EUROPE II Review Questions? Europe Industrial location Cities Supranationalism.

EUROPE II Review Questions? Europe

Industrial location Cities Supranationalism

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION‘industrial intensification’

Developed 1st in the UK between 1750-1850 Evolved from technical innovations that

occurred in British industry Proved to be a major catalyst for increased

urbanization Diffuses outward into Western Europe

Heavy Industy: Iron, coal, heavy industry

4 motorsBarcelona, Lyon, Milan, Stuttgart

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INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY

Alfred Weber 1909. Industrial location theory Focused on transportation costs Identified agglomerative and

deglomerative forces Relevant to early iron and steel:

heavy industries

Movement across geographic space

Involves flows of goods, people or information

Principles COMPLEMENTARITY

TRANSFERABILITY

INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY

SPATIAL INTERACTIONWhat unifies Europe?

Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.

One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area.

Germany

Italy

COMPLEMENTARITY

COMPLEMENTARITY

The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost

Value of good per unit volume or weight Rivers, mountain passes, road networks

may limit transferability Advances in transportation technology

TRANSFERABILITY

The presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites

Would Austrian beerbe cheaper to import

into Italy?

INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY

URBAN TRADITION

URBANIZATION RELATED CONCEPTS

Central city Metropolitan region

Federation Functional urban region

POPULATION DENSITY

Population Density: 265.2 persons per square mileUrbanization: 73%

EUROPE

The term may be a political designation for a uniform region

Refers to an incorporated municipal entity that is governed by some kind of council

Megacity

Core district in a larger metropolitan region CBD may also be called “The City”

E.g. “City of London” – mile square walled city

CITIES

Central City

Outer suburban municipalities

Metropolitan Region

Functional region

Metropolitan Region

Greater London Authority

32 boroughs 20 = City of London 19 = Westminster 21 = Tower Hamlets

Metropolitan federation

Contrasts•High population density•Apartments or ‘flats’•Public transportation•Land scarcity•Centralized urban planning

European versus North American Cities

Alicante, Spain

• Falling share of the world’s population• Fertility at an all-time low• Population Growth Rate: 0%

•Birth Rate: 10 births/1,000•Death Rate: 11 deaths/1,000•TFR: 1.4, Spain is 1.3• Population implosion

• Aging• Fewer young people• Smaller working age population

Population of Europe

Population of Europe

Migration: In and Out

Emigration Immigration

Asylum seekers Guest workers/excolonial immigrants

France – Algeria Spain – Morocco Netherlands – Indonesia Germany - Turkey Britain – Caribbean/West Africa/

South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan)

WHAT DOES THEFUTURE HOLDFOR EUROPE?

•UNIFICATION?•INSTABILITY?

Maastricht, City Hall

Supranationalism

A venture involving three or more states Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote

shared objectives

“Euro” € 1 Jan 2002

European Supranationalism

Why would anyone want to give away international autonomy, one of the most sought after goals in this century?

1944 Benelux

Agreement

•Netherlands•Belgium•Luxembourg

History of European Supranationlism

1947 – MARSHALL PLAN 1948 - Organization for European

Economic Cooperation (OEEC) 1949 - Council of Europe 1951 - ECSC 1957 - Treaty of Rome (‘the six’) 1958 - EEC effective 1959 - EFTA signed 1965 - EEC-ESC-EURATOM 1973 – EEC 1993 - EU

Primary function of the OEEC

To accept and distribute funds allocated under the Marshall Plan

Developed by the U.S. to assist the rebuilding of European countries at the end of WW II

History of European Supranationlism

European Union (EU)

Original Members: (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK

Effective: 1 November 1993 Aimed to coordinate policy among the

members in three fields:

-- economics

-- defense

-- justice and home affairs

European Supranationalism

• EU Members• Non-members • Prospective members• Unwilling members

Supranationalism Issues

Loss of autonomy

Disparities in levels of economic development & transfer payments

Technical barriers

Cultural barriers

Agricultural policy

European Regions

Western Europe

The British Isles

Nordic Europe

Mediterranean Europe

Eastern Europe