ETYMOLOGY OF TRAIN NAMES DR. JITENDRA MULKY DAHANU ROAD WITH A LOT OF HELP FROM irfca.org.

ETYMOLOGY OF TRAIN ETYMOLOGY OF TRAIN NAMESNAMES

DR. JITENDRA MULKYDR. JITENDRA MULKYDAHANU ROADDAHANU ROAD

WITH A LOT OF HELP FROM WITH A LOT OF HELP FROM irfca.orgirfca.org

WHY TRAINS ARE GIVEN WHY TRAINS ARE GIVEN NAMESNAMES

– In some countries, trains are generally In some countries, trains are generally known by the destinations served and known by the destinations served and the timings, e.g. the 18.20 for Liverpool.the timings, e.g. the 18.20 for Liverpool.

– Train names have a magical quality to Train names have a magical quality to them and very often, just hearing the them and very often, just hearing the name, one can imagine a journey to name, one can imagine a journey to faraway exotic places, e.g. the Orient faraway exotic places, e.g. the Orient Express, the Trans Siberian Express, the Express, the Trans Siberian Express, the Indian Pacific, the Frontier Mail.Indian Pacific, the Frontier Mail.

Named trains on Indian Named trains on Indian RailwaysRailways

Indian trains have been given names since British daysIndian trains have been given names since British days

• Imperial Indian MailImperial Indian Mail• Frontier MailFrontier Mail• Grand Trunk ExpressGrand Trunk Express• Blue Mountain ExpressBlue Mountain Express• Deccan QueenDeccan Queen• Boat MailBoat Mail

These are a few of the famous named trains of India, These are a few of the famous named trains of India, running since before Independence.running since before Independence.

TodayToday

There are more than 400 pairs of named trains on IR today. There are more than 400 pairs of named trains on IR today.

Names of trains are based onNames of trains are based on- Geographical regionsGeographical regions- Hills and mountainsHills and mountains- RiversRivers- Religious significanceReligious significance- Historical personalitiesHistorical personalities- Historical placesHistorical places- Indian historyIndian history- Literary worksLiterary works- National parks and gardensNational parks and gardens- Mahatma GandhiMahatma Gandhi- IndustryIndustry- MiscellaneousMiscellaneous

GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS - GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS - STATESSTATES


• AP, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, AP, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, HP, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Gujarat, Haryana, HP, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, TN, Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, TN, UP, Uttaranchal, WBUP, Uttaranchal, WB

• The name The name GujaratGujarat is derived from Gujjar Rashtra or Gujjar is derived from Gujjar Rashtra or Gujjar nation. The Gujjar clan appeared in northern India about the nation. The Gujjar clan appeared in northern India about the time of the Hun invasions. The name of the tribe was time of the Hun invasions. The name of the tribe was Sanskritized to "Gurjara", from which the word Gujarat is Sanskritized to "Gurjara", from which the word Gujarat is derived.derived.

• The name of the state of The name of the state of HaryanaHaryana has been derived from its has been derived from its ancient inhabitants Abhirayana, which got changed to ancient inhabitants Abhirayana, which got changed to Ahirayana over a period of time, and to present day Haryana. Ahirayana over a period of time, and to present day Haryana. The name “Abhira” means fearless, the honour they earned The name “Abhira” means fearless, the honour they earned after the Battle of the Mahabharataafter the Battle of the Mahabharata


• The name The name JharkhandJharkhand comes from the Sanskrit word “Jharikhanda”, comes from the Sanskrit word “Jharikhanda”, which is the ancient name of the region's dense forest.which is the ancient name of the region's dense forest.

• KarnatakaKarnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nadu, is derived from the Kannada words karu and nadu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as Karu (black) meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as Karu (black) and nadu (region), as a reference to the black cotton soil found in the and nadu (region), as a reference to the black cotton soil found in the Bayaluseeme region of Karnataka.Bayaluseeme region of Karnataka.

• The name The name KeralamKeralam may stem from imperfect Malayalam fusing “kera” may stem from imperfect Malayalam fusing “kera” (coconut tree) and “alam” (land or location). Kerala may also represent (coconut tree) and “alam” (land or location). Kerala may also represent the Classical Tamil “chera alam” (Land of the Cheras).the Classical Tamil “chera alam” (Land of the Cheras).

• The name The name Orissa/ OdishaOrissa/ Odisha originated from Odra or Udra tribes that originated from Odra or Udra tribes that inhabited the central belt (Angul, Sundargarh, Sambalpur and Balangir) inhabited the central belt (Angul, Sundargarh, Sambalpur and Balangir) of modern Orissa.of modern Orissa.


• Land (Land (NaduNadu) of the ) of the TamilTamil people is the literal people is the literal meaning of the name of the state. By the third meaning of the name of the state. By the third century BC, the ethnic identity of Tamils has been century BC, the ethnic identity of Tamils has been formed as a distinct group. The name comes from formed as a distinct group. The name comes from tam-mizh 'self-speak', or 'one's own speech'.tam-mizh 'self-speak', or 'one's own speech'.

• The exact origin of the word Bangla or The exact origin of the word Bangla or BengalBengal is is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang that settled in the area around the year tribe Bang that settled in the area around the year 1000 BC. Other accounts speculate that the name is 1000 BC. Other accounts speculate that the name is derived from Vanga or derived from Vanga or AngaAnga, which came from the , which came from the word "Bonga" meaning the Sun-god.word "Bonga" meaning the Sun-god.

GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS - GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS - OTHERSOTHERS

• AndamanAndaman may be derived from Hanuman. may be derived from Hanuman.

• BundelkhandBundelkhand - Hurdeo Singh, a Rajput prince of the Gurjra tribe, was - Hurdeo Singh, a Rajput prince of the Gurjra tribe, was expelled from the Kshatriya caste for marrying a Bourdi slave-girl. He expelled from the Kshatriya caste for marrying a Bourdi slave-girl. He formed a new clan known as the Bourdillas, or “Sons of the Slave”, thus formed a new clan known as the Bourdillas, or “Sons of the Slave”, thus giving the country its present name of Boundilacund or Bundelcund.giving the country its present name of Boundilacund or Bundelcund.

• The land of the Chola dynasty was called Cholamandalam in Tamil, literally The land of the Chola dynasty was called Cholamandalam in Tamil, literally translated as “the realm of the Cholas”, from which Coromandel is derived. translated as “the realm of the Cholas”, from which Coromandel is derived. The The CoromandelCoromandel Coast is the name given to the southeastern coast of the Coast is the name given to the southeastern coast of the Indian peninsula.Indian peninsula.

• GondwanaGondwana is a region named after the Gondi people who live there (though is a region named after the Gondi people who live there (though they can also be found in other parts of India). The name of the ancient they can also be found in other parts of India). The name of the ancient continent of Gondwanaland was derived from Gondwana, because some of continent of Gondwanaland was derived from Gondwana, because some of the earliest rock formations of this continent were first investigated in part of the earliest rock formations of this continent were first investigated in part of the region.the region.


• KachchhKachchh literally means something which intermittently becomes wet literally means something which intermittently becomes wet and dry a reference to the Rann of Kachchh, a shallow wet-land which and dry a reference to the Rann of Kachchh, a shallow wet-land which is submerged during the rainy season and becomes dry during other is submerged during the rainy season and becomes dry during other seasons. The same word is also used in the languages of Sanskrit origin seasons. The same word is also used in the languages of Sanskrit origin for a tortoise, and also garments to be worn while having a bath. for a tortoise, and also garments to be worn while having a bath.

• The name The name MalabarMalabar is thought to be derived from the Malayalam word is thought to be derived from the Malayalam word Mala (Hill) and the Persian word Bar (Kingdom) or the Arabic word Bar Mala (Hill) and the Persian word Bar (Kingdom) or the Arabic word Bar (port). (port).

• The term “The term “MarathwadaMarathwada” has its origin in the word “Bara-hatti-vada ” has its origin in the word “Bara-hatti-vada (region of people with twelve elephants, i.e. wealthy people)”. (region of people with twelve elephants, i.e. wealthy people)”.

• The word "The word "RayalseemaRayalseema" means the land ruled by Sri Krishnadevaraya. " means the land ruled by Sri Krishnadevaraya. Rayalseema was the original home of Eastern Chalukyas.Rayalseema was the original home of Eastern Chalukyas.


• TelanganaTelangana literally means "land of the Telugus" and the Telugu literally means "land of the Telugus" and the Telugu language originated here. language originated here.

• RohilkhandRohilkhand is a region of northwestern Uttar Pradesh on the is a region of northwestern Uttar Pradesh on the upper Ganges alluvial plain. The area was made famous by the upper Ganges alluvial plain. The area was made famous by the previous settlement of Rohillas, who were Pathan highlanders of previous settlement of Rohillas, who were Pathan highlanders of the Yusufzai tribe. They were awarded the region by the Mughal the Yusufzai tribe. They were awarded the region by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir to suppress Rajput uprisings. Roh emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir to suppress Rajput uprisings. Roh means mountains and in Pashto Rohilla means mountaineer.means mountains and in Pashto Rohilla means mountaineer.

• The word The word VanchinadVanchinad means "A land in the shape of a boat". means "A land in the shape of a boat". The old state of Travancore had this shape and was the official The old state of Travancore had this shape and was the official nickname for it. nickname for it.

MOUNTAINS AND HILLSMOUNTAINS AND HILLS

MOUNTAINS AND HILLSMOUNTAINS AND HILLS

• The name The name Aravalli Aravalli literally mean “line of peaks”.literally mean “line of peaks”.

• DhauladharDhauladhar means White Mountain. means White Mountain.

• KanchanjangaKanchanjanga (Kangchenjunga) means "The Five Treasures of Snows", as it contains (Kangchenjunga) means "The Five Treasures of Snows", as it contains five peaks, four of them over 8,450 meters. The treasures represent the five five peaks, four of them over 8,450 meters. The treasures represent the five repositories of God, which are gold, silver, gems, grain, and holy books. repositories of God, which are gold, silver, gems, grain, and holy books.

