Ethyl Benzene

Ethyl Benzene

Hashim Khan

(DDP-SP13-

BEC-53)

Abu Bakar

(DDP-SP13-

BEC-43)

Zohaib Uzair

(DDP-SP13-

BEC-101)

Shahzaib

Younis

(DDP-SP13-

BEC-85)

Ethyl Benzene

Introduction Manufacture

RoutesChemistry

Uses & Applications

Effects On Human Health


RoutesChemistry

Uses & Applications


Ethylbenzene was first

produced on a commercial scale in the

1930s in Germany and

the United States.

The ethylbenzene–styrene industry remained relatively

insignificant until the Second World War, when the demand

for synthetic styrene–butadiene rubber prompted accelerated

technology improvements and tremendous capacity expansion.

History

Nomenclature

Reg. No.: 100-41-4 EthylbenzeneEB; ethyl benzol; α-methyl toluene;

phenyl ethane

• Ethylbenzene (EB) is a

• Colorless

• Aromatic liquid

• Has a boiling point of 136.2°C which is very closeto that of p-xylene

• This complicates separating it from the C 8aromatic equilibrium mixture obtained fromcatalytic reforming processes. Ethyl benzeneobtained from this source, however, is smallcompared to the synthetic route.

Description Colorless liquid with an aromatic odor (Coty et al., 1987)

Boiling-point 136.2 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996)

Melting-point –94.9 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996)

Density 0.8670 g/cm 3 at 20 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996)

Spectroscopy data

Infrared, ultraviolet [97], nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectraldata have been reported (Lide & Milne, 1996)

Solubility Slightly soluble in water (152 mg/L at 20 °C) (ECETOC, 1986) andchloroform; miscible with diethyl ether and ethanol (Lide & Milne,1996)

Volatility Vapor pressure, 1.28 kilo Pascal at 25 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996); relativevapor density (air = 1), 3.7 (Verschueren, 1996); flash-point (closed-cup), 15 °C (Coty et al., 1987)

Octanol/water partition

coefficient (P)

log P, 3.15 (Verschueren, 1996)

Conversion factor

mg/m 3 = 4.34 × ppm


RoutesChemistry

Uses & Applications


• Alkylation Of Benzene

• Ethylene is also an active alkylating agent.

• Alkylation of benzene with ethylene producesethyl benzene.

• Ethyl benzene can be dehydrogenated to styrene.

• Styrene is a monomer used in the manufacture ofmany commercial polymers and copolymers.

Benzene Ethylene Ethyl Benzene

The main process for producing EB is the catalyzedalkylation of benzene with ethylene.

Chapter 17 13

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation

• Synthesis of alkyl benzenes from alkyl halides and a Lewis acid, usually AlCl3.

Organic Chem4 614

Ethyl Benzene


RoutesChemistry

Uses & Applications


• Badger process which has been commercializedsince 1980, can accept dilute ethylene streams suchas those produced from FCC off gas.

• A zeolite type heterogeneous catalyst is used in afixed bed process. The reaction conditions are420°C and 200–300 psi.

• Over 98% yield is obtained at 90% conversion.

Poly ethylbenzene

(poly-alkylated) and unreacted

benzene are recycled and join the fresh feed to

the reactor.

The reactor effluent is fed to

the benzene fractionation

system to recover unreacted benzene.

The bottoms containing

ethylbenzene and heavier poly

alkylates are fractionated in two columns.

The first column separates the ethylbenzene

product, and the other separates

poly-ethylbenzene for

recycling.


RoutesChemistry

Uses & Applications


Ethylbenzene is almost exclusively (> 99%) used as an intermediate for the manufacture

of styrene monomer.

Less than 1% of the ethylbenzene produced is used as a paint solvent or as an

intermediate for the production of diethyl benzene and acetophenone.

Ethylbenzene has been added to motor and aviation fuels because of its anti-knock

properties. Estimates of ethylbenzene in gasoline have ranged from < 1–2.7%.

Ethylbenzene is also used as a negative photoresist solvent in the semiconductor

industry.

