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Blackbird: Storage Base Anchored Uniaxial Hybrid VAWT-WEC TL BuoyEuromech VAWT Colloquium - 8th September 2016 - TU Delft
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9th September 2016
Dr. Chris Golightly GO-ELS Ltd.Geotechnical & Engineering Geology
Consultant
Source: Univ. Mass. 1974
Source: WINDFLOAT Website
Source: Statoil GOW 2014
IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report
AR5 SYR SPM
LCOE Renewables Ranges and Averages [IRENA, 2015]
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9th September 2016
LCOE Ranges [Bloomberg NEF, 2013] USD/MWhr
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9 th September 2016
European Offshore Wind Costs [Carbon Trust, 2015]
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9th September 2016
Offshore Wind Cost Trends – Need for Reductions• Cost increases since 2005 due
to commodity price rises (mainly steel) and marine installation costs
• Monopile costs per kW flat-lining from 1991 to 2008
• Deeper waters, further out to sea:- heavier and longer over-designed monopiles & jacket towers- more extensive and expensive equipment and vessel spreads- higher downtime and weather standby costs
• Insistence on “known technology” leading to lack of innovation, conservatism, risk aversion on the part of developers and lenders.
• Lack of experience in developer organisations; skills shortage.
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9th September 2016
Source: van der Zwaan et al, 2011
Source: The Offshore Valuation, 2010
Building the European Offshore Transnational European Grid• More predictable
energy output needed• Connections to more
than one country• Power trading
between countries• Viable alternative to
onshore grid construction
• Connection to other energy sources
• Economical grid utilisation via shared use
• Greater energy security
• Interconnection capacity means “firmer“ power
• Single European electricity marketDr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9th September 2016
Offshore Floating Wind – Huge Potential Resource UK Example
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9th September 2016
Majority of OW developments have been in the Southern North Sea, a relatively flat shallow water continental shelf, mainly dense sand, stiff glacial clayey soils & soft sediment filled paleo-valleys. Not globally representative. Most coastal areas are steep, rocky, with thin (< 5 to 10 m) soil cover. Piling is costly for fixed or floating structures. Soils insufficient for drag or suction caisson anchoring.
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9th September 2016
Source: Statoil Global Offshore Wind 2014
Global Wave Energy Potential – Fugro OMAE 2010
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9th September 2016
European Wind-Wave Combined Potential – ORECCA 2011
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9th September 2016
Comparison Oil Drilling Semi-Sub Vs Offshore Wind Floater
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9 th September 2016
bearing High buoyancy Uniaxial Submerged Tension Leg Buoy
[USTLB] Tubular Linear Magnetic-Geared Interior Permanent
Magnet Generator [LMGIPMG] WEC Power Take Off [PTO] units integrated into float unit. Single vertical high capacity damped tether/tendon. Subsea ball & taper “plug-in” seabed connector Subsea FRP “green” concrete storage, pumping &
electrolysis unit. Seabed rock Anchored Foundation Template [SAFT] Export HVDC power line above gas supply pipeline.
WEC - Linear PM Generator [LMGIPM]
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9th September 2016
Linear generation offers possibility of direct conversion of mechanical into electrical energy.
Direct drive PTO simpler than hydraulic systems, with no intermediate steps between primary interface & electrical machine.
“The basic concept of a linear generator consists of a translator with magnets of alternating polarity directly coupled to a heaving buoy”
Stator contains windings mounted in a relatively stationary structure connected to a drag plate, a large inertia, or the sea bed. As the heaving buoy oscillates, current is induced in the stator”.
Conventional linear permanent magnet generators (CLPMG) for direct-drive WEC have experienced drawbacks including low power density and large system volume.
Seabed Anchored Foundation Template [SAFT]
Buoyant float-out hybrid structure concept Foundation base or mooring point template. GRP /reinforced concrete base configured to
support tripods, jackets or GBS or: Pre-installed templates for inclined or vertical
(TLP)taut or slack catenary mooring lines Steel /concrete edge skirts and suction
caissons [SC] , or helical screws for differing soil types/thicknesses
Tension resistance via pressure grouted rock anchors installed below upper support casing.
Installed from an ROV operated marinised drilling unit via vessel launched LARS.
External GRP, concrete or steel mudmats and/or integral plastic anti-scour frond mats/mattresses.
Configuration has considerable lateral seabed resistance and tension uplift capacity.
Design preceded by high quality shallow geophysical investigation of seabed surface and upper layering
Confirmatory “pilot hole soil/rock coring by same ROV drilling unit used to install the anchors.
Proof-loading of 5-10% to twice working load.Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9th September 2016
Carbon Trust: Innovation in Offshore Wind: International Collaboration and Coordination”, All Energy 2015, Glasgow, UK, p. 32, 2015.
DNV-KEMA: The Crown Estate – UK Market Potential and Technology Assessment for Floating Offshore Wind Power; An Assessment of the Commercialisation Potential of the Floating Offshore Wind Industry, Rev. 01, 21st December 2012, Ref. 2012-1808, p.24, 2012.
Myhr, A. and Nygard, T.A.: Experimental Results for Tension-Leg-Buoy Offshore Wind Turbine Platforms, Journal of Ocean and Wind Energy, ISOPE, 1, 4, November 2014, pp. 217–224, 2014.
Paulsen, U.S., Borg, M., Madsen, H. A., T.F. Pedersen, Hattel, J., Ritchie, E., Ferreira C.S., Svendsen H., Berthelsen P. A., Smadja, C.: Outcomes of the DeepWind Conceptual Design”, Energy Procedia 80, pp. 329 – 341, 2015.
SI Ocean: Wave and Tidal Energy Strategic Technology Agenda, February 2014, p. 44, 2014 Slocum, A. H., Fennell, G.E. and Dundar, G.: Ocean Renewable Energy Storage (ORES) System:
Analysis of an Undersea Energy Storage Concept, Proc. IEEE, 101(4): pp. 906–924, 2011. White, C.N., Erb, P.R. and Botros, F.R.: The Single-Leg Tension-Leg Platform: A Cost-Effective Evolution
of the TLP Concept”, Proc. 20th Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, 2nd -5th May 1988, Vol. 1, p.8, 1988.
Links Global Wind Energy Council Country & Global Reports [www.gwec.net/publications/country-reports ORECCA: European Offshore Renewable Energy Roadmap, p. 101, 2011. IRENA Costs Database [irena.org/costs] USA Offshore Wind Database [offshorewind.net] 4C Offshore Wind Database [4coffshore.com]
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9th September 2016
“You Pay for a Site Investigation - Whether You do One or Not”– Cole et al, 1991.
“Ignore The Geology at Your Peril” – Prof. John Burland, Imperial College.Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – BLACKBIRD: Euromech VAWT 2016 – TU Delft - 9 th September 2016