera K. (2014) Dermal & inhalation exposure of operators during fungicide application in vineyards. Evaluation of coverall performance, Science of the Total Environment, 470-471: 282-289.
2. Machera Κ., Tsakirakis A., Charistou A., Anastasiadou P., Glass C.R. (2009) Dermal exposure of pesticide applicators as a measure of coverall performance under field conditions, Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 53(6): 573-584.
3. ISO 27065 (2011) Protective clothing – Performance requirements for protective clothing worn by operators applying liquid pesticides.
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25 May 2016 Wednesday
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PERFORMANCES OF DIFFERENT WORKWEAR
FABRICS USED IN MOLTEN METAL INDUSTRY
Bengi KUTLU, Tuğçem BİTGEN Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Textile Engineering, İzmir, Turkey
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showed good results regarding ISO 11612 standard, however, comfort related
properties were poor.
Table 2. Thickness, area weight and compliance to ISO11612 of tensile properties
Keywords: workwear; protective clothing; molten metal protection; cotton; ISO11612.
Acknowledgement
This study is supported by Dokuz Eylül University (2013.KB.FEN.032).
References
1. EN ISO 9185 (2007) Protective clothing —Assessment of resistance of materials to molten metal splash The European Standard has the status of a British Standard.
2. Makinen, H. (2013). Flame resistant textiles for molten metal hazards, F.S. Kılınç, (Ed.), Handbook of Fire Resistant Textile siçinde (581-603). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.
3. ISO 11612 (2008) Protective clothing -- Clothing to protect against heat and flame.
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reached for inhomogeneous, inorganic coatings with a micro/nanostructured surface,
which have a positive effect on the repellency towards metal splashes. For polymer
coatings, additives based on thermally insulating microspheres show little influence,
while—surprisingly—thermally conductive carbon fibers lead to an improved protective
function. This might be related to the effective release of heat across the textile
surface. All coatings show no negative impact on the thermophysiological properties of
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Forschungskuratorium Textil e.V. for
financial support of the research project AiF-No. 17680 N provided from funds of
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) via a grant of German
Federal of Industrial Research Associations (AiF).
References
1. Textor, T., Gutmann, J. S., Brey, M., Gierling, E., Beringer, J., (2015), Entwicklung einer Ausrüstung zur Verbesserung der Abweisung von flüssigen Metallspritzern von Schweißerschutzkleidung, final report, IGF-No. 17680 N.
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The developed testing principle is available for research and testing services and it is
furthermore planned to integrate this method into the EN 11611 in the next revision of
this standard.
Keywords: PPE; welding; UV-radiation; UV-C; exposition limit value; EN 11611;
testing principle.
Acknowledgement
This study was financially supported by the German employer's liability insurance
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human eye does not notice it. One of the easiest ways to manufacture such adjustable
PWM can be achieved with microcontroller and the MOSFET switch component.
Results and conclusion
Environmental stress and conditions endurance were tested [4]. In addition user tests
were carried out in authentic work situations. As can be seen in Fig.1 LED provides
sufficient light.
Figure 1. Illuminance as the distance function and the lighting effect of the same LED in the
dark office
The effect of the temperature on the illuminance was measured at intervals of 15
minutes in different temperatures (Bentham IDR300). The results of measurements in -
20 °C temperature can be seen in Fig.2. The first measurements were made while the
climate chamber cools off.
Figure 2. Variation of the illuminance in the -20 °C temperature during 12 hours
Measurement distance (m)
Illu
min
an
ce (
lx)
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User tests and measurement results prove that this kind of lighting is possible to
manufacture, it is reliable, easy to use and it is helpful to electricians. This concept
needs further development, particularly with the integration of the power supply.
1. EN ISO 20471, (2013), High visibility clothing -- Test methods and requirements.
2. Cheng, K., Kwok, K., Kwok, Y., Chan, K., Cheung, N., Ho, Y. & Kwok, K., (2009), LED Lighting Development for Intelligent Clothing, 3rd International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications, PESA 2009. 4 p., May 2009, Hong Kong.
3. Cochrane, C., Meunier, L., Kelly, F. & Koncar, V., (2011), Flexible displays for smart clothing: Part I – Overview, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, Vol. 36, December 2011, pp. 422-428.
4. PAS 10412, (2015), Intelligent clothing. LED active high visibility clothing. Specification.
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PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AGAINST ARC FLASH RISKS
Hendrik Beier Sächsisches Textilforschungsinstitut e.V. (STFI E.V.), Chemnitz, Germany
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Results
Common fabrics being used in the industry like aramid based fabric, modacrylic blends
and FR cotton treated fabrics have been tested. The study will show the many energy
level tests developed in two European laboratories to characterize the protective
properties of fabrics (ATPV/EBT/ELIM) and will show the reliability of this test that
finally will result in the garment value to protect the end-user as the new standard is
1. IEC 61482-2 Edition 1.0 2009-04 - Live working – Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc – Part 2: Requirements.