• The The PothigaiPothigai (Podhigai) Malai (hill), also known as the Agasthiyar Malai, is in the (Podhigai) Malai (hill), also known as the Agasthiyar Malai, is in the Ashambu hills, part of the Anaimalai Hills in the Western Ghats of Southern India. Ashambu hills, part of the Anaimalai Hills in the Western Ghats of Southern India. Legend says that Sage Agasthya (also written as Agasthiyar) created the Tamil Legend says that Sage Agasthya (also written as Agasthiyar) created the Tamil language here. language here.

• SahyadriSahyadri means “the benevolent mountains”. means “the benevolent mountains”.

• The The SatpuraSatpura range, the name of which means “Seven Folds,” forms the watershed range, the name of which means “Seven Folds,” forms the watershed between the Narmada and Tapti rivers.between the Narmada and Tapti rivers.

HISTORICAL HISTORICAL PERSONALITIESPERSONALITIES

HISTORICAL HISTORICAL PERSONALITIESPERSONALITIES• Rajmata Ahilyadevi Holkar (1725-1795, ruled 1767-1795) also known as the Rajmata Ahilyadevi Holkar (1725-1795, ruled 1767-1795) also known as the

Philosopher Queen was a Holkar dynasty Queen of the Malwa kingdom. The Philosopher Queen was a Holkar dynasty Queen of the Malwa kingdom. The city of Indore is sometimes called city of Indore is sometimes called AhilyanagariAhilyanagari in her memory. in her memory.

• Imam Ahmad Raza Khan, popularly known as Imam Ahmad Raza Khan, popularly known as Ala HazratAla Hazrat, was a prominent , was a prominent Muslim Alim from Bareilly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Muslim Alim from Bareilly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

• AmrapaliAmrapali (Ambapalika or Ambapali), was a nagarvadhu (royal courtesan) of (Ambapalika or Ambapali), was a nagarvadhu (royal courtesan) of the republic of Vaishali around 500 BC. Following the Buddha's teachings she the republic of Vaishali around 500 BC. Following the Buddha's teachings she became an Arahant. She was of unknown parentage, and received her name became an Arahant. She was of unknown parentage, and received her name because at her birth she was found at the foot of a mango tree in one of the because at her birth she was found at the foot of a mango tree in one of the royal gardens in Vaishali. The name, Ambapali or Amrapali, is derived from a royal gardens in Vaishali. The name, Ambapali or Amrapali, is derived from a combination of two Sanskrit words: "amra", meaning mango, and "pallawa", combination of two Sanskrit words: "amra", meaning mango, and "pallawa", meaning young leaves or sprouts.meaning young leaves or sprouts.

• AzimabadAzimabad was an old name of Patna. Prince Azim-us-Shan, the grandson of was an old name of Patna. Prince Azim-us-Shan, the grandson of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came as the Governor of Pataliputra in 1703 and Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came as the Governor of Pataliputra in 1703 and renamed it as Azimabad in 1704.renamed it as Azimabad in 1704.

HISTORICAL HISTORICAL PERSONALITIESPERSONALITIES• Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah shifted his capital from Golconda to a nearby Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah shifted his capital from Golconda to a nearby

site. He fell in love with and married a local Banjara girl known as site. He fell in love with and married a local Banjara girl known as Bhagmathi or Bhagyavathi, and named his capital after her, Bhagmathi or Bhagyavathi, and named his capital after her, BhagyanagaramBhagyanagaram. Upon her conversion to Islam, she changed her name . Upon her conversion to Islam, she changed her name to Hyder Mahal and thus the city was named Hyderabad.to Hyder Mahal and thus the city was named Hyderabad.

• Hazrat Shaikh Khwaja Syed Muhammad Moinuddin Chishti was born in Hazrat Shaikh Khwaja Syed Muhammad Moinuddin Chishti was born in 1141 and died in 1230. Also known as 1141 and died in 1230. Also known as Gharib NawazGharib Nawaz or “Benefactor of or “Benefactor of the Poor”, he is the most famous Sufi saint of the Chishti Order. Today, the Poor”, he is the most famous Sufi saint of the Chishti Order. Today, hundreds of thousands of people – Muslims, Hindus, Christians and others, hundreds of thousands of people – Muslims, Hindus, Christians and others, from the Indian sub-continent, and from other parts of the world – from the Indian sub-continent, and from other parts of the world – assemble at his tomb on the occasion of his Urs (death anniversary).assemble at his tomb on the occasion of his Urs (death anniversary).

• Kitturu Kitturu Rani ChennammaRani Chennamma (1778 - 1829) was the queen of the princely (1778 - 1829) was the queen of the princely state of Kittur in Karnataka. In 1824, 33 years before the 1857 war of state of Kittur in Karnataka. In 1824, 33 years before the 1857 war of independence, she led an armed rebellion against the British in response independence, she led an armed rebellion against the British in response to the Doctrine of lapse. The resistance ended in her martyrdom and she is to the Doctrine of lapse. The resistance ended in her martyrdom and she is remembered today as one of the earliest Indian rulers to have fought for remembered today as one of the earliest Indian rulers to have fought for independence. independence.

HISTORICAL HISTORICAL PERSONALITIESPERSONALITIES• Sanghamitta or Sanghamitta or SanghamitraSanghamitra in Sanskrit (whose name means "friend in Sanskrit (whose name means "friend

of the Sangha") was the daughter of Emperor Ashoka. Together with of the Sangha") was the daughter of Emperor Ashoka. Together with Venerable Mahinda, her twin brother, she entered an order of Venerable Mahinda, her twin brother, she entered an order of Buddhist monks. The two siblings later went to Sri Lanka to spread the Buddhist monks. The two siblings later went to Sri Lanka to spread the teachings of Buddha.teachings of Buddha.

• Sayajirao Gaekwad III (1863 – 1939), was the Maharaja of Baroda from Sayajirao Gaekwad III (1863 – 1939), was the Maharaja of Baroda from 1875 to 1939, and is notably remembered for reforming much of his 1875 to 1939, and is notably remembered for reforming much of his state during his rule. His economic development initiatives included state during his rule. His economic development initiatives included the establishment of a railroad (Narrow gauge system centered on the establishment of a railroad (Narrow gauge system centered on Dabhoi) and the founding in 1908 of the Bank of Baroda. The city of Dabhoi) and the founding in 1908 of the Bank of Baroda. The city of Vadodara is often called Vadodara is often called SayajinagariSayajinagari in his honour. in his honour.

• Shri Siddharameshwar was a historical figure of the 12th century, Shri Siddharameshwar was a historical figure of the 12th century, whose "Karmayoga" in his own native land, Solapur, turned him into a whose "Karmayoga" in his own native land, Solapur, turned him into a God-figure over the course of time. The temple dedicated to God-figure over the course of time. The temple dedicated to SiddheshwarSiddheshwar is situated in the middle of a lake in a garden in is situated in the middle of a lake in a garden in Solapur.Solapur.

HISTORICAL HISTORICAL PERSONALITIESPERSONALITIES• KambanKamban was a great Tamil poet of the Chola age. He was born in was a great Tamil poet of the Chola age. He was born in

the 9th century in Thanjavur district. He composed the famous the 9th century in Thanjavur district. He composed the famous ‘Kamba Ramayana`, which is regarded as the greatest epic in Tamil ‘Kamba Ramayana`, which is regarded as the greatest epic in Tamil Literature. Literature.

• Acharya Acharya NagarjunaNagarjuna (c. 150 – 250 AD) was an Indian philosopher (c. 150 – 250 AD) was an Indian philosopher who founded the Madhyamaka school of Mahayana Buddhism. He who founded the Madhyamaka school of Mahayana Buddhism. He was born near the town of Nagarjuna Konda in present day was born near the town of Nagarjuna Konda in present day Nagarjuna Sagar in Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh. Nagarjuna Sagar in Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh.

• Bagha JatinBagha Jatin (Tiger Jatin), born Jatindranath Mukherjee (1879 – (Tiger Jatin), born Jatindranath Mukherjee (1879 – 1915) was a Bengali revolutionary philosopher against British rule. 1915) was a Bengali revolutionary philosopher against British rule.

• Diwan Ajit Singh of Midnapore (Midnapur/ Medinipur) died in 1753 Diwan Ajit Singh of Midnapore (Midnapur/ Medinipur) died in 1753 without leaving a male heir, and his two wives Rani Bhawani and without leaving a male heir, and his two wives Rani Bhawani and Rani ShiromaniRani Shiromani succeeded him. succeeded him.

HISTORICAL PLACES & HISTORICAL PLACES & MONUMENTSMONUMENTS

HISTORICAL PLACES & HISTORICAL PLACES & MONUMENTSMONUMENTS• The former Avanti kingdom was one among the many kingdoms ruled by the The former Avanti kingdom was one among the many kingdoms ruled by the

Yadava kings in central and western India with Yadava kings in central and western India with UjjayaniUjjayani, also known as , also known as AvantikapuriAvantikapuri (Ujjain) as its capital. (Ujjain) as its capital.

• CharminarCharminar meaning "Mosque of the Four Minarets" and "Four Towers" was built meaning "Mosque of the Four Minarets" and "Four Towers" was built by Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah in 1591 shortly after he had shifted his by Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah in 1591 shortly after he had shifted his capital from Golconda to what now is known as Hyderabad, to commemorate the capital from Golconda to what now is known as Hyderabad, to commemorate the elimination of a plague epidemic from this city.elimination of a plague epidemic from this city.

