EUROPEAN CITIES’ SYSTEM: BETWEEN HIERARCHIES AND SPECIALIZATION Prof. Céline Rozenblat Institute of Geography - University of Lausanne – Switzerland [email protected]IGC – Urban Commission August 27 th 2012 Denise Pumain, University of Paris 1 Marie-Noelle Comin, University Paris 1 Patricia Cicille, UMR ESPACE – Aix-Marseille Ludovic Halbert, UMR LATTS – Paris Didier Peters, IGEAT-ULB – Bruxelles Datar project (France)
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EUROPEAN CITIES’ SYSTEM: BETWEEN HIERARCHIES AND ... · 2 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM 1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect
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EUROPEAN CITIES’ SYSTEM: BETWEEN HIERARCHIES AND SPECIALIZATION
Prof. Céline Rozenblat Institute of Geography - University of Lausanne – Switzerland
Denise Pumain, University of Paris 1 Marie-Noelle Comin, University Paris 1 Patricia Cicille, UMR ESPACE – Aix-Marseille Ludovic Halbert, UMR LATTS – Paris Didier Peters, IGEAT-ULB – Bruxelles
- Brunet, R. (1989). Les villes européennes, Paris, Documentation française. Reclus.
- Rozenblat C., Cicille P. (2003). Les villes européennes. Analyse comparative, Paris, La
Documentation Française
- ESPON 1.4.3. (2007). Study on Urban function. – Final Report, program 253
- ESPON FOCI (2011). Future Orientations of cities. Final Report
- BBSR (Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung) (2011). Metropolitan areas in Europe
- DATAR (Halbert, Cicille, Rozenblat) (2012). Analyse comparative des métropoles européennes, Paris, La Documentation Française, publication September 2012
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Plan
European cities’ system: hierarchy and specialization
History of the main trends of the concept of metropolization 1950-1960: second globalization (Wallerstein, 1974) - Decreasing of trade tariffs - Transport, telecommunication developments ⇒ Concentration of wealth and powers ⇒ J. Gottmann : “Megalopolis” (1961) - NW United States ⇒ P. Hall: “World cities” (1966) - London, Paris, Amsterdam, New-York, Moscow
2000: Diffusion of globalization: 30 to 40 cities form a global network (Sassen, 2002) ⇒ hypothesis of the decrease of the National States’ roles ⇒ P. Taylor “HinterWorld” (2004): Hypothesis of the decrease of local geographical relations
1990: Globalization (Dunning, 1993) ⇒ domination of finance (advance services), increase of information economy ⇒ S. Sassen “The Global City: New-York, London, Tokyo”(1991) ⇒ M. Castells “informational city” (1996): space of places v/s space of flows
1970-1980: New international division of Labor (Vernon, 1966) ⇒ Distinction production / decision power ⇒ J. Friedmann “World city hypothesis” (1986) – hierarchy of cities (central, semi-peripheral, peripheral)
NEG: New Economic Geography: ⇒ P. Krugman (1991): positive externalities of agglomeration ⇒ innovative capabilities of «Global city-regions» (Scott, 1996) ⇒ Transactional costs linked to non codified information (Scott, 2001): Buzz (Storper, Venable, 2004),« local buzz, global pipelines »(Bathelt et al., 2004) ⇒ Profit V/S non-profit interactions (Storper, Christopherson, 1987) ⇒ Increasing role of culture in Urban economics (Scott, 2004)
Growing cities in the «South» - Critics to the occidental economic thinking: ⇒ Critics of the center-peripheral model (Robinson, 2002) ⇒ More «cosmopolite» approach: multiplicity of urban dynamics
a. Concentration of resources Gravitational attractiveness: long range exchanges favor large cities b. Urban complexity “accumulation is not only an addition, it is also complexity : The structure of activities and of societies tend to be as much diversified and interconnected as cities are larger” Cattan, Pumain, Rozenblat, Saint-Julien, 1999, p. 152 c. Urban diversity ⇒ context of uncertainty: favors the diversified environments
d. Economies of agglomeration - «classical» definition (Ohlin, 1933; Hoover, 1937): economies of scale, economies of location, economies of urbanization - Interpretation in terms of complex systems: ⇒ Size and diversity: “quantity” becomes “quality” of renewal (Duranton, Puga, 2001, 2004) e. Dynamics of networks: multiplicity of scales Links systems at different scales ⇒ mobilization of multi-localized resources
Properties of the processes of metropolization Definition in terms of networks-circulations
a metropolis has got - a heavy weight (demographic) - control of global production networks - Diversity of activities - production and circulation of knowledge - interface of capital - immigration (cosmopolitism), - population in temporal circulation - geodiplomatics international networks The networks not always overlap (Castells, 2010)
Hierarchy
Specialization
Networks
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Definition of cities: Functional Urban Areas – FUA 20% of commuters
Properties of the processes of metropolization Definition in terms of networks-circulations
a metropolis has got - a heavy weight (demographic) - control of global production networks - Diversity of activities - production and circulation of knowledge - interface of capital - immigration (cosmopolitism), - population in temporal circulation - geodiplomatics international networks
Hierarchy
Specialization
Networks
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CONCLUSION Specialization Different types of metropolises in Europe ⇒ Distinct for Central Europe ⇒ Integration in progress through networks Hierarchy 2 different models: ⇒ Western Europe ⇒ Eastern Europe (more hierarchized)
Relative specialization - Positive positions: capital-cities effect (Eastern Europe) - Negative positions: Medium cities in Spain, South Italy, GB, industrial zones on central
Europe PERSPECTIVES - Comparing with other methodologies - Evolution indexes - Simulations (MAS)