2. IEC 61482-2 Edition 1.0 2009 - Live working - Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc - Part 1-1: Test methods - Method 1: Determination of the arc rating (ATPV or EBT50) of flame resistant materials for clothing.
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
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DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR A THERAPEUTIC
RHEUMATOID ARTHIRITIS GLOVE
Gözde GÖNCÜ BERK, Neşe TOPÇUOĞLU İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
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ComfortRequirements
TreatmentRequirements
DesignParameters
Pa ernSeamsClosuresHandMovement
HandandFingerGrip
ThermalBalance
Tac leComfort
Compression
Immobiliza on
HandDexterityJointSupport
FiberStretchThickness
GloveConstruc on
FabricConstruc on
ThermoTherapy
Anthropometry
Biomechanics
SkinIrrita on
Fit
Figure 1. Protective clothes protection level according to firms
Keywords: glove design; rheumatoid arthritis; human factors; physical therapy.
Acknowledgement
This study is supported by TUBITAK (115M710).
References
1. Nasir, S. H., Troynikov, O., & Massy-Westropp, N. (2014). Therapy gloves for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease, 6(6), 226–237.
2. Muralidhar, A., Bishu, R. R., & Hallbeck, M. S. (1999). The development and evaluation of an ergonomic glove. Applied Ergonomics, 30(6), 555-563.
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ANTIBACTERIAL COATING OF TEXTILES WITH
ELECTROSPUN PVA/ZNCL2 NANOFIBERS
Büşra BAKIR1, Gözde KILIÇ2, Filiz ALTAY1 1İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey 2İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
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LAYER BY LAYER ASSEMBLY OF HALLOYSITE
NANOCLAY BASED FLAME RETARDANT
NANOCOMPOSITE ON COTTON FABRIC
Şule Sultan UĞUR1, Ayşe Merih SARIIŞIK2 1Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Textile Engineering, Isparta, Turkey 2Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Textile Engineering, İzmir, Turkey
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References
1. Norouzi, M., Zare, Y., Kiany P., (2015), Nanoparticle as Effective Flame
Retardants for Natural and Synthetic Textile Polymers: Application,
Mechanism and Optimization, Polymer Reviews, 55, 3, 531-560.
Introduction In heavy-duty jobs such as industrial, constructional and landscaping applications, hands are easily exposed to chemicals, cuts and punctures from sharp instruments in various hazardous conditions. Gloving leathers play an important protective role as they are extremely durable and resilient against water, hazardous chemicals, provides insulation for extreme temperatures, and they won’t puncture or tear. Flame retardancy is one of significant features for personal safety and it is gaining importance for the production of technical, furniture and automobile leathers [1, 2]. Leather gloves are have to fulfill the performance requirements if it is used in the area of protective clothing, considering that leather is a common material chosen by professionals for technical gloves. Limited published information is available on the properties and production of leather gloves while up to our knowledge no information is found about gloving leathers as a protective clothing material.
Experimental In the scope of the study chromium tanned split calf leather was used and the production of protective leather gloves was differentiated in post-tanning process by using tara, phosphonium, chromium and their combinations as post tanning agents. Except retanning agents chemicals like fatliqouring and polymers were not varied and same conventional formulation was applied throughout the post-tanning processes for the production of protective leather gloves. The effect of the chemicals on thermal protective performance such as heat resistance, flame resistance, and other performance properties including water resistance, tensile and tear resistance, abrasion resistance and ultraviolet degradation were tested.
Results Performance testing results obtained from six different retanning process was compared according to the type of retanning material used in the production. Results reveal that retanning with different types of retanning material had significant effect on the performance properties of leather gloves.
1. Da C., Kangjian W., Nianhua D., Meng L., Weihua D., (2012), Flame Resistance of Leather Tanned with Zr-Al-Ti Complex Tanning Agent, JSLTC, 96: 116-120.
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2. Wang K.J., Chen D., Liu L., (2012), Functional leather series –flame retardant leather, Beijing Leather, 24: 87.
3. Torvi D.A., Hadjisophocleous G.V., (1999), Research in Protective Clothing for Firefighters: State of the Art and Future Directions, Fire Technology, 35(2): 111-130.
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BACTERIA SENSITIVE SMART TEXTILES COATED
WITH ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS
Nagihan OKUTAN, Büşra BAKIR, Filiz ALTAY İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY