TIMELINE 1943 1944 June 1945 1942 Sept. 1939 1940 1941 Germany invades Poland, 1 Sept. Great Britain & France declare war on Germany, 3 Sept. Germany invades Denmark & Norway, 9 Apr. Italy declares war on Great Britain & France, 10 June Germany invades Low Countries, 10 May Battle of Britain, July-10 Oct. 1st peacetime draft law in U.S. history, Sept. France signs armistice with Germany, 22 June Wavell’s 1st Libyan offensive, 9 Dec.- 7 Feb., 1941 Rommel’s 1st offensive, 31 March Germany invades Greece & Yugoslavia, 6 Apr. German airborne assault on Crete, 20 May Germany invades U.S.S.R., 22 June Seige of Leningrad, 8 Sept.- Jan. 1944 700,00 deaths estimated U.S.S.R & Great Britain sign mutal aid pact, 13 July Germany & Italy declare war on U.S., 11 Dec. U.S. declares war on Japan after attack on Pearl Harbor, 8 Dec. Battle of Stalingrad, 23 Aug.-2 Feb. 1943 Battle of El Alamein, 23 Oct. Allied troops land at Morocco & Algeria, 8 Nov. Battle of Tunis, 7 May Axis forces in N. Africa surrender, 13 May Battle of Kursk, 4 July-1 Aug. Allies land at Sicily, 10 July Italians secretly surrender, 3 Sept. Allies land at Salerno,10 July Allies land at Anzio, 22 Jan. Allies invade Normandy, 6 June (D-Day) Soviets push Germans into Poland, mid-July Paris liberated, 25 Aug. Polish Resistance revolts against Germans in Warsaw, Aug.-Oct. Battle of the Bulge, 16 Dec.- 7 Feb. Last significant German offensive Yalta Conference, 4-11 Feb. Soviets launch attack on Berlin, 16 April Germany surrenders, WWII in Europe ends, 7 May Hitler commits suicide 30 Apr. CORSICA SARDINIA P Y R E N E E S M TNS. ALPS MOUNTAINS C A R PAT H I A N MO U NTA I NS MEDITERRANEAN SEA BLACK SEA AEGEAN SEA English Channel BALTIC SEA RED SEA ADRIATIC SEA R i v e r Po River R h i n e R i v e r R h o n e Ri v e r Elbe R iver Vistula R i ver Danube Riv e r NORTH SEA Von Rundstedt (Dec. 1944-Jan. 1945) PATCH CLARK EISENHOWER DEVERS (Aug.-Sept. 1944) (Jan.-May 1945) (Sept. 1944- May 1945) BRADLE Y A L E X A N D E R RYDER (Nov. 1942) FREDENALL (Nov. 1942) From U.S. PATTON (Nov. 1942) (Aug. 1944-May 1945) (June 1944) (Aug. 1944- May 1945) M O NTGOMERY ( N o v. 1 9 4 2- M ay 1 9 4 3) (Jan.-Dec. 1944) (July 1943-Dec. 1944) (July 1943-Ju n e 1 9 4 4) (Dec. 1944-May 1945) (June 1944-May 1945) ( J u n e 1 9 4 4-M ay 1945) (Jun e 1 9 44- M a y 1 9 4 5 ) (June 1944-Feb. 1945) Battle of the Bulge St. Tropez, 1944 Tunis, 1944 Mareth, 1943 Tobruk, 1942 Kursk, 1943 Kasserine Pass, 1943 Normandy Invasion, D-Day, 6 June 1944 Sicily Invasion, 1943 Salerno, 1943 Anzio, 1943 Warsaw Brest Riga Leningrad Helsinki Stockholm Copenhagen Memel Hamburg Amsterdam London Torgau Prague Munich Vienna Lvov Trieste Belgrade Bucharest Sofia Istanbul Sevastopol Yalta Minsk Gomel Kharkov Kiev Auschweitz Budapest Remagen Oslo Berlin Danzig Smolensk Cairo Benghazi Tripoli Bizerte Algiers Oran Port Lyautey Madrid Vichy Paris Lyons Rome Naples Palermo Mazagan Casablanca Safi Bone Gibraltar (Great Britain) (Gdansk) IRELAND NORWAY SWEDEN DENMARK FINLAND GREAT BRITAIN GERMANY L A T V I A ESTONIA LITHUANIA EAST PRUSSIA (GER.) SWITZERLAND ALBANIA BELGIUM NETHERLANDS P O L A N D ROMANIA BULGARIA T U R K E Y E G Y P T L I B Y A ( I T A L Y ) ALGERIA (FRANCE) ANDORRA