• DhauliDhauli (White) hill is located 8 km south of Bhubaneshwar. It has major Edicts of (White) hill is located 8 km south of Bhubaneshwar. It has major Edicts of Ashoka engraved on a mass of rock. Dhauli hill is presumed to be the area where Ashoka engraved on a mass of rock. Dhauli hill is presumed to be the area where Kalinga War was fought. Ashoka had a special weakness for Dhauli and saw to it Kalinga War was fought. Ashoka had a special weakness for Dhauli and saw to it that the place became an important centre of Buddhist activities. On the top of that the place became an important centre of Buddhist activities. On the top of the hill a dazzling white peace pagoda has been recently built by the Japan the hill a dazzling white peace pagoda has been recently built by the Japan Buddha Sangha and the Kalinga Nippon Buddha Sangha in the 1970s.Buddha Sangha and the Kalinga Nippon Buddha Sangha in the 1970s.

• FalaknumaFalaknuma Palace is one of the finest palaces in Hyderabad. It is located in Palace is one of the finest palaces in Hyderabad. It is located in Falaknuma, 5 km from the Charminar, and was built by Nawab Vikar-ul-Umra in Falaknuma, 5 km from the Charminar, and was built by Nawab Vikar-ul-Umra in 1884 – 1889, the then Prime Minister of Hyderabad. Falaknuma literally means 1884 – 1889, the then Prime Minister of Hyderabad. Falaknuma literally means "Star of Heaven" in Urdu."Star of Heaven" in Urdu.

HISTORICAL PLACES & HISTORICAL PLACES & MONUMENTSMONUMENTS• The The GolcondaGolconda fort derives its name from Golla Konda, which is a Telugu fort derives its name from Golla Konda, which is a Telugu

word for Shepherd's Hill. It is believed that a shepherd boy came across word for Shepherd's Hill. It is believed that a shepherd boy came across an idol on the hill. This led to the construction of a mud fort by the then an idol on the hill. This led to the construction of a mud fort by the then Kakatiya dynasty ruler of the kingdom around the site. The Kakatiya Kakatiya dynasty ruler of the kingdom around the site. The Kakatiya dynasty was followed by the state of Warangal, which was later dynasty was followed by the state of Warangal, which was later conquered by the Islamic Bahamani Sultanate, followed by the Qutb Shahi conquered by the Islamic Bahamani Sultanate, followed by the Qutb Shahi kings.kings.

• The name The name HampiHampi is derived from Pampa, which is the old name of the is derived from Pampa, which is the old name of the Tungabhadra River on whose banks the city is built. The name "Hampi" is Tungabhadra River on whose banks the city is built. The name "Hampi" is an anglicized version of the Kannada word Hampe (derived from Pampa).an anglicized version of the Kannada word Hampe (derived from Pampa).

• The The HazarduariHazarduari Palace, or the palace with a thousand doors (among Palace, or the palace with a thousand doors (among which only 900 are real) is the chief tourist attraction of Murshidabad.which only 900 are real) is the chief tourist attraction of Murshidabad.

• MandoreMandore is a town located 9 km north of Jodhpur city. It was the seat of is a town located 9 km north of Jodhpur city. It was the seat of the Mandorva branch of the Parihar (Pratihara) dynasty which ruled the the Mandorva branch of the Parihar (Pratihara) dynasty which ruled the region in the 6th century AD.region in the 6th century AD.

HISTORICAL PLACES & HISTORICAL PLACES & MONUMENTSMONUMENTS• SaraighatSaraighat is a place near Guwahati in Assam, on the north is a place near Guwahati in Assam, on the north

bank of the river Brahmaputra. The famous Battle of bank of the river Brahmaputra. The famous Battle of Saraighat was fought in 1671 between the Mughal Empire Saraighat was fought in 1671 between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom near this place on the river. and the Ahom Kingdom near this place on the river.

• Gol GumbazGol Gumbaz (the round mausoleum) is the mausoleum of (the round mausoleum) is the mausoleum of Mohammed Adil Shah (1627-57) of the Adil Shahi dynasty Mohammed Adil Shah (1627-57) of the Adil Shahi dynasty who ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur from 1490 to 1686. The who ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur from 1490 to 1686. The tomb, located in the city of Bijapur. The structure consists of tomb, located in the city of Bijapur. The structure consists of a massive square chamber measuring nearly 50 m on each a massive square chamber measuring nearly 50 m on each side and covered by a huge dome 37.9 m in diameter making side and covered by a huge dome 37.9 m in diameter making it among one of the largest dome structures in world. The it among one of the largest dome structures in world. The Dome is the second largest one in the world which is Dome is the second largest one in the world which is unsupported by any pillars. The acoustics of the enclosed unsupported by any pillars. The acoustics of the enclosed place make it a whispering gallery where even the smallest place make it a whispering gallery where even the smallest sound is heard across the other side of the Gumbaz.sound is heard across the other side of the Gumbaz.

INDIAN HISTORY – DYNASTIES, INDIAN HISTORY – DYNASTIES, EMPIRES AND KINGDOMSEMPIRES AND KINGDOMS


• ChalukyaChalukya : 6 : 6thth – 12 – 12thth century. Karnataka and AP. Badami Chalukyas from Badami, century. Karnataka and AP. Badami Chalukyas from Badami, Eastern Chalukyas from Vengi and Western Chalukyas from Basavakalyan.Eastern Chalukyas from Vengi and Western Chalukyas from Basavakalyan.

• CheranCheran : Chera means Hill country. 300 BC to 12 : Chera means Hill country. 300 BC to 12 thth century AD. Capital near Karur century AD. Capital near Karur

• ErnadErnad : 14 : 14thth century. Kerala. Capital : Kozhikkode. Its ruler became famous as the century. Kerala. Capital : Kozhikkode. Its ruler became famous as the Zamorin.Zamorin.

• GaurGaur : 12 : 12thth – 16 – 16thth century, Bengal. Capital near Malda century, Bengal. Capital near Malda

• KonguKongu : Nectar or honey in Tamil, referring to the honey or nectar like landscape : Nectar or honey in Tamil, referring to the honey or nectar like landscape and people living in the western regions of Tamil Nadu. 10and people living in the western regions of Tamil Nadu. 10 thth century. Areas around century. Areas around Coimbatore.Coimbatore.

• KovaiKovai : A Kongu king called Kovan ruled this region, and hence the name : A Kongu king called Kovan ruled this region, and hence the name Kovanpudur which evolved and became as Koyambuthur, Koyamuthur and Kovanpudur which evolved and became as Koyambuthur, Koyamuthur and anglicized as Coimbatore.anglicized as Coimbatore.

INDIAN HISTORY – DYNASTIES, INDIAN HISTORY – DYNASTIES, EMPIRES AND KINGDOMSEMPIRES AND KINGDOMS• LichhaviLichhavi : 500 BC. Nepal and Bihar. Capital Vaishali : 500 BC. Nepal and Bihar. Capital Vaishali

• MagadhMagadh : Spanning many centuries. Bihar, Bengal, UP. Capital : Rajgir and : Spanning many centuries. Bihar, Bengal, UP. Capital : Rajgir and Pataliputra (Patna). Dynasties (amongst others) Gupta and Maurya. Pataliputra (Patna). Dynasties (amongst others) Gupta and Maurya. Birthplace of two major religions.Birthplace of two major religions.

• MauryaMaurya : 321 to 181BC. Bihar, but stretched from the Himalayas to the : 321 to 181BC. Bihar, but stretched from the Himalayas to the Vindhyas and from Afghanistan to Assam. Capital Pataliputra. Greatest rulers Vindhyas and from Afghanistan to Assam. Capital Pataliputra. Greatest rulers Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka.Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka.

• MewarMewar : Many centuries. Eastern Rajasthan, around Chittaurgarh and : Many centuries. Eastern Rajasthan, around Chittaurgarh and Udaipur. Known for bravery – Rani Padmini, Maharana Pratap.Udaipur. Known for bravery – Rani Padmini, Maharana Pratap.

• MithilaMithila : Eastern Bihar. Capital near Janakpur (Nepal) : Eastern Bihar. Capital near Janakpur (Nepal)

• PallavanPallavan/ / PalnadPalnad: 6: 6thth – 9 – 9thth century. Tamil Nadu, AP. Capital Kanchipuram. century. Tamil Nadu, AP. Capital Kanchipuram. Pallava means “Branch”. Palnad refers to the area around Guntur.Pallava means “Branch”. Palnad refers to the area around Guntur.


• PandyanPandyan : Many centuries. Tamil Nadu. Capital at Madurai. Pandya means Old : Many centuries. Tamil Nadu. Capital at Madurai. Pandya means Old countrycountry

• PataliputraPataliputra : Modern day Patna. Founded by Ajatashatru in 490 BC. Capital of : Modern day Patna. Founded by Ajatashatru in 490 BC. Capital of the kingdom of Magadh. Largest city in the world during Ashoka’s reign.the kingdom of Magadh. Largest city in the world during Ashoka’s reign.

• SatavahanaSatavahana : 220 BC to 230 AD. Maharashtra and AP. Capital near : 220 BC to 230 AD. Maharashtra and AP. Capital near Karimnagar.Karimnagar.

• SimhapuriSimhapuri : Nellore was founded by Raja Vikrama Simha of the Chola dynasty, : Nellore was founded by Raja Vikrama Simha of the Chola dynasty, and hence is often referred to as Simhapuri.and hence is often referred to as Simhapuri.

• SuryanagariSuryanagari : Refers to the Sun Dynasty rulers of Jodhpur. : Refers to the Sun Dynasty rulers of Jodhpur.

• TamraliptaTamralipta : 300 BC to 100 BC. Capital was Tamluk near Haldia. Tamra : : 300 BC to 100 BC. Capital was Tamluk near Haldia. Tamra : Copper, Tamradhwaja : Copper Flag/ Symbol, copper was mined nearby.Copper, Tamradhwaja : Copper Flag/ Symbol, copper was mined nearby.


• VaishaliVaishali : 6 : 6thth – 2 – 2ndnd century BC. Capital of the Lichhavi dynasty. Vaishali city century BC. Capital of the Lichhavi dynasty. Vaishali city near Muzaffarpur. Associated with Buddha, Mahavir and Amrapali.near Muzaffarpur. Associated with Buddha, Mahavir and Amrapali.

