EU Macro-regions e.g. Baltic Sea Region Macro-regions e.g. Baltic Sea Region National Regional City-regions Cluster Policy in Europe Local.

EUEU

Macro-regionse.g. Baltic Sea RegionMacro-regionse.g. Baltic Sea Region

NationalNational

RegionalRegional

City-regionsCity-regions

Cluster Policy in Europe

LocalLocal

InnovationScienceIndustryRegionalEntrepreneurshipNetworks/SMEMarket integrationInvestment AttractionCompetitionTradeExport promotionEnvironmentEnergySocialInternational affairs

Concerns about distortions

Concerns about effectiveness

Local Local ExternalitiesExternalities

Target Public Policy at Clusters

Create Platforms for Joint Action

Specialized Physical Infrastructure

Natural Resource ProtectionEnvironmental Stewardship

Science and TechnologyInfrastructure (e.g., centers, university departments, technology transfer)

Education and Workforce TrainingBusiness Attraction

Export Promotion

Setting standards

Market Information and Disclosure

Clusters

Clusters

Target Public Policy at Clusters

Upgrading of company operations and strategies across a group of companies

Strengthening of networks to

enhance spill-overs and other economic benefits of clusters

Upgrading of cluster-specific business environment conditions

Create Platforms for Joint Action

MORE(agglomeratio

n)

BETTER(competi

-

tiveness)FINISH

ProductivityFocus

Challenges

•Bias towards collaboration, not competition

•Scale of impact

•Emerging clusters

•Impact assessment