MOROCCO (FRANCE) SPANISH MOROCCO (SPAIN) DODECANESE ISLAND (ITALY) CYPRUS (GREAT BRITAIN) MALTA (GREAT BRITAIN) GREECE HUNGARY AUSTRIA ITALY S PA I N FRANCE PORTUGAL YUGOSLAVIA SOVIET UNION C Z E C H O S L O V A K I A TUNISIA (FRANCE) CRETE Battle Site National Boundaries Allied Advance (American & British) Allied Advance (Soviet) Axis Advance City or Town National Capital Neutral Countries Axis Controlled (Max. Extent) Axis Allies EUROPE, 1945 MAJOR OPERATIONS OF WORLD WAR TWO SCALE OF MILES A HISTORY DEPARTMENT USMA N 0 100 200 300 400 ITALIAN LANDINGS Operation HUSKY the invasion of Sicily, began on 9 July 1943, and after that island was cleared, the mainland of Italy was assaulted on 3 Sept. 1943. Allied forces continued to “slog” their way up the Italian peninsula until 2 May 1945. Amphibious operations at Salerno and at Anzio were attempts to outflank the Germans in Italy. NORTH AFRICA The Americans wanted to invade continental Europe in 1943, but this idea was deemed premature and was cancelled in favor of an Allied invasion of French North Africa. Operation TORCH consisted of three task forces which landed on 8 November 1942. Moving east, these forces linked up with General Montgomery’s Eighth Army in Apr. 1943, becoming 18th Army Group under the overall command of General Alexander. By 12 May 1943 this unit had forced the surrender of all Axis forces in North Africa NORMANDY LANDING Roosevelt and Churchill decided at the Trident Conference (May 1943) to conduct a major cross-Channel invasion of Europe in June 1944. General Eisenhower was designated to command Operation OVERLORD. The greatest amphibious assault yet known to history began on the Normandy coast in complete tactical surprise on D-Day, 6 June 1944. To protect Eisenhower’s flank, the U.S. Seventh Army landed in southern France (Operation DRAGOON) on 15 August 1944. THE BREAKOUT The breakout from the Normandy beach head took place in July 1944, and the offensive continued using General Eisenhower’s “broad front” strategy. Attempts to breach the German Siegfried Line blunted the Allied offensive. The Germans then launched an offensive - the ensuing fight being the “Battle of the Bulge” - through the thinly held Ardennes Forest in December 1944. The Allies halted the German offensive in January 1945 and continued the attack, crossing the Rhine River in March 1945 and encircling the Ruhr area in April 1945. This resulted, along with the Soviet pressure from the east, in the German collapse and surrender on 8 May 1945. WORLD WAR TWO IN EUROPE World War II began in Europe on 1 September 1939 with Germany invading Poland. U.S. involvement started on 11 Dec. 1941, only four days after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, when Germany and Italy unexpectedly declared war on the U.S. British Prime Minister Churchill met with President Roosevelt in Washington D.C. 22 Dec. 1941-Jan. 1942, and decided to defeat Germany first. A B C D 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 B A C D
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TIMELINE
1943
1944
June1945
1942
Sept.1939
1940
1941
Germany invades Poland, 1 Sept.
Great Britain & France declare war on Germany, 3 Sept.