• VenadVenad : One of the kingdoms of the Cheran empire. Forerunner of modern : One of the kingdoms of the Cheran empire. Forerunner of modern Travancore state. Capital Trivandrum.Travancore state. Capital Trivandrum.

• VikramshilaVikramshila : 8 : 8thth century AD. Buddhist University near Bhagalpur. century AD. Buddhist University near Bhagalpur.

• VijayanagarVijayanagar : 1336 – 1646 AD. Founded by Harihar and Bukka. : 1336 – 1646 AD. Founded by Harihar and Bukka. Krishnadevaraya (1509 – 1529) Golden period.Krishnadevaraya (1509 – 1529) Golden period.

• CholanCholan : 3 : 3rdrd century BC to 13 century BC to 13thth century AD. Capital in the Kaveri delta, century AD. Capital in the Kaveri delta, spread as far as Maldives and Malaysia.spread as far as Maldives and Malaysia.

• KakatiyaKakatiya : 1083 – 1323. Andhra Pradesh. Capital near Warangal. : 1083 – 1323. Andhra Pradesh. Capital near Warangal.

INDIAN HISTORY – INDIAN HISTORY – RECENTRECENT

INDIAN HISTORY – INDIAN HISTORY – RECENTRECENT• August Kranti RajdhaniAugust Kranti Rajdhani : Gowalia Tank Maidan (now known as August : Gowalia Tank Maidan (now known as August

Kranti Maidan) is a park in central Mumbai where Mahatma Gandhi issued Kranti Maidan) is a park in central Mumbai where Mahatma Gandhi issued the Quit India speech on 8th August 1942 decreeing that the British must the Quit India speech on 8th August 1942 decreeing that the British must leave India immediately or else mass agitations would take place.leave India immediately or else mass agitations would take place.

• Chauri ChauraChauri Chaura is a town near Gorakhpur, famous for an event that took is a town near Gorakhpur, famous for an event that took place on 4th February 1922 during British rule, when a police station was set place on 4th February 1922 during British rule, when a police station was set on fire by a nationalist mob, killing 23 of the police occupants.on fire by a nationalist mob, killing 23 of the police occupants.

• The Northern Circars was a former division of British India's Madras The Northern Circars was a former division of British India's Madras Presidency, which consisted of a narrow slip of territory lying along the Presidency, which consisted of a narrow slip of territory lying along the western side of the Bay of Bengal in the present-day states of Andhra western side of the Bay of Bengal in the present-day states of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. The territory derived its name from Pradesh and Orissa. The territory derived its name from CircarCircar or Sarkar, a or Sarkar, a term applied to the component parts of a subah or province, each of which is term applied to the component parts of a subah or province, each of which is administered by a deputy governor. These Northern Circars were five in administered by a deputy governor. These Northern Circars were five in number, Chicacole (Srikakulam), Rajahmundry, Ellore (Eluru), Kondapalli and number, Chicacole (Srikakulam), Rajahmundry, Ellore (Eluru), Kondapalli and Guntur. After changing hands frequently between the Bahamani Sultans, the Guntur. After changing hands frequently between the Bahamani Sultans, the Mughals, the Nizams of Hyderabad and the French, the British finally took Mughals, the Nizams of Hyderabad and the French, the British finally took over in 1768.over in 1768.

INDIAN HISTORY – INDIAN HISTORY – RECENTRECENT• HoolHool : British operatives and their native counterparts cheated and turned : British operatives and their native counterparts cheated and turned

the peace loving Santhal tribals into slaves of the zamindars and the money the peace loving Santhal tribals into slaves of the zamindars and the money lenders. On 30th June 1855, two great Santhal rebel leaders, Sido Murmu and lenders. On 30th June 1855, two great Santhal rebel leaders, Sido Murmu and his brother Kanhu, mobilized ten thousand Santhals and declared a rebellion his brother Kanhu, mobilized ten thousand Santhals and declared a rebellion (Hool) against British colonists. (Hool) against British colonists.

• The Solapur Municipal Council was the first Municipal Council of India to host The Solapur Municipal Council was the first Municipal Council of India to host the national flag on the Municipal Council building (Now Municipal the national flag on the Municipal Council building (Now Municipal Corporation) Solapur in 1930. Annasaheb Bhopatkar hoisted the National Flag Corporation) Solapur in 1930. Annasaheb Bhopatkar hoisted the National Flag on 6th April 1930 on the Municipal Council Building. He and three others on 6th April 1930 on the Municipal Council Building. He and three others were arrested on charges of killing two policemen and sentenced to hanging were arrested on charges of killing two policemen and sentenced to hanging till death. The statues of these freedom fighters have been installed in the till death. The statues of these freedom fighters have been installed in the heart of the city and the location has been named as heart of the city and the location has been named as HutatmaHutatma (Martyrs’) (Martyrs’) Chowk.Chowk.

• In 1857, Barrackpore was the scene of an incident that some credit with In 1857, Barrackpore was the scene of an incident that some credit with starting the uprising against the British; an Indian soldier, Mangal Pandey, starting the uprising against the British; an Indian soldier, Mangal Pandey, attacked his British commander, and was subsequently court-martialled. So attacked his British commander, and was subsequently court-martialled. So in essence he was the First Freedom Fighter of the Uprising (in essence he was the First Freedom Fighter of the Uprising (Pratham Pratham Swatantrata SangramSwatantrata Sangram))

INDIAN HISTORY – INDIAN HISTORY – RECENTRECENT• Tanaji Malusare, a general of Shivaji was entrusted of recapturing Tanaji Malusare, a general of Shivaji was entrusted of recapturing

Kondhana fort (near Pune) from the Mughals in March 1670. A steep cliff Kondhana fort (near Pune) from the Mughals in March 1670. A steep cliff leading to the fort was scaled with the help of a ghorpad, or a monitor leading to the fort was scaled with the help of a ghorpad, or a monitor lizard. Thereafter, there ensued fierce battles between Tanaji and his lizard. Thereafter, there ensued fierce battles between Tanaji and his men, and the Mughals. Tanaji lost his life, but his brother Suryaji took over men, and the Mughals. Tanaji lost his life, but his brother Suryaji took over and captured Kondana. Upon hearing of Tanaji's death, Shivaji expressed and captured Kondana. Upon hearing of Tanaji's death, Shivaji expressed his remorse with the words: "Gad aala, pan sinha gela" - "We gained the his remorse with the words: "Gad aala, pan sinha gela" - "We gained the fort, but lost the lion". In honor of Tanaji's death, the fort was renamed as fort, but lost the lion". In honor of Tanaji's death, the fort was renamed as SinhagadSinhagad..

• TebhagaTebhaga literally means three shares of harvests. Traditionally, literally means three shares of harvests. Traditionally, sharecroppers used to hold their tenancy on fifty-fifty share of the sharecroppers used to hold their tenancy on fifty-fifty share of the produce. In 1946, sharecroppers of some north and northeastern districts produce. In 1946, sharecroppers of some north and northeastern districts of Bengal and their supporters demanded that the half-sharing system of Bengal and their supporters demanded that the half-sharing system was unjust. Since all the labor and other investment were made by the was unjust. Since all the labor and other investment were made by the tenants, and since the landowner had least participation in the production tenants, and since the landowner had least participation in the production process in terms of capital input, labor and infrastructure, the latter process in terms of capital input, labor and infrastructure, the latter should get one-third of the crops, not the traditional one half. Tebhaga should get one-third of the crops, not the traditional one half. Tebhaga movement was organized mainly by the communist cadres of the Bengal movement was organized mainly by the communist cadres of the Bengal Provincial Krishak Sabha. Provincial Krishak Sabha.

INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

• Black DiamondBlack Diamond, , CoalfieldCoalfield - Coal Industry in the Dhanbad - Coal Industry in the Dhanbad regionregion

• IspatIspat, , SteelSteel – Steel industry in Rourkela and Jamshedpur – Steel industry in Rourkela and Jamshedpur

• Pearl CityPearl City - Pearl fishing industry around Tuticorin and the - Pearl fishing industry around Tuticorin and the Gulf of MannarGulf of Mannar

• ShaktipunjShaktipunj - Singrauli is fast emerging as an energy hub of - Singrauli is fast emerging as an energy hub of India, especially for electric power and coal, India, especially for electric power and coal,

• Suvarna Fast PassengerSuvarna Fast Passenger – Kolar Gold Fields – Kolar Gold Fields

LITERARY WORKSLITERARY WORKS


• AgniveenaAgniveena : In Bangla it means “The Fiery Lute”. This is the name given to the : In Bangla it means “The Fiery Lute”. This is the name given to the collection of poems by the celebrated Bengali poet, musician, revolutionary and collection of poems by the celebrated Bengali poet, musician, revolutionary and philosopher, Kazi Nazrul Islam.philosopher, Kazi Nazrul Islam.

• AranyakAranyak : In Bangla it means “Of the Forest”, and is a famous novel by the Bengali : In Bangla it means “Of the Forest”, and is a famous novel by the Bengali novelist and writer Bibhutibhushan Bandhopadhyay.novelist and writer Bibhutibhushan Bandhopadhyay.

• GanadevtaGanadevta : It means Lord of the People and won the Jnanpith Award in 1966 for its : It means Lord of the People and won the Jnanpith Award in 1966 for its writer Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay, one of the leading Bengali novelists.writer Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay, one of the leading Bengali novelists.

• GitanjaliGitanjali : A collection of 103 English poems, largely translations, by the Bengali : A collection of 103 English poems, largely translations, by the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. The word Gitanjoli is composed from "git", song, and poet Rabindranath Tagore. The word Gitanjoli is composed from "git", song, and "anjoli", offering, and thus means "An offering of songs", but the word for offering, "anjoli", offering, and thus means "An offering of songs", but the word for offering, anjoli, has a strong devotional connotation, so the title may also be interpreted as anjoli, has a strong devotional connotation, so the title may also be interpreted as "prayer offering of song"."prayer offering of song".

