Etymological Study of Semitic Languages (Arabic and Hebrew) 268 Appendices Appendix A Compatibility between Arabic and Hebrew with Proto- Semitic Appendix B Proto-Semitic words with meanings Appendix C List of the Semitic languages Appendix D List of the main Hebrew words Appendix E List of the main Arabic words
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Etymological Study of Semitic Languages (Arabic and Hebrew)
268
Appendices
Appendix A
Compatibility between Arabic and Hebrew with Proto-
Semitic
Appendix B
Proto-Semitic words with meanings
Appendix C
List of the Semitic languages
Appendix D
List of the main Hebrew words
Appendix E
List of the main Arabic words
Etymological Study of Semitic Languages (Arabic and Hebrew)
269
Appendix A
Compatibility between Arabic and Hebrew with Proto-Semitic
Compatibility in sound form, and it considered Yes if it is compatible with
any possibility in proto-Semitic word, and the sound ā = a. For verb tens, we
used past tense only which it is in Semitic languages near to proto root with
little modification, few affixes. For names, nouns, adjectives and propositions
they used as they are:
No. Proto-Semitic word Compatibility
with Arabic Compatibility with Hebrew
Incompatibility with Arabic &
Hebrew
4.1.1 *’ab- (m.n) Yes Yes -
4.1.2 *‘aba (v) Yes Yes -
4.1.3 *’adam (n) Yes Yes -
4.1.4 *‘aḥad- (n) Yes No -
4.1.5 *’aḫ- (m.n) Yes No -
4.1.6 *’a/uḫt (f.n) Yes No -
4.1.7 *’ins/š (m.n) Yes No -
4.2.1 *ba’(a/i)s/š (v) No Yes -
4.2.2 *bașal- (n) Yes Yes -
4.2.3 *baʕl- (m.n) Yes No -
4.2.4 *bar(a)d- (n) Yes Yes -
4.2.5 *bi'r- (n) Yes No -
4.2.6 *baar (v) *bazaar (v) Yes Yes -
4.2.7 *bin- (m.n) No No Yes
4.3.1 *j/gadaʕ- (v) Yes Yes -
4.3.2 *jalajal- *gulg/(a/u)l- (n) No No Yes
4.3.3 *j/gam(a)l- (n) Yes Yes -
4.3.4 *j/gann- (n) No No Yes
4.3.5 *j/garab (n) Yes Yes -
4.3.6 *j/g(u/e)bn (n) Yes No -
4.3.7 *j/giyd- (n) Yes Yes -
4.4.1 *dā/(uw)s/š- (v) Yes Yes -
4.4.2 *d(a/i)bowrah (f.n) No Yes -
4.4.3 *dalw (n) Yes No -
4.4.4 *dam- (n) Yes Yes -
4.4.5 *damaʕ- (v) Yes Yes -
4.4.6 *daqaq- (v) No Yes -
4.4.7 *du/abb- (n) Yes No -
Etymological Study of Semitic Languages (Arabic and Hebrew)
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4.5.1 *hadar- (v) Yes Yes -
4.5.2 *ha/eykal (n) Yes Yes -
4.5.3 *halak- (v) Yes Yes -
4.5.4 *halal- (v) No Yes -
4.5.5 *haraj/g (v) Yes Yes -
4.5.6 *haras- (v) Yes Yes -
4.5.7 *huwa (m.n) Yes Yes -
4.6.1 *waʕ(i)l- (n) Yes No -
4.6.2 *w/’ah ad- (v) No No Yes
4.6.3 *warad- (v) Yes No -
4.6.4 *waraq- (n) Yes No -
4.6.5 *wat(a)r- (m.n) Yes No -
4.6.6 *waṯab- (v) Yes No -
4.6.7 *mowzān- (m.n) No No Yes
4.7.1 *zahar- (v) Yes Yes -
4.7.2 *zay(a)d- (v) No No Yes
4.7.3 *zaman- (m.n) Yes No -
4.7.4 *zamar- (v) Yes Yes -
4.7.5 *zanā (v) Yes Yes -
4.7.6 *zar(a)ʕ (v), *ar(a)ʕ (v) Yes No -
4.7.7 *zift- (n) Yes No -
4.8.1 *h abl- (n) Yes No -
4.8.2 *h ay(aw)- *h ay(a/u)w- No Yes -
4.8.3 *h ali(y)b- (n) Yes No -
4.8.4 *h anak-, *h ink- (n) Yes No -
4.8.5 *h aql- (n) Yes No -
4.8.6 *h ar(a)r- (v) Yes Yes -
4.8.7 *h imār- (n) Yes No -
4.9.1 *ţah an- (v) Yes Yes -
4.9.2 *ţayb- (adj) No No Yes
4.9.3 *ţall (n) Yes Yes -
4.9.4 ṭaʕam- (v), *ṭaʕ(a/ā)m (n) No Yes -
4.9.5 *ṭaʕan- (v) Yes Yes -
4.9.6 *ţafah - (v) Yes Yes -
4.9.7 *ṭifl, *ṭaf (n) Yes Yes -
4.10.1 *yabi/aš, *yabi/as (v) Yes Yes -
4.10.2 *yag/jaʕ *wag/jaʕ (v) Yes Yes -
4.10.3 *yad- , *‘iyd- (n) Yes Yes -
4.10.4 *yawm- (n) Yes No -
4.10.5 *yam(m). (m.n) Yes Yes -
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4.10.6 *yamiyn- (n.adj) Yes Yes -
4.10.7 *yaš/sar- (v) Yes Yes -
4.11.1 *ka’s- (f.n) Yes No -
4.11.2 *kāhe/in (n) Yes No -
4.11.3 *Kabiyr , *kaba/ir- Yes Yes -
4.11.4 *kahal- (v), *kuhl (n) Yes Yes -
4.11.5 *kawā- (v) Yes Yes -
4.11.6 *kalb (m.n) Yes No -
4.11.7 *kat(a/i)f (f.n) Yes Yes -
4.12.1 *laban- (m.n) Yes Yes -
4.12.2 *la/ibinah- (f.n) Yes Yes -
4.12.3 *lahab (n), *lahab- (v) Yes Yes -
4.12.4 *lah m (m.n) Yes No -
4.12.5 *lu/iba/un- (m.n) Yes No -
4.12.6 *li/ubb- (n) Yes Yes -
4.12.7 *lis/šān (n) Yes No -
4.13.1 *ma/iţar- (m.n) Yes Yes -
4.13.2 *may (n) No Yes -
4.13.3 *malik- (m.n) Yes No -
4.13.4 *marar- (v) *mur(r)- (n) No Yes -
4.13.5 *muḫḫ (n) Yes No -
4.13.6 *mi/(a)lh - (n) Yes No -
4.13.7 *milāţ- (n) Yes No -
4.14.1 *nāqah (f.n) Yes Yes -
4.14.2 *naba’- (v) Yes Yes -
4.14.3 *nad(a)d- (v) Yes Yes -
4.14.4 *nahaq- (v) Yes Yes -
4.14.5 *na/uwaḫ- (v) Yes No -
4.14.6 *nam(a)lah- (f.n) Yes No -
4.14.7 *nafas/š- (v), *naf(i)s/š-
(n) Yes No -
4.15.1 *sah ab- (v) Yes Yes -
4.15.2 *sakkiyn- (n) No Yes -
4.15.3 *s/ša/ebaʕ- (v) Yes Yes -
4.15.4 *s/šakan (n), *s/šakan- (v) Yes No -
4.15.5 *š/s(a)lam- (n) Yes No -
4.15.6 *s/šamā(y)- (n) No No Yes
4.15.7 *s/šam(a/i)n- (n) Yes No -
4.15.8 *s/šanah (f.n) Yes Yes -
4.15.9 *š/saʕ(i)r (n) No No Yes
4.15.10 *š/saʕr- (m.n) Yes No -
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4.15.11 *s/šurr-(a) (n) Yes No -
4.15.12 *s/šinn- (f.n) Yes No -
4.15.13 *šams/š (f.n) Yes No -
4.15.14 *šatā- (v) Yes Yes -
4.16.1 *ʕabd- (n), *ʕabad- (v) Yes No -
4.16.2 *ʕadā- (v) Yes Yes -
4.16.3 *ʕaţa/(i)s/š- (v) Yes Yes -
4.16.4 *ʕayn- (f.n) Yes Yes -
4.16.5 *ʕalā/y/w (v) Yes Yes -
4.16.6 *ʕaqad- (v) Yes Yes -
4.16.7 *ʕaqrab- (m.n) Yes Yes -
4.17.1 *f/pad(d)an- (m.n) Yes Yes -
4.17.2 *f/pah m- (m.n) Yes No -
4.17.3 *f/paras/š- (n) Yes Yes -
4.17.4 *f/parḫ- (m.n), *f/paraḫ-
(v) Yes No -
4.17.5 *f/patah- (v) Yes Yes -
4.17.6 *f/pwh- or *f/pyh- (m.n) No No Yes
4.17.7 *f/pwl (m.n) Yes Yes -
4.18.1 *șadaq- (v), *șe/idq (n) Yes Yes -
4.18.2 *șā/(aya)d- (v), *șayd (n) Yes No -
4.18.3 *șā/(awa)m- (v) *șa/owm Yes Yes -
4.18.4 *șay/wah - (v) No Yes -
4.18.5 *șalaḥ- (v) Yes Yes -
4.18.6 *șaʕaq- (v) Yes Yes -
4.18.7 *șarr- (v) Yes Yes -
