Europe Faces Revolution

Chapter 24 Section 2

Key Terms

• Conservative• Liberal• Radical• Nationalism• Nation-state• The Balkans• Louis-Napoleon• Alexander II

Clash of Philosophies

• Conservative-usually wealthy property owners and nobility argued to protect traditional monarchies

• Liberal-middle class business leaders and merchants, give more power to elected parliament only wealthy landowners could vote

Clash of Philosophies

Radical- favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people

Government should practice ideals of French Revolution

Nationalism Develops

The belief that people’s royalty should not be to king or empire but to a nation of people

Blurs the lines of the three political theories

Nation-state- has its own independent government

Nationalism Develops

• 1815 only France England and Spain

• Most people who believed in nationalism were liberals or radicals

• Middle class lawyers, teachers and business people

• Germany people wanted to unite

• Austrian empire wanted to split

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power Greeks the first to

win self rule Ottomans controlled

the Balkans Region that includes

all of present day Greece and several other countries

1821 Greeks rebel

Greeks Gain Independence

• Most powerful governments opposed revolution

• Greeks was popular with people around the world

• Educated Europeans and Americans respected their culture

• Russia connected through the church

Greeks Gain Independence

1827 combined British, French and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet

1830 Britain, France and Russia sign a peace treaty guaranteeing Greek independence

1830 Uprisings Crushed

• 1830’s the old order was breaking down

• Revolutions were sweeping across Europe

• October 1830 Belgians declare independence

• Italy nationalists worked to unite several states

1830 Uprisings Crushed

• Metternich sent Austrian troops to restore order

• Poles living in Russia staged a revolt in Warsaw

• Russian troops took a year to crush a rebellion

• End of 1830’s Old Order was restored

1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite 1848 ethic uprisings

erupted in Europe Metternich resigned

liberal uprisings broke out

Budapest Louis Kossuth called for a parliament and self-government

Prague, Czech liberals demanded Bohemian independence

1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite European politics

continued to seesaw

Revolutionaries failed to unite themselves or nations

1849 Europe returned to convservatism

Radicals Change France

• After Louis XVII died Charles X inherited the throne

• 1830 Charles suspend the legislature

• People revolt• Charles

abdicates and flees to London

Radicals Change France

• News of revolution gets to Metternich

• “My life’s work is destroyed.”

• His reactionary ideals and absolute monarchies were crumbling

• Metternich feared revolution would spread through the continent

The Third Republic

• Louis Philippe took over a constitutional monarchy

• Was an aristocrat and popular with the middle class

• Called the citizen because he wore regular clothes

• Called the citizen king

The Third Republic

• He increased the number of voters

• Limited freedom of the press

• Rule became increasingly repressive

• Silenced those who opposed him

The Third Republic• Third Republic

made some important reforms– 1882 made

primary education available for children 6-13

– 1884 trade unions legalized

– 1900 working hours reduced

– 1906 new act required employers to give employees off one day a week

France Accepts a Strong Ruler

• Sparked by a ban of a banquet planned by reformers

• Louis Philippe quickly abdicated

• Citizens formed a new government

• Voters elected Napoleon’s nephew

France Accepts a Strong Ruler

• 1870 Napoleon drew Prussia into war

• Napoleon III was captured and surrendered to the Prussians

• French Assembly deposed him

• Prussians invaded France and laid siege to Paris

Reforms in Russia

1800’s Russia still not industrialized

1820’s most Russian’s thought serfdom must end

Prevented the empire from improving economically

Freeing them angers the landowners who the czar needed support to stay in power

Defeat Brings Change

1853 Czar Nicholas threatened to take over part of Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War

Russia’s industry and transportation failed to provide adequate supplies for the troops

Russia lost the war in 1856

Defeat Brings Change

Alexander II moves Russia towards modernization

Reforms would make Russia a world power

1861 Alexander frees the serfs

Nobles kept half the land

Peasant communities the other half

Reform and Reaction

Each community had 49 years to pay back the government for the land

Debt still tied them to the land

Alexander III tightened control

Encourage industrial development

Nationalism stirred ethnic feelings