Ethnocentrism, Globalization, and Global Citizenship Salzburg Global Seminar 1
Nov 18, 2014
Ethnocentrism,
Globalization, and Global
Citizenship
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Mapping Ethnocentrism
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Key Concepts
�Culture
�Ethnocentrism
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Ethnocentrism
�World Maps?
Culture
� Not “High Culture” but …
� "the total way of life of a people” (Kluckhohn, 1944)
� “The system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the
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customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another” (Bates & Plog, 1990)� Beliefs; worldviews; traditions; practices;
artifacts; long-term political and economic structures; mentality
Ethnocentrism
� Ethnos – group of people who identify with each other through shared culture
� Centrism – at the center
� Notion that one’s own ethnic group is
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� Notion that one’s own ethnic group is centrally important – seeing the world from that perspective
Why World Maps?
�People forget maps are maps
�We grow up seeing and believing inworld maps
�World maps are cultural artifacts that
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�World maps are cultural artifacts that differ as cultures differ
�Example of visible ethnocentrism
USA, Mercator Projection
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West Europe
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USSR / Russia
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Australia (“DOWN-UNDER MAP”)
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People’s Republic of China
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� Where do I stand in the world?
� How do I see others and myself?
� How do others see me?
� Why does it matter?
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� Why does it matter? � Cultural relativism
� Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Successfully functioning in society with its diverse values, traditions and lifestyles
requires us ‘to have a relationship to our own reactions rather than to be captive of them.
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of them. To resist our tendencies to make right and true that which is merely familiar, and wrong and false that which is only strange.”
Robert Kegan – quoted from Matthew Taylor, “21st
Century Enlightenment,” Royal Society of Arts Animate
Mapping Globalization
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Globalization I
� Cliché, buzzword, catch-all
� Name for the times in which we live, but what is new/different now?
� Interconnectedness
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� Interconnectedness
� The World is Flat?
� Or sharp asymmetries in terms of power leverage & distribution of wealth?
� Or both?
Land Area
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All World Mapper images availabe at www.worldmapper.org© Copyright SASI Group (University of Sheffield) and Mark Newman (University of Michigan).
Population
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Population Growth
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Declining Population
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Wealth (Purchasing Power)
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Living on Less than $1 per Day
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Toys Imports
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Toys Exports
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Arms Exports
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War Deaths
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Globalization Defined (?)
“the growing interdependencies of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, and of international
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and services, and of international capital flows; and also through the rapid and widespread diffusion of all kinds of technology.”
- IMF Definition
But Which Globalization?
Market vs. social justice
(money) (people)
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(money) (people)
What Globalization� Homogenization
� Hybridization
� Superdiversity
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� Superdiversity
Homogenization
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Hybridization
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Domino’s new “American Classic Cheeseburger Pizza” Junk Food News
Prosciutto e Melone Pizza
At the Via Napoli Pizzeria and Ristorante in the Italy Pavilion World Showcase at EPCOT
Hybridization
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Hybridization
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Muchati Kudiiko? --Mbira DzeNharira
Hybridization
Todii
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How big is the Internet?~1.3 billion IP addresses (as of December 2012)
http://internetcensus2012.bitbucket.org/paper.html
(note: each IP address can connect to multiple computers)
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Southern Hemisphere Offline?Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
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Visualizing Facebook Connections
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The examples and perspectives inthis article deal primarily with the
United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please
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worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page.
[wikipedia]
The World According to Flushing
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Globalization II
“(G)lobalization is a set of processes by which more people become connected in more and different ways across ever greater
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different ways across ever greater distances.”
Frank J. Lechner, John Boli (eds),
The Globalization Reader (2009)
GLOBAL INTERACTION
WORLD-WIDE INTERCONNECTEDNESS
travel / investment / finance
EXTENSITY
Stretching across political frontiers, regions, continents
IMPACT
Deepening
VELOCITY
Speeding up the
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travel / investment / finance
migration / culture / informationDeepening
local developments, global consequences
Speeding up the diffusion of ideas, goods, information, people, capital
INTENSITY
Growing strength of interconnectedness
EXTENSITYIndonesia: one of the world‘s largest suppliers
of int‘l frog leg trade – export into more than 150 countries
IMPACTGrowth in foreign trade ↔depletion of local
VELOCITY~900% increase of frog leg
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trade ↔depletion of local frog population ���� explosion of insects and parasites ���� use of pestizides
of frog leg production by Indonesia since 1970‘s
INTENSITYEU imports annually ~4.5 million kg frog legs (10m lbs / 200m frogs) mainly from
Indonesia – value: ~€27m/$38m
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Catalogued Space Debris (ESA)
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Globalization II
“(G)lobalization refers to a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social inter-dependence and
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social inter-dependence and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant.”
Manfred Steger (ed), Rethinking Globalism (2004)
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From: Steffen et al. 2004
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From: Steffen et al. 2004
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World 7,165,365,15218:12 CET, Jul 15, 2013
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United Nations Millennium Declaration 2000
“We believe that the central challenge we face today is to ensure that globalization becomes a positive force for all the world’s people. For while
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for all the world’s people. For while globalization offers great opportunities, at present its benefits are very unevenly shared, while its costs are unevenly distributed.”
Chaos or Community?
”We have inherited a large house, a great “world house” in which we have to live together—black and white, Easterner and Westerner, Gentile and Jew, Catholic and Protestant, Moslem and Hindu—a family
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Protestant, Moslem and Hindu—a family unduly separated by ideas, culture and interest, who, because we can never again live apart, must learn somehow to live with each other in peace… we cannot ignore the larger world house in which we are also dwellers.”
Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (Boston 1967)
GLOBAL [MEDIA] LITERACY ?
GLOBAL
MEDIA
LITERACY
A. Global media ���� literacy ?
B. Media literacy ���� global ?
C. Global literacy ���� media ?
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Global Citizenship
normative empirical / factual aspirational
values/norms/dutiespersonal responsibilities
being member of aworld community
close the gap btwnorms & reality /
‘improve the world’
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‘improve the world’
transnational institutions / ‘spaces’
moral dimension/respect
action to strengthenglobal community/institutions/legal frameworks etc
“I / we should…” “We are…” “We can / ought to…”
Visualizing Facebook Connections
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A Global Virtual community?
1 billion active users
More than:
405 billion minutes/month on Facebook405 billion minutes/month on Facebook
281 million days/month
77,000 years /month
11,000 lifetimes/month
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www.worldvaluessurvey.org.
The World Value Survey Cultural Map 2005-2008
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Five major components
of a global education
1. Perspective consciousness
2. “State of the Planet” awareness
3. Cross-cultural awareness 3. Cross-cultural awareness
4. Knowledge of global dynamics
5. Awareness of human choices
(Robert G. Hanvey, An Attainable Global Perspective)
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1. Perspective consciousness
Students need to understand that their view is
not shared universally. They must develop
the ability to see the world through the
perspective of others.
(…)(…)
5. Awareness of human choices
Students need to understand the
responsibilities, realize the choices facing
individuals, and nations, and learn how to act
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