4.19.1 *qabr- (n), *qabar- (v) Yes No -
4.19.2 *qawl- (n) Yes No -
4.19.3 *qal(a)l- (v) Yes Yes -
4.19.4 *qamh- (m.n) Yes No -
4.19.5 *qarn- (n) Yes No -
4.19.6 *qaraș- (v) Yes Yes -
4.19.7 *qatl- (n), *qatal- (v) Yes No -
4.20.1 *ra’ay- (v) No No Yes
4.20.2 *ra’(i)s/š- (m.n) Yes No -
4.20.3 *raway- (v) Yes No -
4.20.4 *raqad- (v) Yes Yes -
4.20.5 *ruwh (n) Yes No -
4.20.6 *rij/gl- (f.n) Yes No -
4.20.7 *ri/ummān (m.n) Yes No -
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4.21.1 *tays/š- (m.n) Yes Yes -
4.21.2 *tam(a)m- (v) Yes Yes -
4.21.3 *tamr- (m.n) Yes No -
4.21.4 *tanniyn- (n) No Yes -
4.21.5 *tuwt (m.n) Yes Yes -
4.21.6 *tib(i)l (m.n) Yes Yes -
4.21.7 *tib(i)n (m.n) Yes Yes -
4.22.1 *ṯad- (n) No No Yes
4.22.2 *ṯa/uwr- (m.n) Yes No -
4.22.3 *ṯayn- (n) No No yes
4.22.4 *ṯakal- (v) No No Yes
4.22.5 *ṯalj/g- (m.n) Yes No -
4.22.6 *ṯanay- (v), *ṯāniy- (adj) No No Yes
4.22.7 *ṯaʕal (probably), *ṯaʕlab
(rare) (m.n) Yes No -
4.23.1 *ḫa/uţm- (n) Yes No -
4.23.2 *ḫaţa’- (v) No No Yes
4.23.3 *ḫaym- (n) Yes No -
4.23.4 *ḫams/š (f.n), ḫamis/šah
(m.n) Yes No -
4.23.5 *ḫarab- (v) No No Yes
4.23.6 *ḫaras/š- (v) No No Yes
4.23.7 *ḫilb- (n) Yes No -
4.24.1 *abah- (v) Yes No -
4.24.2 *a(w)ab- (v) Yes No -
4.24.3 *a/ikar (m.n) Yes No -
4.24.4 *anab (m.n) Yes No -
4.24.5 *aqan- (m.n) No No Yes
4.24.6 *i’b (m.n) Yes No -
4.24.7 *irāʕ (m.n) Yes No -
4.25.1 *d a’(i)n- (n) Yes No -
4.25.2 *d abb (m.n) Yes No -
4.25.3 *d abʕ- (m.n) Yes No -
4.25.4 *d ah ak/q- (v) No No Yes
4.25.5 *d afʕ- (n) Yes No -
4.25.6 *d ar(a)r- (v) *d ārr (n) Yes No -
4.25.7 *d ilʕ- (f.n) Yes No -
4.26.1 *ẓaby (m.n) Yes No -
4.26.2 *ẓa/uh(a)r- (n) Yes No -
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4.26.3 *ẓalām- (n) Yes No -
4.26.4 *ẓami’- (v) *ẓama’ (n) Yes No -
4.26.5 *ẓuf/pr- (n) Yes No -
4.26.6 *ẓur(r)- (m.n) Yes No -
4.26.7 *ẓil(l)- (m.n) Yes No -
4.27.1 *ġādir- (n) Yes No -
4.27.2 *ġaţā- (v) Yes No -
4.27.3 *ġamaḍ- (v) Yes No -
4.27.4 *ġannā- (v) Yes No -
4.27.5 *ġarb- (m.n) No No Yes
4.27.6 *ġ(u/i)lā/im- (m.n) Yes No -
4.27.7 *ġur(a/i)b- (m.n) Yes No -
196 Proto-Semitic words 164 Yes 83.67%
85 Yes 43.36%
21 Yes 10.71%
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4.23.4 *ḫams/š (f.n)
ḫamis/šah (m.n) number five *ḫms/š
4.23.5 *ḫarab- (v) to be waste, be desolate *ḫrb
4.23.6 *ḫaras/š- (v) to be silent, be dumb, be deaf *ḫrs/š
4.23.7 *ḫilb- (n) grease tissue, (fat of the midriff) *ḫlb
4.24.1 *abah- (v) slaughter, sacrifice *bh
4.24.2 *a(w)ab- (v) flow, pour, melt, stream *wb
4.24.3 *a/ikar (m.n) male, man, phallus *kr
4.24.4 *anab (m.n) tail *nb
4.24.5 *aqan- (m.n) (bearded) chin, beard, old man *qn
4.24.6 *i’b (m.n) wolf *’b
4.24.7 *irāʕ (m.n) forearm, arm, strength *rʕ
4.25.1 *d a’(i)n- (n) small cattle, sheep *d ’n
4.25.2 *d abb (m.n) dabb, lizard *d bb
4.25.3 *d abʕ- (m.n) hyena, a rapacious animal *d bʕ