• GodaanGodaan : The Gift of a Cow is a Hindi novel by Munshi Premchand, themed around : The Gift of a Cow is a Hindi novel by Munshi Premchand, themed around the socio economic deprivation as well as the exploitation of the village poor.the socio economic deprivation as well as the exploitation of the village poor.


• Hatey BazareHatey Bazare : In and Around the Marketplace tells the story of an idealistic doctor : In and Around the Marketplace tells the story of an idealistic doctor who decides to spend his retirement healing the poor in a small town in Bihar. It who decides to spend his retirement healing the poor in a small town in Bihar. It was written by Bonophul (Bolai Chand Mukhopadhyay), a major literary figure in was written by Bonophul (Bolai Chand Mukhopadhyay), a major literary figure in twentieth century Bengali literature.twentieth century Bengali literature.

• JnaneshwariJnaneshwari : The commentary on Bhagavad Gita written by Marathi saint and : The commentary on Bhagavad Gita written by Marathi saint and poet Dnyaneshwar during the 13th century at age 16.poet Dnyaneshwar during the 13th century at age 16.

• Kamayani Kamayani : An allegorical epic poem, it tells the story of the great flood. It was : An allegorical epic poem, it tells the story of the great flood. It was composed by Jaishankar Prasad (1889 – 1937) of Varanasi, one of the most famous composed by Jaishankar Prasad (1889 – 1937) of Varanasi, one of the most famous figures in modern Hindi literature.figures in modern Hindi literature.

• KandariKandari : A famous poem “Kandari hushiar” penned by Kazi Nazrul Islam. : A famous poem “Kandari hushiar” penned by Kazi Nazrul Islam. “Kandari”“Kandari” means the captain of the boat or ship and “hushiar” means be careful.means the captain of the boat or ship and “hushiar” means be careful.

• PadatikPadatik : The Foot-Soldier was the first published volume of poetry by Subhash : The Foot-Soldier was the first published volume of poetry by Subhash Mukhopadhyay (1919 – 2003), one of the foremost Bengali poets of the 20th Mukhopadhyay (1919 – 2003), one of the foremost Bengali poets of the 20th century. century.


• PadmavatPadmavat : It is an epic poem written in 1540 by Malik Muhammad : It is an epic poem written in 1540 by Malik Muhammad Jayasi, who hailed from Jais, a city in Rae Bareli district. Written in the Jayasi, who hailed from Jais, a city in Rae Bareli district. Written in the Awadhi language, this poem is a fictionalized version of the historic siege Awadhi language, this poem is a fictionalized version of the historic siege of Chittor in 1303 by Alauddin Khilji, who attacks Chittor after hearing of of Chittor in 1303 by Alauddin Khilji, who attacks Chittor after hearing of the beauty of Queen Rani Padmini, the wife of King Rawal Ratan Singh.the beauty of Queen Rani Padmini, the wife of King Rawal Ratan Singh.

• Rupasi BanglaRupasi Bangla : The poem Bengal, the Beautiful, was written in 1934 by : The poem Bengal, the Beautiful, was written in 1934 by Jibanananda Das, probably the most popular Bengali poet after Jibanananda Das, probably the most popular Bengali poet after Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam.Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam.

• TapaswiniTapaswini : “Ascetic” by Gangadhar Meher who gave a new meaning and : “Ascetic” by Gangadhar Meher who gave a new meaning and glory to Oriya Language and Literature.glory to Oriya Language and Literature.

• ThirukkuralThirukkural : This is a classic work of couplets or Kurals (1330 rhyming : This is a classic work of couplets or Kurals (1330 rhyming Tamil couplets). It was authored by Thiruvalluvar (around 200 BC), and is Tamil couplets). It was authored by Thiruvalluvar (around 200 BC), and is considered to be the first work to focus on ethics in India.considered to be the first work to focus on ethics in India.

MAHATMA GANDHIMAHATMA GANDHI

MAHATMA GANDHIMAHATMA GANDHI

• AhimsaAhimsa – Non violence or peace – Non violence or peace• LokshaktiLokshakti – People’s power – People’s power• NavjeevanNavjeevan – New Life – New Life• NavyugNavyug – New Era – New Era• PreranaPrerana – Inspiration – Inspiration• SarvodayaSarvodaya – Universal upliftment – Universal upliftment• SatyagrahaSatyagraha – Insisting on the truth – Insisting on the truth• ShantiShanti – Peace – Peace• AshramAshram, , SewagramSewagram – Gandhiji’s ashrams – Gandhiji’s ashrams

at Sabarmati and Wardhaat Sabarmati and Wardha

NATIONAL PARKS AND NATIONAL PARKS AND GARDENSGARDENS

NATIONAL PARKS AND NATIONAL PARKS AND GARDENSGARDENS

• BaghBagh, , Corbett ParkCorbett Park, , SanctuarySanctuary, , KazirangaKaziranga, , ManasManas, , RanthambhoreRanthambhore, , SundarbanSundarban, , Pench ValleyPench Valley, , PatalkotPatalkot

• UdyanUdyan, , LalbaghLalbagh, , BrindavanBrindavan, , ShalimarShalimar

• SarandaSaranda (seven hundred hills) (seven hundred hills)

RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCERELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE

RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - SIKHISMSIKHISM• The The Akal TakhtAkal Takht (Akal: Timeless One and Takht: Throne in Persian). Literally means (Akal: Timeless One and Takht: Throne in Persian). Literally means

“Seat (Throne) of the Timeless One (God)”. “Seat (Throne) of the Timeless One (God)”.

• Harmandir Sahib, informally referred to as The Harmandir Sahib, informally referred to as The Golden TempleGolden Temple or Temple of God, is or Temple of God, is culturally the most significant place of worship of the Sikhs and one of the oldest Sikh culturally the most significant place of worship of the Sikhs and one of the oldest Sikh gurdwaras. It is located in the city of Amritsar, which was established by Guru Ram Das gurdwaras. It is located in the city of Amritsar, which was established by Guru Ram Das Ji, the fourth guru of the Sikhs.Ji, the fourth guru of the Sikhs.

• HemkuntHemkunt Sahib is a popular pilgrimage site for Sikhs. It is located in the state of Sahib is a popular pilgrimage site for Sikhs. It is located in the state of Uttaranchal and is accessible only by foot from Govindghat on the Rishikesh – Uttaranchal and is accessible only by foot from Govindghat on the Rishikesh – Badrinath highway. Badrinath highway.

• Sach KhandSach Khand ("The Realm of Truth") is the Sikh concept of joining with God, achieved ("The Realm of Truth") is the Sikh concept of joining with God, achieved by the Guru's Grace. The term is also used for the room in a Gurudwara where the Guru by the Guru's Grace. The term is also used for the room in a Gurudwara where the Guru Granth Sahib rests at night. Takht Sachkhand Shri Hazur Abchalnagar Sahib is a three Granth Sahib rests at night. Takht Sachkhand Shri Hazur Abchalnagar Sahib is a three hundred year old historical Sikh shrine at Nanded, where the Tenth Guru, Guru Gobind hundred year old historical Sikh shrine at Nanded, where the Tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh breathed his last on 7th October 1708. But before his demise he proclaimed the Singh breathed his last on 7th October 1708. But before his demise he proclaimed the Holy Book, Granth Sahib as the Eternal Guru of Sikhs. The place is then known as Holy Book, Granth Sahib as the Eternal Guru of Sikhs. The place is then known as Sachkhand Gaman or Parlok Gaman, the last journey of the preacher of truth. The place Sachkhand Gaman or Parlok Gaman, the last journey of the preacher of truth. The place will always be revered as the final resting place of the Tenth Guru and the birth place will always be revered as the final resting place of the Tenth Guru and the birth place of the eternal Guru of Sikhs, Guru Granth Sahib.of the eternal Guru of Sikhs, Guru Granth Sahib.

RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - BUDDHISMBUDDHISM

• Celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Vaishakh Celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Vaishakh (May), (May), Buddha PurnimaBuddha Purnima encompasses the birth, encompasses the birth, enlightenment (Nirvana), and passing away (Parinirvana) of enlightenment (Nirvana), and passing away (Parinirvana) of Gautama Buddha.Gautama Buddha.

• Deekshabhoomi Deekshabhoomi is a sacred monument at the place in is a sacred monument at the place in Nagpur where Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was converted to Nagpur where Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was converted to Buddhism along with thousands of his followers on 14th Buddhism along with thousands of his followers on 14th October 1956.October 1956.

• KapilavastuKapilavastu is the name of a region of ancient Shakya is the name of a region of ancient Shakya kingdom that is considered a holy pilgrimage place for kingdom that is considered a holy pilgrimage place for Buddhists, located close to Lumbini, the birthplace of the Buddhists, located close to Lumbini, the birthplace of the Buddha, on the India – Nepal border.Buddha, on the India – Nepal border.

RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - BUDDHISMBUDDHISM

• KushinagarKushinagar is a town in Uttar Pradesh near Gorakhpur, where is a town in Uttar Pradesh near Gorakhpur, where Gautama Buddha left His mortal body.Gautama Buddha left His mortal body.

• The The MahabodhiMahabodhi Temple (Literally: "Great Awakening Temple") is Temple (Literally: "Great Awakening Temple") is a Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya, the location where Siddhartha a Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya, the location where Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, attained enlightenment under the holy Gautama, the Buddha, attained enlightenment under the holy Bodhi tree. Bodhi tree.

• SarnathSarnath is the deer park where Gautama Buddha first taught the is the deer park where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma, and where the Buddhist Sangha came into existence. Dharma, and where the Buddhist Sangha came into existence. Sarnath is located 13 km north-east of Varanasi. Sarnath, from Sarnath is located 13 km north-east of Varanasi. Sarnath, from Saranganath, means "Lord of the Deer" and relates to another old Saranganath, means "Lord of the Deer" and relates to another old Buddhist story in which the Bodhisattva is a deer and offers his life Buddhist story in which the Bodhisattva is a deer and offers his life to a king instead of the doe the latter is planning to kill. The king to a king instead of the doe the latter is planning to kill. The king is so moved that he creates the park as a sanctuary for deer.is so moved that he creates the park as a sanctuary for deer.

RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - ISLAMISLAM

• Ziyarah (Arabic), commonly referred to as "Ziyarah (Arabic), commonly referred to as "ZiyaratZiyarat" meaning " meaning "Visit") is a pilgrimage to sites associated with Muhammad, his "Visit") is a pilgrimage to sites associated with Muhammad, his family members and descendants (including the Shia Imams), family members and descendants (including the Shia Imams), his companions, or other venerated figures in Islam, such as the his companions, or other venerated figures in Islam, such as the Prophets, Sufi saints and Islamic scholars. "Ziyarat" comes from Prophets, Sufi saints and Islamic scholars. "Ziyarat" comes from the Arabic word "zur" meaning "to visit". In India, amongst the Arabic word "zur" meaning "to visit". In India, amongst many other shrines, the term is also used for a visit to Sultan-ul-many other shrines, the term is also used for a visit to Sultan-ul-Hind Gharib Nawaz Moinuddin Chishti Dargah in Ajmer.Hind Gharib Nawaz Moinuddin Chishti Dargah in Ajmer.

• Very often cited as a train having different names in opposite Very often cited as a train having different names in opposite directions, the name directions, the name IbadatIbadat Express has become synonymous Express has become synonymous with the Ziyarat Express, even though no timetable has ever with the Ziyarat Express, even though no timetable has ever mentioned the name Ibadat. The Arabic word ‘ibadat, which mentioned the name Ibadat. The Arabic word ‘ibadat, which literally means to enslave oneself (to God), when it is used as a literally means to enslave oneself (to God), when it is used as a religious term, refers to the ordinances of divine worship.religious term, refers to the ordinances of divine worship.

RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - HINDUISMHINDUISM

• AmarkantakAmarkantak is a Sanskrit word the literal meaning of which is immortal (amar) is a Sanskrit word the literal meaning of which is immortal (amar) obstruction (kantak). The place was abode of Gods, but was disturbed by the obstruction (kantak). The place was abode of Gods, but was disturbed by the hindrances of Rudraganas and hence called Amarkantak. hindrances of Rudraganas and hence called Amarkantak.

• Thiruvananthapuram or Thiruvananthapuram or AnanthapuriAnanthapuri means “Abode of Lord Anantha” in means “Abode of Lord Anantha” in Malayalam and Sanskrit. Malayalam and Sanskrit.

• TiruTiru Chendur Chendur means “a sacred and prosperous town of victory”. It is famous for the means “a sacred and prosperous town of victory”. It is famous for the Tiruchendur Temple, the celebrated seashore temple of Lord Subrahmanya Tiruchendur Temple, the celebrated seashore temple of Lord Subrahmanya (Kartikeya). This shrine of Tiruchendur is believed to be most liked by Subrahmanya (Kartikeya). This shrine of Tiruchendur is believed to be most liked by Subrahmanya and has been given the second place among his shrines in the Skanda Puranam, the and has been given the second place among his shrines in the Skanda Puranam, the first being Palani.first being Palani.

• Mahabali, also known as Mahabali, also known as MaveliMaveli was a benevolent Asura King, and the grandson of was a benevolent Asura King, and the grandson of Prahlada. According to the legend, Kerala witnessed its golden era during the reign Prahlada. According to the legend, Kerala witnessed its golden era during the reign of king Mahabali. But as he was egoistic, the Gods banished him. However, for all of king Mahabali. But as he was egoistic, the Gods banished him. However, for all the good deeds done by Mahabali, God granted him a boon that he could annually the good deeds done by Mahabali, God granted him a boon that he could annually visit his people with whom he was so attached. It is this visit of Mahabali that is visit his people with whom he was so attached. It is this visit of Mahabali that is celebrated as Onam every year.celebrated as Onam every year.

RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - HINDUISMHINDUISM• Mandodari, the wife of Ravan was born in a devil's house in Meerut. She Mandodari, the wife of Ravan was born in a devil's house in Meerut. She

was, however, a great devotee of goddess Chandi and had a temple was, however, a great devotee of goddess Chandi and had a temple constructed in honor of the goddess. A religious festival was held to constructed in honor of the goddess. A religious festival was held to celebrate this occasion. Since then the celebrate this occasion. Since then the NauchandiNauchandi mela is held for a mela is held for a month from the second Sunday after Holi every year in Meerut.month from the second Sunday after Holi every year in Meerut.

• In Sanskrit, In Sanskrit, SaketSaket means a place said to be very close to Heaven, thus a means a place said to be very close to Heaven, thus a place where God resides. Saket was the ancient name of the city of place where God resides. Saket was the ancient name of the city of Ayodhya.Ayodhya.

• Tirumala Venkateswara (Balaji) Temple is a famous Hindu Temple of Tirumala Venkateswara (Balaji) Temple is a famous Hindu Temple of Lord Venkateswara located in the hill town Lord Venkateswara located in the hill town TirumalaTirumala in Andhra Pradesh. in Andhra Pradesh. The temple is built on the Venkatadri hill, one of the seven hills of The temple is built on the Venkatadri hill, one of the seven hills of Tirumala, and hence is also known as the Temple of Seven Hills Tirumala, and hence is also known as the Temple of Seven Hills ((SaptagiriSaptagiri in Sanskrit). The Tirumala Hill comprises seven peaks, in Sanskrit). The Tirumala Hill comprises seven peaks, representing the seven hoods of Adisesha, thus earning the name, representing the seven hoods of Adisesha, thus earning the name, Seshachalam. The seven peaks are called Seshachalam. The seven peaks are called SeshadriSeshadri, Neeladri, , Neeladri, GarudadriGarudadri, Anjanadri, Vrushabadri, , Anjanadri, Vrushabadri, NarayanadriNarayanadri and and VenkatadriVenkatadri..

RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE - HINDUISMHINDUISM• SiddhagangaSiddhaganga is a famous pilgrim center in Tumkur District. It has a hilltop temple is a famous pilgrim center in Tumkur District. It has a hilltop temple

dedicated to Sri Siddhalingeshwara Swamy, a great revered Veerashaiva Saint who dedicated to Sri Siddhalingeshwara Swamy, a great revered Veerashaiva Saint who is considered as an incarnation of Lord Shiva.is considered as an incarnation of Lord Shiva.

• SimhadriSimhadri or Simhachalam temple is a Hindu temple located in Vishakhapatnam, or Simhachalam temple is a Hindu temple located in Vishakhapatnam, dedicated to the avatar of Vishnu known as Narasimha (the man-lion). Simha: Lion; dedicated to the avatar of Vishnu known as Narasimha (the man-lion). Simha: Lion; Adri or Achala: Hill.Adri or Achala: Hill.

• The The SomnathSomnath Temple located near Veraval on the coast of Gujarat, is the most Temple located near Veraval on the coast of Gujarat, is the most sacred of the twelve Jyotirlingas (lingams of light) of the God Shiva. Somnath means sacred of the twelve Jyotirlingas (lingams of light) of the God Shiva. Somnath means "The Protector of Moon God"."The Protector of Moon God".

• Adam's Bridge, also known as Rama's Bridge or Ram Adam's Bridge, also known as Rama's Bridge or Ram SethuSethu, is a chain of limestone , is a chain of limestone shoals, between the islands of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India, and Mannar, Sri shoals, between the islands of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India, and Mannar, Sri Lanka. Geological evidence indicates that this bridge is a former land connection Lanka. Geological evidence indicates that this bridge is a former land connection between India and Sri Lanka. The name Rama's Bridge or Rama Sethu (Sanskrit: between India and Sri Lanka. The name Rama's Bridge or Rama Sethu (Sanskrit: sethu: bridge) was given to this bridge of shoals, as Hindu legend identifies it with sethu: bridge) was given to this bridge of shoals, as Hindu legend identifies it with the bridge built by the Vanara (monkey-men) army of Rama , which he used to the bridge built by the Vanara (monkey-men) army of Rama , which he used to reach Lanka and rescue his wife Sita from the Rakshasa king, Ravana. The sea reach Lanka and rescue his wife Sita from the Rakshasa king, Ravana. The sea separating India and Sri Lanka is called Sethusamudram, Sea of the Bridge.separating India and Sri Lanka is called Sethusamudram, Sea of the Bridge.

RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE – RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE – JAINISMJAINISM

• The word The word ParasnathParasnath comes from the 23rd Jain Tirthankara Shri Parshwanath comes from the 23rd Jain Tirthankara Shri Parshwanath Bhagwan. Parasnath hills are located in Jharkhand, near Dhanbad. Twenty Jain Bhagwan. Parasnath hills are located in Jharkhand, near Dhanbad. Twenty Jain Tirthankars, out of twenty-four attained salvation in the Parasnath hills.Tirthankars, out of twenty-four attained salvation in the Parasnath hills.

• RanakpurRanakpur is a village located near Sadri town in Pali district of Rajasthan, is a village located near Sadri town in Pali district of Rajasthan, between Jodhpur and Udaipur, in a valley on the western side of the Aravalli between Jodhpur and Udaipur, in a valley on the western side of the Aravalli Range. It is widely known for its marble Jain temple, dedicated to Adinath, and also Range. It is widely known for its marble Jain temple, dedicated to Adinath, and also a much older Sun Temple.a much older Sun Temple.

• GirnarGirnar is a collection of mountains in Junagadh District of Gujarat. The first peak of is a collection of mountains in Junagadh District of Gujarat. The first peak of Girnar has a collection of Digambar and Shwetamber Jain temples. In the Hindu Girnar has a collection of Digambar and Shwetamber Jain temples. In the Hindu religion, the legend is that climbing Girnar barefooted earns one a place in Heaven. religion, the legend is that climbing Girnar barefooted earns one a place in Heaven. The nearby Gir Forest serves as sanctuary for the last remaining Asiatic Lions.The nearby Gir Forest serves as sanctuary for the last remaining Asiatic Lions.

