European Conference on Mobility Management Parma, Italy 27 - 28 October 2005

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Best practice of integratingMobility Management in Land Use Planning in the field of off street

parking policy

European Conference on Mobility ManagementParma, Italy 27 - 28 October 2005

Klementschitz RomanStark Juliane

University of Natural Resourcesand Applied Life Sciences

Vienna, Austria

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Types of measures

(1) Limiting the total number of private off-street parking spaces,

(2) obligatory parking pricing for private off-street car parks, either to be paid by the real estate owner or the user of the car park (customer or employee) and

(3) defining and negotiating trip-contingents based on a mobility plan (including exit-metering).

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Procedure of data collection

(1) Screening-Phase:

Relevant cities Relevant persons (experts)

(2) Detailed Analysis:

Interview supported by questionnaire Telephone or email interviews

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Case study cities

Lyon

Copenhagen

London

Newcastle

Madrid

Paris

HelsinkiStockholm

Berlin

Stuttgart

Munich

Hamburg

Bremen

Erfurt

ZurichBern

Amsterdam

Rotterdam

Salzburg

GrazInnsbruck

Thessalonica

Athens

Aalborg

Rostock

Linz

Aachen

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(1) Limiting the number of private parking spaces

In 21 out of 27 cities analysed the tool of limiting the total number of private off-street parking spaces is invented.

In 12 of these cities the measure is obligatory at least for certain areas or for the whole city and practice examples are demonstrating the feasibility of the measure.

Generally spoken, it can be stated, this mobility management tool is the most used one in the cities analysed.

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Lyon

Copenhagen

London

Newcastle

Madrid

Paris

HelsinkiStockholm

Berlin

Stuttgart

Munich

Hamburg

Bremen

Erfurt

ZurichBern

Amsterdam

Salzburg

GrazInnsbruck

Thessalonica

Athens

Aalborg

Rostock


Linz

Rotterdam

Aachen

Maßnahme:

konkret umgesetzt

gesetzl. Grundlage vorh. nicht vorhanden

Measure exists …obligatoryoptionalnot at all

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Regulation example: Hamburg

Traffic inducing source Upper limit of parking spaces

Offices, administration and services

buildings with more than 4000 m² total floor space 1 / 320 m² floor space

other buildings 1 / 280 m² floor space

Shops

buildings with less than 700 m² total sales floor 1 / 200 m² sales floor

(min. 1 per shop)

shops with small share of clients per sales floor,

e. g. furniture stores 1 / 200 m² net sales floor

other shops 1 / 200 m² net sales floor

Other commercial plants

manufacturers, industrial, etc. 1 / 400 m² floor space

Relation of upper limits of the number of private off street parking spaces and gross floor space in Hamburg:

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Regulation example: Hamburg

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Regulation example: Helsinki

Max. number min./max. nr. Zone

Use (Y) (I) (II)

Office building 1 / 500 1 / 350 1 / 280…220

Retail 1 / 200 1 / 150 1 / 110…90

Industrial use: production 1 / 500 1 / 350 1 / 280…220

other use (e. g. administration) 1 / 300 1 / 200 1 / 140…120

Relation of limits of the number of private parking spaces, land use and floor space in Helsinki (1 parking space / xx m² floor space):

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Comparison of the limits of the number of parking spacefor office buildings in city centres


Helsinki

Hamburg

RotterdamZurich

Munich

Berlin0

100

200

300

400

500

600

gro

ss

flo

or

sp

ac

e p

er

pa

rkin

g s

pa

ce

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Office building Sörnäisten rantatie 19 /Helsinki

Sörnaisten rantatie

Practice example: Helsinki

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Office building

Central area

15600 m² floor space

Requirement in building permit:45 parking spaces maximum

345m² floor space/parking

space

Practice example: Helsinki

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(2) Obligatory parking pricing

Only one out of 27 cities implemented obligatory parking pricing for private off street parking spaces.

A legal basis for implementing the measure exists in eight cities analysed.

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Lyon

Kopenhagen

London

Newcastle

Madrid

Paris

HelsinkiStockholm

Berlin

Stuttgart

Munich

Hamburg

Bremen

Erfurt

ZurichBern

Amsterdam

Salzburg

GrazInnsbruck

Thessalonica

Athens

Aalborg

Rostock


Linz

Rotterdam

Aachen

Maßnahme:

konkret umgesetzt


Measure exists …obligatoryoptionalnot at all

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PROVINCE

COMMUNITIES

for transport andenterprises

Kantonal masterplan

NATIONAL

Environmental Act (Umweltschutzgesetz)

Traffic

generating

building

Obligatory parking pricing

Requirements in Building Permits

Noise Act (Lärmschutz-VO)Emission Act (Luftreinhalte-VO)


Switzerland

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Shopping mall and leisure centre Säntispark 12245m² sales floor 1022 parking spaces

Practice example: Abtwil (Switzerland)

Säntispark

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Immissions exceeds thresholds

Obligatory parking pricing in the building permit (no refund):

CHF 1.00 first hour (0.66 €) CHF 0.50 further hours (0.33 €)no rebate for longer stays

Practice example: Abtwil (Switzerland)

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(3) Trip-contingents

There are existing experiences with mobility management plans including the reduction of the number of trips in 19 out of 27 cities or regions - basically on voluntary basis.

Such mobility plans are either agreed between operators and authorities or operator internally.

The only exception is Switzerland, where not exceeding agreed trip contingents are causing consequents (e. g. the operator must increase the parking fees).

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Lyon

Kopenhagen

London

Newcastle

Madrid

Paris

HelsinkiStockholm

Berlin

Stuttgart

München

Hamburg

Bremen

Erfurt

Bern

Amsterdam

Rotterdam

Salzburg

GrazInnsbruck

Thessaloniki

Athen

Aalborg

Rostock


Linz

Aachen

Maßnahme:

konkret umgesetzt


Measure exists …obligatoryvoluntary basisnot at all

Zürich

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PROVINCE

COMMUNITIES

for transport andenterprises

Kantonal masterplan

NATIONAL

Environmental Act (Umweltschutzgesetz)

Traffic

generating

building

Trip contingentsRequirements in Building Permits

Noise Act (Lärmschutz-VO)Emission Act (Luftreinhalte-VO)


Switzerland

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149038m² floor space - 35000m² sales floor- 30000m² services- 15000m² cinema, food- 20000m² hotel, housing

Begin of construction: July 2003

Opening: 2007

Practice example: Zurich - Sihlcity

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Requirement in building permit:

850 parking spaces (limited)175 m² floor space/parking space

Trip contingent8800 daily car trips

ca. 5 arrivals per parking space or 50% PT-share of visitors

Case of exceeding:- increasing parking fees- reduction of parking spaces


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Practice examples exist for all three types of measures.

The experiences are generally positive and the effects are supporting the traffic development goals targeted.

The measures are transferable to other cities easily.

To prevent inequity of competition, it should be a goal to invent (and harmonize) the measures throughout Europe (or at least within one country).

Conclusions

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Best practice of integratingMobility Management in Land Use Planning in the field of off street

parking policy

European Conference on Mobility ManagementParma, Italy 27 - 28 October 2005

Klementschitz RomanStark Juliane

University of Natural Resourcesand Applied Life Sciences

Vienna, Austria

European Conference on Mobility Management Parma, Italy 27 - 28 October 2005

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