4.25.4 *d ah ak/q- (v) to laugh *d h k
4.25.5 *d afʕ- (n) dung, dung of cattle *d fʕ
4.25.6 *d ar(a)r- (v)
*d ārr (n) (v) be hostile, inflict harm
(n) enemy, harm *d r(r)
4.25.7 *d ilʕ- (f.n) rib, something curved, side *d lʕ
4.26.1 *ẓaby (m.n) gazelle *ẓby
4.26.2 *ẓa/uh(a)r- (n) midday, afternoon, be evident *ẓhr
4.26.3 *ẓalām- (n) darkness *ẓlm
4.26.4 *ẓami’- (v)
*ẓama’ (n)
(v) to be thirsty (n) is thirsty
*ẓm’
4.26.5 *ẓuf/pr- (n) claw, nail *ẓf/pr
4.26.6 *ẓur(r)- (m.n) flint, rock (sharp or round) *ẓrr
4.26.7 *ẓil(l)- (m.n) shadow *ẓll
4.27.1 *ġādir- (n) an animal remaining or left
behind *ġdr
4.27.2 *ġaţā- (v) to wrap *ġţy
4.27.3 *ġamaḍ- (v) to close the eyes *ġmḍ
4.27.4 *ġannā- (v) to sing *ġna
4.27.5 *ġarb- (m.n) sunset *ġrb
4.27.6 *ġ(u/i)lā/im- (m.n) young man of the age of puberty *ġlm
4.27.7 *ġur(a/i)b- (m.n) crow, raven *ġrb
Etymological Study of Semitic Languages (Arabic and Hebrew)
281
Appendix C
List of the Semitic languages1683.
No. Language name found (Out of 196 word)
1 Arabic 196
2 Akkadian 132
3 Amharic 10
4 Aramaic 160
5 Assyrian 83
6 Biblical Aramaic 38
7 Canaanite 58
8 Eblaite 15
9 Epigraphic South Arabian1684 45
10 Ethiopic, Ethiopian 106
11 Geʕez 78
12 Hebrew 196
13 Judaic Aramaic 77
14 Mandaic Aramaic 60
15 Modern Aramaic 28
16 Phoenician 51
17 Syrian Aramaic 107
19 Syriac 156
20 Ugaritic 118
21 Other languages1685 6
1720 words
1683 Notice about the languages which used in comparison, for Aramaic (Mandaic, Judaic, Biblical, Syrian and Modern) are dialects rather than independents languages. The language Syriac is equal to Syrian Aramaic. 1684 It is not a special language, but old inscriptions for dead languages, they help in finding Proto-Semitic root. 1685 Other languages are: Amorite, old south Arabian, Moabite, Sabaean and Samaritan.
Etymological Study of Semitic Languages (Arabic and Hebrew)
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Arabic11%
Akkadian8%
Amharic1%
Aramaic9%
Assyrian5%
Biblical Aramaic2%
Canaanite3%
Eblaite1%
Epigraphic South Arabian
3%
Ethiopic, Ethiopian6%
Geʕez5%
Hebrew11%
Judaic Aramaic4%
Mandaic Aramaic3%
Modern Aramaic2%
Phoenician3%
Syrian Aramaic6%
Syriac9%
Ugaritic7%
Other languages0%
Semitic languageswhich used in comparison
1720 words
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283
Appendix D
List of the main Hebrew words.
No. Hebrew
word Transliteration
Gramatical Statues Meaning
āb (m.n) father, august, leader, God' אב 4.1.1
4.1.2 D¡A¡@ 'ābāh (v) be willing, want
4.1.3 M¡C¡@ ‘ādām (m.n) the first man made, a human
being
eḥad (n) one, unity, first, alone, single' אחד 4.1.4
4.1.5 G¡@ ‘āḥ (m.n) brother
4.1.6 Z]G¡@ ‘āh owt (f.n) sister (same father, different
mother, either parent it)
4.1.7 [¡P¨¡¥@ ,
[]Pª@ 'enaš, ‘änōš (m.n)
man, people, mankind, mortal, person
4.2.1 [¢@¡¡d bā'aš (v) to smell bad, to stink, to be evil