• High up, on High up, on ShetrunjayaShetrunjaya Hill, above the town of Palitana near Bhavnagar, is the Hill, above the town of Palitana near Bhavnagar, is the abode of the 24 Jain Tirthankars. A cluster of 863 shrines on top of the hill with abode of the 24 Jain Tirthankars. A cluster of 863 shrines on top of the hill with anywhere between 3500 – 4000 steps. The temple city has been built as an abode anywhere between 3500 – 4000 steps. The temple city has been built as an abode for the Gods; hence, no one is allowed to stay overnight, including the priests.for the Gods; hence, no one is allowed to stay overnight, including the priests.

RIVERS AND DAMSRIVERS AND DAMS


• BagmatiBagmati : Nepal – India, originates at Bagdwaar (“Bag”: Tiger, “dwar”: gate) : Nepal – India, originates at Bagdwaar (“Bag”: Tiger, “dwar”: gate) on the northern hills of Kathmandu valley, flows past the Pashupatinath and on the northern hills of Kathmandu valley, flows past the Pashupatinath and Dakshinkali temples and enters IndiaDakshinkali temples and enters India

• Barak (Valley)Barak (Valley) : Assam – Bangladesh, part of the Surma – Meghna river : Assam – Bangladesh, part of the Surma – Meghna river system.system.

• BetwaBetwa : a tributary of the Yamuna, rises just north of Hoshangabad in Madhya : a tributary of the Yamuna, rises just north of Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh and joins the Yamuna near Hamirpur. In Sanskrit, Betwa is “Vetravati”, Pradesh and joins the Yamuna near Hamirpur. In Sanskrit, Betwa is “Vetravati”, which means “containing reeds”.which means “containing reeds”.

• BhagirathiBhagirathi : The Hooghly River or the Bhagirathi-Hooghly is an approximately : The Hooghly River or the Bhagirathi-Hooghly is an approximately 260 km long distributary of the Ganga River in West Bengal. In its upper 260 km long distributary of the Ganga River in West Bengal. In its upper reaches, the river is generally known as the Bhagirathi, until it reaches reaches, the river is generally known as the Bhagirathi, until it reaches Hooghly. The word Bhagirathi literally means "caused by Bhagiratha”, a Hooghly. The word Bhagirathi literally means "caused by Bhagiratha”, a mythical Sagar Dynasty prince who was instrumental in bringing the river mythical Sagar Dynasty prince who was instrumental in bringing the river Ganga from the heavens on to the earth, in order to release his 60,000 grand-Ganga from the heavens on to the earth, in order to release his 60,000 grand-uncles from a curse of the saint Kapila.uncles from a curse of the saint Kapila.


• BrahmaputraBrahmaputra : Different names in the different regions it flows through – in Tibet it is the : Different names in the different regions it flows through – in Tibet it is the Tsang Po or Zangbo, in Arunachal Pradesh it is the Dihang, in Assam it is the Brahmaputra Tsang Po or Zangbo, in Arunachal Pradesh it is the Dihang, in Assam it is the Brahmaputra and in Bangladesh it is the Jamuna. While most Indian and Bangladeshi rivers bear female and in Bangladesh it is the Jamuna. While most Indian and Bangladeshi rivers bear female names, this river has a rare male name, as it means "son of Brahma" in Sanskrit (putra names, this river has a rare male name, as it means "son of Brahma" in Sanskrit (putra means "son").means "son").

• ChambalChambal : Rajasthan, MP, UP. A tributary of the Yamuna. : Rajasthan, MP, UP. A tributary of the Yamuna.

• FarakkaFarakka : The dam was built to divert the Ganga water into the Hooghly River during the : The dam was built to divert the Ganga water into the Hooghly River during the dry season in order to flush out the accumulating silt which was a problem at the major port dry season in order to flush out the accumulating silt which was a problem at the major port of Kolkata. This is the longest barrage in the world.of Kolkata. This is the longest barrage in the world.

• Ganga : While naming trains, the name Ganga is always joined with names of other rivers, Ganga : While naming trains, the name Ganga is always joined with names of other rivers, e.g. e.g. Ganga DamodarGanga Damodar, , Ganga GomtiGanga Gomti, , Ganga KaveriGanga Kaveri, , Ganga SutlejGanga Sutlej, , Ganga YamunaGanga Yamuna, , Tapti GangaTapti Ganga..

• GautamiGautami, , GodavariGodavari : Sage Gautama was advertently responsible for the death of a cow. As : Sage Gautama was advertently responsible for the death of a cow. As repentance, he worshipped Lord Shiva and requested him to bring Ganga to purify his repentance, he worshipped Lord Shiva and requested him to bring Ganga to purify his hermitage. Lord Shiva pleased with the rishi appeared as Triambaka and brought along river hermitage. Lord Shiva pleased with the rishi appeared as Triambaka and brought along river Ganga. Since Ganga was brought down to Triambakeshwar by Sage Gautama, she is also Ganga. Since Ganga was brought down to Triambakeshwar by Sage Gautama, she is also known as Gautami. She is also known as Godavari because the river helped Sage Gautama known as Gautami. She is also known as Godavari because the river helped Sage Gautama to relieve his sins. to relieve his sins.


• GomtiGomti : UP. Passes by the cities of Lucknow, Lakhimpur Kheri, Sultanpur and : UP. Passes by the cities of Lucknow, Lakhimpur Kheri, Sultanpur and Jaunpur.Jaunpur.

• HirakudHirakud : Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15 km from : Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15 km from Sambalpur. Built in 1956, the dam is the world's largest earthen dam, about 26 km Sambalpur. Built in 1956, the dam is the world's largest earthen dam, about 26 km in length. It was the first major multipurpose river valley project started after India's in length. It was the first major multipurpose river valley project started after India's independence.independence.

• IndrayaniIndrayani : Originates near Lonavala. The river has great religious importance and : Originates near Lonavala. The river has great religious importance and the two sacred towns Alandi and Dehu are situated on its banks. Dehu is held sacred the two sacred towns Alandi and Dehu are situated on its banks. Dehu is held sacred for the poet Saint Tukaram, a popular saint of Maharashtra and Alandi holds the for the poet Saint Tukaram, a popular saint of Maharashtra and Alandi holds the samadhi of the poet Dnyaneshwar.samadhi of the poet Dnyaneshwar.

• JhelumJhelum : Largest and westernmost of the five rivers of the Punjab. It flows through : Largest and westernmost of the five rivers of the Punjab. It flows through Srinagar and Kashmir Valley before entering Pakistan.Srinagar and Kashmir Valley before entering Pakistan.

• KalindiKalindi : The Goddess Yamuna, as she descended down from the heavens to meet : The Goddess Yamuna, as she descended down from the heavens to meet her beloved Krishna and to purify the world, she rushed down the Kalinda Mountain, her beloved Krishna and to purify the world, she rushed down the Kalinda Mountain, and thus became the daughter of Kalinda, giving her another name, Kalindi.and thus became the daughter of Kalinda, giving her another name, Kalindi.


• KaveriKaveri : King Kavera performed tapas with salvation (Moksha) as the goal. Pleased, : King Kavera performed tapas with salvation (Moksha) as the goal. Pleased, Brahma appeared before him, and ruled to Kavera that he shall beget a daughter, Kaveri, Brahma appeared before him, and ruled to Kavera that he shall beget a daughter, Kaveri, who will lead him to Moksha.who will lead him to Moksha.

• KosiKosi : : The name “Kosi” is derived from Kaushiki, Kaushika being another name of the The name “Kosi” is derived from Kaushiki, Kaushika being another name of the sage Vishwamitra, who was the descendant of the sage Kushika. Vishwamitra is said to sage Vishwamitra, who was the descendant of the sage Kushika. Vishwamitra is said to have attained the status of Vedic Rishi on its banks.have attained the status of Vedic Rishi on its banks.

• KoynaKoyna : Maharashtra. Famous for the Koyna Dam which is the largest hydroelectric project : Maharashtra. Famous for the Koyna Dam which is the largest hydroelectric project in Maharashtra. in Maharashtra.

• KrishnaKrishna : Though the Sanskrit word “Krishna” means black, dark or dark-blue, some Hindu : Though the Sanskrit word “Krishna” means black, dark or dark-blue, some Hindu traditions often ascribe varying interpretations and powers to the names. The syllables of traditions often ascribe varying interpretations and powers to the names. The syllables of the name Krishna are assigned the power to destroy sin relating to material, self and the name Krishna are assigned the power to destroy sin relating to material, self and divine causes, and therefore the river is venerated by the Hindus.divine causes, and therefore the river is venerated by the Hindus.

• LohitLohit : The old Sanskrit name for the Brahmaputra River is Lauhitya, which was a : The old Sanskrit name for the Brahmaputra River is Lauhitya, which was a Sanskritized version of the local Assamese name “Luit” (original 'Lao-ti' or 'Dilao'). Sanskritized version of the local Assamese name “Luit” (original 'Lao-ti' or 'Dilao').

• MahanandaMahananda : : WestWest Bengal, Bihar and Bengal, Bihar and Bangladesh. Mahananda in Sanskrit means "great Bangladesh. Mahananda in Sanskrit means "great happiness“.happiness“.


• MandoviMandovi : Goa, famous for Dudhsagar Falls, Old Goa and the new capital Panaji. : Goa, famous for Dudhsagar Falls, Old Goa and the new capital Panaji.

• NagavaliNagavali : Orissa – AP border area. : Orissa – AP border area.