Germany invades Denmark & Norway, 9 Apr.
Italy declares war on Great Britain & France, 10 June
Germany invades Low Countries, 10 May
Battle of Britain, July-10 Oct.1st peacetime draft law in U.S. history, Sept.
France signs armistice with Germany, 22 June
Wavell’s 1st Libyan offensive, 9 Dec.-7 Feb., 1941
Rommel’s 1st offensive, 31 MarchGermany invades Greece & Yugoslavia, 6 Apr.
German airborne assault on Crete, 20 May
Germany invades U.S.S.R., 22 June
Seige of Leningrad, 8 Sept.- Jan. 1944 700,00 deaths estimated
U.S.S.R & Great Britain sign mutal aid pact, 13 July
Germany & Italy declare war on U.S., 11 Dec.
U.S. declares war on Japan after attack on Pearl Harbor, 8 Dec.
Battle of Stalingrad, 23 Aug.-2 Feb. 1943
Battle of El Alamein, 23 Oct.
Allied troops land at Morocco & Algeria, 8 Nov.
Battle of Tunis, 7 MayAxis forces in N. Africa surrender, 13 May Battle of Kursk, 4 July-1 Aug.Allies land at Sicily, 10 July Italians secretly surrender, 3 Sept.
Allies land at Salerno,10 July
Allies land at Anzio, 22 Jan.
Allies invade Normandy, 6 June (D-Day)
Soviets push Germans into Poland, mid-July
Paris liberated, 25 Aug.
Polish Resistance revolts against Germans inWarsaw, Aug.-Oct.
Battle of the Bulge, 16 Dec.- 7 Feb. Last significant German offensive
Yalta Conference, 4-11 Feb.Soviets launch attack on Berlin, 16 April
Germany surrenders, WWII in Europe ends, 7 May
Hitler commits suicide 30 Apr.
CORSICA
SARDINIA
S A H A R A D E S E R T
PYRENEES MTNS.
ALPS MOUNTAINS
C A R PAT HI A
N
MO
UN
TAI N
S
M E D I T E R R A N E A N S E A
B L A C K S E A
AEGEANSEA
A T L A N T I C O C E A N
English Channel
BALT
IC
SEA
R E D S E A
ADRIATIC SEA
Nile
R
iver
Po River
Rhine River
Rhon
e
River
Elbe River
Vistula River
Danube River
NORTHSEA
Von Rundstedt(Dec. 1944-Jan. 1945)
PATCH
CLARK
EISENHOWER
DEVERS
(Aug.-Sept. 1944)
(Jan.-May 1945)
(Sept. 1944-May 1945)
BRADLEY
ALEXANDERRYDER
(Nov. 1942)
FREDENALL(Nov. 1942)
From Great Britain
From U.S.PATTON (Nov. 1942)
(Aug. 1944-May 1945)(June 1944)
(Aug. 1944-
May 1945)
MONTGOMERY
(Nov. 1942-May 1943)
(Jan.-Dec. 1944)
(July 1943-Dec. 1944)
(July 1943-June 1944)
(Dec. 1944-May 1945)
(June 1944-May 1945)
(June 1944-May 1945)
(June 1944-May 1945)
(June 1944-Feb. 1945)
Battle of the Bulge
St. Tropez, 1944
Tunis, 1944
Mareth, 1943
Tobruk, 1942
Kursk, 1943
Kasserine Pass, 1943
Normandy Invasion, D-Day, 6 June 1944
Sicily Invasion, 1943
Salerno, 1943
Anzio, 1943
Warsaw Brest
Riga
LeningradHelsinki
Stockholm
Copenhagen Memel
HamburgAmsterdam
London
Torgau
Prague
Munich Vienna
Lvov
Trieste
Belgrade Bucharest
Sofia
Istanbul
SevastopolYalta
Minsk
Gomel
KharkovKiev
Auschweitz
Budapest
Remagen
Oslo
Berlin
Danzig
Smolensk
Cairo
Benghazi
Tripoli
BizerteAlgiersOranPort Lyautey
Madrid
Vichy
Paris
Lyons
Rome
Naples
Palermo
MazaganCasablanca
Safi
Bone
Gibraltar(Great Britain)
(Gdansk)
IRELAND
N O R WAY
SWEDEN
DENMARK
FINLAND
GREAT BRITAIN
G E R M A N Y
L A T V I A
ESTONIA
L I T H U A N I A
EASTPRUSSIA
(GER.)
