Ethnobotany of the Ais

Friday, March 20, 2015

Ethnobotany of the Ais!

Topic Statement - Knowledge of the Ais or Ays Indians!

• did not leave a written language!

- "The Ais language was quite different in structure than any other Florida tribe. Some believe the Ais were offshoots of the Mayans or Aztecs of Central America because of similarities in language. There have also been archeological finds that support this hypothesis." !1 2

- !• there verbal language's origin is under dispute!

- "Circumstantial evidence, particularly resemblance in town names, leads to the conclusion that the Ais language was similar to that of the Calusa and the other south Florida tribes. (See Calusa.) It is believed that it was connected with the Muskhogean stock." !3

- A migration legend of the Creek Indians By Albert Samuel Gatschet he says the Ais were a province of the Tequesta !4

- the language may be related to the Taino of the Bahamas and Cuba !5

- Ais' Knowledge of plants is limited!

• we only know from the european written experiences, before the Ais's existence was removed from Florida in the 1700s!

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�1

http://www.jonhamilton.org/Ais1

Dr. Eugene Lyon , InterviewWith Dr. Eugene Lyon Author’s recorded interview, October 6, 2

1999. Vero Beach, FL: WSCF-FMAuthors Note: Dr. Lyon holds his doctorate in Latin-American History andis a specialist in the sixteenth century Spanish presence in North America.For thirteen years he directed the Center for Historic Research at FlaglerCollege.4 Irving

http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/ais-indians.htm3

A migration legend of the Creek Indians By Albert Samuel Gatschet, page 134

Indians of Central and South Florida, 1513-1763, John H. Hann, pages 53-545

Friday, March 20, 2015- disease !6

- English wanting slaves - "It was the English seaborne slave raids of the latter part of the 1600s, which moved the Ais to finally ally with the Spaniards." !7

- political change - Spanish Leaving Florida to the British - Ais Indians were taken to Havana - " The last major exodus occurred when the Spanish traded Florida to England. Bernard Romans wrote in 1763 about 80 indigenous Florida Indian families who had fled from the Keys on a ship bound for Havana. Present documentation seems to suggest that the embarkation occurred from St. Augustine. Some of these may have returned later to form the "Spanish Indians." Some may have hidden in the Everglades." !8

- Use of Ais' knowledge of plants limited as well!

- The Ais were known to inhabit the Brevard County coastline !9

- Using other sources, including history, needs to be incorporated to give a better understanding of Ais ethnobotany!

Knowledge of the Ais - Knowledge of the Ais begins during the 1500s!

• Spanish!

- Though the first expeditions were by water (beginning with Juan Ponce de Leon’s 1513 voyage to the Atlantic coast of Florida and then the region of the Calusa Indians) the Spanish crown soon sanctioned overland expeditions intended to explore, found settlements, and extend Spanish control from New Spain (Mexico) around the Gulf coast into what became La Florida. !10

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�2

Cocoa, Florida: A History By Bob Harvey, page 246

Ais Indians' Alliances, Diplomacy, and Networks in the Southeastern Borderlands, 1549-1696, 7

Peter Ferdinando, page 10.

http://www.keyshistory.org/histindians.html8

Encyclopedia of Florida Indians Donald B. Ricky9

http://teachingflorida.org/article/Florida-Indians-from-Ancient-Time-to-the-Present10

Friday, March 20, 2015- These expeditions—by Pánfilo de Narváez (1528)(western florida), Hernando de

Soto (1539)(western Florida) and Tristán de Luna y Arellano (1559)(west Florida)—all ended in failure. !11

- In 1566 Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, founder of St. Augustine, Florida, established a fort and mission at an Ais town, which the Spanish called Santa Lucía. !12

- In 1605, the Governor, Pedro de Ibarra sent a soldier by the name of Alvaro Mexia on a diplomatic mission to the Ais Indian Nation. !13

• French!

- After the French established a small colony (Fort Caroline) on the St. Johns River east of Jacksonville in 1564, the Spaniards again sought a base in Florida. That was accomplished in 1565 when Fort Caroline was destroyed and the town of St. Augustine was founded. !14

- The influence of Windover and other Pre-Archaic peoples!

• their knowledge may have been passed down to the Ais indians through the generations, but there is no documentation of this theory!

- Influence of the Archaic and Glades Periods!

- Influence of other tribes in La Florida before statehood!

• There is evidence of communication between tribes!

• Some tribes may have been overlords to other tribes!

- the Calusa over the Ais!

- The Ais over the Jaega!

Our Ais' Knowledge of Plants is limited - Historical sources are few!

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�3

Ibid.11

http://www.houseofrefugefl.org/ais-native-american-artifacts.htm12

Ibid.13

http://teachingflorida.org/article/Florida-Indians-from-Ancient-Time-to-the-Present14

Friday, March 20, 2015• passed down to the present are several first hand accounts, but those accounts are

by no means numerous!

• While there are accounts from the many tribes of La Florida, very few speak directly about the Ais!

- Historical sources are general in the identification or in the passing of various plant resources available to the Ais indians!

• common names are used!

- either in the particular language of the writer!

- subsequent translations have tried to interpret the original writer's intent!