• Ethylbenzene is also present in commercialmixed xylenes at levels up to 25%, theethylbenzene present in recovered mixed xylenesis largely converted to xylenes or benzene.

• Other than that it is also present in many

– paints

– lacquers

– printing inks

– insecticides

– solvents

– rubber and chemical industries


RoutesChemistry

Uses & Applications


There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of ethylbenzene.

There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the

carcinogenicity of ethylbenzene.

But based on results of test performed on test species ethylbenzene is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

Production Of Methanol With Bio Gas

What is Biogas? Methanol Synthesis In Pakistan

Organic Waste + Microorganisms

Biogas

Digestate

What Is Biogas?

Manufacture

AD is a microbiological process of decomposition of organic matter, in the absence of oxygen, common to many natural environments

and largely applied today to produce biogas in airproof reactor tanks, commonly named digesters.

ProcessA wide range of micro-organisms are involved in the anaerobic

process which has two main end products: biogas and digestate.

Co

mp

.

Biogas is a combustible gas consisting of methane, carbon dioxide and small amounts of other gases and trace elements. Digestate is the decomposed substrate, rich in macro- and micro nutrients and

therefore suitable to be used as plant fertilizer.

• Common Biomass Categories

• Animal manure and slurry

• Agricultural residues and by-products

• Digestible organic wastes from food and agroindustries (vegetable and animal origin)

• Organic fraction of municipal waste and fromcatering (vegetable and animal origin)

• Sewage sludge

• Dedicated energy crops (e.g. maize, miscanthus,sorghum, clover)

The initial material is continuously broken down into smaller units.Specific groups of micro-organisms are involved in each individualstep. These organisms successively decompose the products of theprevious steps. The simplified diagram of the AD process, shown inFigure 3.5, highlights the four main process steps: hydrolysis,acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.

Municipal solid waste supplied to a German biogas plant

Maize silage

Biogas installations, processing agricultural substrates, aresome of the most important applications of AD today.

In Asia alone, millions of family owned, small scale digestersare in operation in countries like China, India, Nepal andVietnam, producing biogas for cooking and lighting.

Thousands of agricultural biogas plants are in operation inEurope and North America, many of them using the newesttechnologies within this area, and their number iscontinuously increasing. In Germany alone, more than 3700agricultural biogas plants were in operation in 2007.

The World’s economies are dependent today of crude oil. There issome disagreement among scientists on how long this fossil resourcewill last but according to researchers, the “peak oil production”* hasalready occurred or it is expected to occur within the next period oftime.

Methane yield from various biomass stocks

CO2

Biogas

CO2

Organics


From Biogas

Purification


Reference Files\methanol-fact-sheet.pdf

Reference Files/methanol-fact-sheet.pdf

Biogas plants will be installed for the operation of 100,000tube wells across the Punjab.

At present. 835000 tube wells run on high speed diesel; 70% ofthese tube wells are owned by small farmers who constitute85% of the farmers population.

The main objective of this initiative is to reduce energy costs.Furthermore, the project will also offer huge benefits byreducing huge costs on imported petroleum.

It is estimated that each biogas operated tube well (16 HP) willresult In saving more than 2000 liters of high speed diesel

annually.

Biogas Concept\My Movie.mp4

Biogas Concept/My Movie.mp4

Thanks

• Last slide

Ethyl Benzene

History & Process Ethylbenzene was first produced on a commercial scale in the 1930s in Germany and the United

States. The ethylbenzene–styrene industry remained relatively insignificant until the Second World

War, when the demand for synthetic styrene–butadiene rubber prompted accelerated

technology improvements and tremendous capacity expansion.

There are many processes to convert ethylene and benzene into ethyl benzene. One of them is

Badger process. The process flow diagram is given above.

Applications There are many applications of ethyl benzene… Some of them are…

1. paints

2. lacquers

3. printing inks

4. insecticides

5. solvents

Figure 1-Badger Process For Ethyl Benzene Synthesis

Ethyl Benzene

Education