SWITZERLAND
ALB
AN
IA
B E L G I U MNETHERLANDS
P O L A N D
ROMANIA
BULGARIA
T U R K E Y
E G Y P TL I B Y A( I T A L Y )
A L G E R I A( F R A N C E )
ANDORRA
M O R O C C O( F R A N C E )
SPANISH MOROCCO
(SPAIN)
DODECANESE ISLAND(ITALY)
CYPRUS(GREAT BRITAIN)
MALTA(GREAT BRITAIN)
GREECE
HUNGARYAUSTRIA
ITALY
S P A I N
F R A N C E
PO
RT
UG
AL
YUGOSLAVIA
S O V I E T U N I O N
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
TUNISIA(FRANCE)
CRETE
Battle Site
National Boundaries
Allied Advance (American & British)
Allied Advance (Soviet)
Axis Advance
City or Town
National Capital Neutral Countries
Axis Controlled (Max. Extent)
Axis
Allies
EUROPE, 1945MAJOR OPERATIONS OF
WORLD WAR TWO
SCALE OF MILES
A
HISTORY DEPARTMENTUSMA
Frank Martini
N 0 100 200 300 400
ITALIAN LANDINGSOperation HUSKY the invasion of Sicily, began on 9 July1943, and after that island was cleared, the mainland of Italywas assaulted on 3 Sept. 1943. Allied forces continued to “slog” their way up the Italian peninsula until 2 May 1945.Amphibious operations at Salerno and at Anzio were attempts to outflank the Germans in Italy.
NORTH AFRICAThe Americans wanted to invade continental Europe in 1943, butthis idea was deemed premature and was cancelled in favor of an Allied invasion of French North Africa. Operation TORCH consistedof three task forces which landed on 8 November 1942. Moving east,these forces linked up with General Montgomery’s Eighth Army inApr. 1943, becoming 18th Army Group under the overall commandof General Alexander. By 12 May 1943 this unit had forced thesurrender of all Axis forces in North Africa
NORMANDY LANDINGRoosevelt and Churchill decided at the Trident Conference (May 1943) to conduct a major cross-Channel invasion of Europe in June 1944.General Eisenhower was designated to command Operation OVERLORD.The greatest amphibious assault yet known to history began on the Normandy coast in complete tactical surprise on D-Day, 6 June 1944. Toprotect Eisenhower’s flank, the U.S. Seventh Army landed in southern France (Operation DRAGOON) on 15 August 1944.
THE BREAKOUTThe breakout from the Normandy beach head took place in July 1944, and the offensive continued using General Eisenhower’s “broad front” strategy. Attempts to breach the German Siegfried Line blunted the Allied offensive. The Germans then launched an offensive - the ensuing fight being the “Battle of the Bulge” - through the thinly held Ardennes Forest in December 1944. The Allieshalted the German offensive in January 1945 and continued the attack, crossing the Rhine River in March 1945 and encircling the Ruhr area in April 1945. This resulted, along with the Soviet pressure from the east, in the German collapse and surrender on 8 May 1945.
WORLD WAR TWO IN EUROPE
World War II began in Europe on 1 September 1939 with Germany invading Poland. U.S.involvement started on 11 Dec. 1941, only four days after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, when Germany and Italy unexpectedly declared war on the U.S. British Prime Minister Churchill met with President Roosevelt in Washington D.C. 22 Dec. 1941-Jan. 1942, and decided to defeat Germany first.
A B C D
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
BA C D
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