• NarmadaNarmada : A Sanskrit word meaning 'the Giver of Pleasure'. It is one of only three major : A Sanskrit word meaning 'the Giver of Pleasure'. It is one of only three major rivers in peninsular India that runs from east to west (largest west flowing river) along with rivers in peninsular India that runs from east to west (largest west flowing river) along with the Tapti River and the Mahi River. The Narmada happens to be one of the most sacred of the Tapti River and the Mahi River. The Narmada happens to be one of the most sacred of the five holy rivers of India; the other four being Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari and Kaveri.the five holy rivers of India; the other four being Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari and Kaveri.

• NetravatiNetravati : Karnataka districts of Chikmagalur and Mangalore. : Karnataka districts of Chikmagalur and Mangalore.

• PinakiniPinakini : Another name for the Penner River. Literally means “Wielder of the Bow” (Lord : Another name for the Penner River. Literally means “Wielder of the Bow” (Lord Shiva).Shiva).

• PoornaPoorna : Poorna (Complete) is another name for the Periyar River in Kerala. : Poorna (Complete) is another name for the Periyar River in Kerala.

• RaptiRapti : Eastern UP. Gorakhpur is on its banks. : Eastern UP. Gorakhpur is on its banks.

• RaviRavi : One of the five rivers of the Punjab. Lahore is on its banks. : One of the five rivers of the Punjab. Lahore is on its banks.


• SabarmatiSabarmati : Flows through Ahmadabad, where Gandhiji built his ashram. : Flows through Ahmadabad, where Gandhiji built his ashram.

• SaryuSaryu : Central UP. Ayodhya is on its banks. : Central UP. Ayodhya is on its banks.

• SharavatiSharavati : Karnataka. Famous for the Jog : Karnataka. Famous for the Jog

• ShipraShipra : Kshipra. Ujjain. Kumbh Mela. : Kshipra. Ujjain. Kumbh Mela.

• SindhuSindhu : The name of the River Indus is a Latinization of the word Hindu, in turn the : The name of the River Indus is a Latinization of the word Hindu, in turn the Iranian variant of Sindhu.Iranian variant of Sindhu.

• SutlejSutlej : The easternmost of the five rivers of the Punjab. : The easternmost of the five rivers of the Punjab.

• SuvarnarekhaSuvarnarekha : Name is derived from two Sanskrit/Bengali words: subarna meaning : Name is derived from two Sanskrit/Bengali words: subarna meaning "gold" and rekha meaning "line" or "streak". "gold" and rekha meaning "line" or "streak".

• TaptiTapti : Tapti is the daughter of Surya, the Sun God. : Tapti is the daughter of Surya, the Sun God.


• Teesta TorshaTeesta Torsha : Sikkim/ Tibet, Bhutan, North Bengal, : Sikkim/ Tibet, Bhutan, North Bengal, Bangladesh Bangladesh

• TungabhadraTungabhadra : Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, chief : Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, chief tributary of the Krishna River. tributary of the Krishna River.

• VaigaiVaigai : Tamil nadu. Madurai is on its banks. : Tamil nadu. Madurai is on its banks.

• VarunaVaruna : Named after the god Varuna. Varanasi is on its : Named after the god Varuna. Varanasi is on its banks.banks.

• WaingangaWainganga : Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra. A tributary of : Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra. A tributary of the Godavari.the Godavari.


• HemavatiHemavati : Karnataka. A tributary of the Kaveri : Karnataka. A tributary of the Kaveri

• IchhamatiIchhamati : India – Bangladesh border : India – Bangladesh border

• Kamala GandakKamala Gandak : Nepal, India. Tributaries of the Ganga. : Nepal, India. Tributaries of the Ganga.

• (Kanno) Kuwari(Kanno) Kuwari : MP – UP. Tributary of the Sindh river, which itself joints the Yamuna. : MP – UP. Tributary of the Sindh river, which itself joints the Yamuna.

• MahanadiMahanadi : Great River : Great River

• KolongparKolongpar : The Kolong River is a tributary of the Brahmaputra River : The Kolong River is a tributary of the Brahmaputra River

• KopiliKopili : Tributary of the Brahmaputra. The word "Kopli" or "Kupli" means a speedy river. : Tributary of the Brahmaputra. The word "Kopli" or "Kupli" means a speedy river.

• MayurakshiMayurakshi : Jharkhand, Bengal. A tributary of the Hooghly. mayur/ mor = peacock, : Jharkhand, Bengal. A tributary of the Hooghly. mayur/ mor = peacock, akshi = eye. akshi = eye.

MISCELLANEOUSMISCELLANEOUS

• DayodayaDayodaya : Compassion, especially towards a person of a lower : Compassion, especially towards a person of a lower status or an animal.status or an animal.

• DurontoDuronto : Bangla: "quick“. These are the non-stop point to point rail : Bangla: "quick“. These are the non-stop point to point rail services introduced for the first time in the history of India.services introduced for the first time in the history of India.

• Garib RathGarib Rath : “Chariot of the Poor” : “Chariot of the Poor”

• Gyan GangaGyan Ganga : “River (Ganga) of Knowledge”. It could also signify : “River (Ganga) of Knowledge”. It could also signify the connection of Varanasi on the River Ganga with Pune, the city the connection of Varanasi on the River Ganga with Pune, the city known for its educational institutions.known for its educational institutions.

• Jan NayakJan Nayak, , Jan SewaJan Sewa, , Jan SadharanJan Sadharan, , JanataJanata : All catering to the : All catering to the common mancommon man


• JanmabhoomiJanmabhoomi : Land where one is born, Motherland. It is also a : Land where one is born, Motherland. It is also a people centered development process launched in Andhra Pradesh in people centered development process launched in Andhra Pradesh in January 1997. It aims at establishing an ideal society, which embodies January 1997. It aims at establishing an ideal society, which embodies and cherishes the principles of people's participation, equality, and cherishes the principles of people's participation, equality, transparency and accountability leading to sustained economic transparency and accountability leading to sustained economic development and excellence in all walks of life.development and excellence in all walks of life.

• MaitreeMaitree/ / SamjhautaSamjhauta : India’s train links with its neighbours. Maitree : : India’s train links with its neighbours. Maitree : Friendship. Samjhauta : Compromise.Friendship. Samjhauta : Compromise.

• Matsyagandha Matsyagandha : "Fragrance/Smell of Fish" . Could be a reference to : "Fragrance/Smell of Fish" . Could be a reference to the Princess of the Sea.the Princess of the Sea.

• Mour DhwajMour Dhwaj : Mour : Peacock, Dhwaj : Flag : Mour : Peacock, Dhwaj : Flag

• PushpakPushpak : Flying chariot of Ravana in Hindu mythology : Flying chariot of Ravana in Hindu mythology


• RajdhaniRajdhani : National capital (Rajdhani), Delhi. : National capital (Rajdhani), Delhi.

• RatnachalRatnachal/ / RatnagiriRatnagiri : Hill of Gems : Hill of Gems

• SadbhavnaSadbhavna : Goodwill : Goodwill

• SamarasataSamarasata/ / SamataSamata : Social Harmony/ Equality : Social Harmony/ Equality

• Sampark KrantiSampark Kranti : A revolution in connectivity : A revolution in connectivity

• Sampoorn KrantiSampoorn Kranti : Total revolution advocated by Late Jaiprakash : Total revolution advocated by Late Jaiprakash Narayan (JP)Narayan (JP)

• Sapta KrantiSapta Kranti : Seven revolutions theory advocated by Dr. Ram Manohar : Seven revolutions theory advocated by Dr. Ram Manohar LohiaLohia


• ShaheedShaheed : Martyr : Martyr

• ShatabdiShatabdi/ / Jan ShatabdiJan Shatabdi : Century. To commemorate : Century. To commemorate Pandit Nehru’s birth centenary in 1988. Shatabdis are Pandit Nehru’s birth centenary in 1988. Shatabdis are luxurious, Jan Shatabdis are not.luxurious, Jan Shatabdis are not.

• Shram ShaktiShram Shakti/ / ShramikShramik/ / ShramjeeviShramjeevi : In honour of the : In honour of the ordinary labourer.ordinary labourer.

• Swarna JayantiSwarna Jayanti : To commemorate the Golden Jubilee of : To commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Indian independence in 1997.Indian independence in 1997.

• UdyogkarmiUdyogkarmi/ / Udyognagari Udyognagari : To honour Indian industry.: To honour Indian industry.


• Udyan Abha ToofanUdyan Abha Toofan : the splendour (abha) of gardens (Ganganagar : the splendour (abha) of gardens (Ganganagar city). Storm (toofan)city). Storm (toofan)

• UpasanaUpasana : Sitting near (to God) : Sitting near (to God)

• UtsargUtsarg : giving as a gift, liberation, flowing into abundance”. : giving as a gift, liberation, flowing into abundance”.

• YuvaYuva : Youth : Youth

• High CourtHigh Court : People from Nanded and Parbhani districts use the train : People from Nanded and Parbhani districts use the train to attend sessions of the Mumbai High Court bench situated at to attend sessions of the Mumbai High Court bench situated at Aurangabad.Aurangabad.

• Jayanti JanataJayanti Janata : To commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Indian : To commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Indian independence in 1972.independence in 1972.


• KanyakubjKanyakubj : Brahmin community centred around : Brahmin community centred around Kasganj in UP.Kasganj in UP.

• KudalKudal : Madurai is often called Koodal Maanagar, : Madurai is often called Koodal Maanagar, Cultural Capital of Tamil Nadu. Cultural Capital of Tamil Nadu.

• PawanPawan : Wind : Wind

• SainikSainik : Shekhawati region of Rajasthan provides the : Shekhawati region of Rajasthan provides the highest number of recruits to the Indian Army.highest number of recruits to the Indian Army.

• ShifungShifung : the traditional Bodo flute. : the traditional Bodo flute.

Thank Thank youyou

ETYMOLOGY OF TRAIN NAMES DR. JITENDRA MULKY DAHANU ROAD WITH A LOT OF HELP FROM irfca.org.

Documents

names of trains

indian railways indian

word gujarat

mahabharata slide

gujjar rashtra

karu nadu

gujjar clan

gujjar nation