• John Ray publishes History of plants (1686) !15

• Joseph Pitton de Tournefort publishes Eléments de botanique, ou Méthode pour reconnaître les Plantes (1694) !16

• Binomial nomenclature for plants was yet to be developed by Carl Linneaus (Carlus Linneaus)(Carl Von Linne)(Carolus a Linne) !17

-  the manuscript was published as Systema Naturae (1735) !18

- as today, many common names for the same plant existed causing confusion as to what plant the early writers were actually identifying!

• William Bartram's exploration of Florida is the first scienitific expediation for plant collecting in 1774. The naturalist was exploring British East Florida from the St. Johns River to the Payne's Prairie area, south of Gainesville. !19

- Ais language is not well known!

• very few words are known!

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ray15

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort16

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus17

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus18

https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/naturalists/bartramw01.htm, accessed 2015071613230019

Friday, March 20, 2015• the words were translated into the writer's language, which corrupted their original

pronunciation !20

Use of Ais plants' knowledge limited as well - Historical sources do not expand upon the Ais's 'cornucopia' of plants!

• early writers did not have an explorer's interest in cataloguing all the plants used!

• early writers concentrated on plants they came in direct contact with the indians on a daily basis!

- Archeological sites have been destroyed, damaged, or limited in extending our knowledge of the plant materials used!

• Barker's Bluff !21

• shell middens were often used as a resource for road development in the Twentieth Century before their archeological significance was ascertained!

Using other sources, including history, needs to be incorporated to give a better understanding of Ais ethnobotany - contributions of other fields may help to piece together a better picture of Ais

ethnobotany!

- Archeology's contribution!

• Archaic contributions!

- Archaic sites in Brevard County!

• Windover Pond!

- Windover Archeological Site (8BR246)                                                                                    (added 1987

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�5

Title: A provisional gazetteer of Florida place-names of Indian derivation, either obsolescent or 20

retained, together with others of recent application ( FGS:Special publication 1 )URL: http://ufdc.ufl.edu//UF00000484/00001Site: University of Florida Digital Collections. Page 15 has a good discussion on languages problem.

http://www.academia.edu/1084655/21

The_Location_of_the_Paramount_Town_of_the_Ais_Indians_and_the_General_Location_of_the_Indians_of_Santa_Lucia, page 118

Friday, March 20, 2015- - #87000810) Also known as 8BR246 Address Restricted , Titusville !

- Windover Pond discovers include many plant samples directly associated with the native population of the time.!

- These precursor plants help to know which plants were useful before the time of the Ais habitation!

• Duda Ranch Mound                                                                                                        (added 1994 - - #94000355) Also known as Turtle Mound;8BR18 Address Restricted , Rockledge !22

- Examination of the mound !23

• Indian Fields                                                                                                           (added 1994 - - #94000358) Also known as 8BR5 Address Restricted , Titusville !24

- 28°00′59″N 80°46′28″W !25

- "Indian Fields Mound - N28 36.051 W80 56.703 (this seems to be the better coordinates for the site, still unconfirmed) This mound does not seem to appear on maps, I was shown it by a friend. It rises quite a bit above the land around it, with a huge oak tree near the top. I was told it is considered an historical place, but like so many things in Florida, information about it is hard to come by. It is located in the Salt Lake WMA. You can get to it by boat (kayak) or by land. If you don’t mind crossing a creek, the closest access point is from the observation tower gate on Hatbill Road (N28 37.853 W80 56.851). You can take the long way in from the main entrance to the Salt Lake WMA (N28 38.401 W80 53.397). The area around it has quite a few

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�6

http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/fl/brevard/state.html22

http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00065/17j, pages 101-106.23

http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/fl/brevard/state.html.24

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Fields25

Friday, March 20, 2015wild grapefruit and orange trees, as this once was an orchard quite a ways back." !26

- "The Indian Fields are a collection of historic sites in Brevard County, Florida. They are located on the southeast bank of Ruth Lake, approximately eight miles west of Titusville. On April 14, 1994, they were added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. " !27

- Map from Google on the portable Drive!

• Moccasin Island                                                                                                         (added 1994 - - #94000356) Also known as 8BR16 Address Restricted , Rockledge !28

- Coordinates:   28°14'45"N   80°50'30"W!

- "An Indian shell midden located on the eastern shore of Lake Winder within the River Lakes Conservation Area. This area can be accessed either by boat or from the parking area for Moccasin Island Tract. From the parking area you would head north, then west. You can find some trail maps on Google Earth or at www.wikiloc.com " !29

- Map from Google on portable drive!

• Persimmon Mound                                                                                                         (added 1994 - - #94000357) Also known as 8BR17 Address Restricted , Rockledge !30

• Coordinates: 28°15′N 80°48′W / 28.25°N 80.8°W!

• 28°13'8"N 80°51'5"W near the St. Johns eastern tributary!

• Maps on the Portable Drive!

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�7

http://tomchoma.blogspot.com/2009/07/st-johns-river-mounds-there-is-mess-of.html26

http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/indian_fields27

http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/fl/brevard/state.html.28

http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=28.245874&lon=-80.841887&z=19&m=b&show=/29

13408411/Moccasin-Island

http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/fl/brevard/state.html30

Friday, March 20, 2015• Sams Site/Pine Island Conservation Area!

- The site is part of the Brevard County Environmentally Endangered Lands Program Pine Island Conservation Area. The site contains one of the oldest houses in Brevard County a second house of unique architectural style, Native American burial mound, prehistoric village site, and paleontological site (the paleontological site is not accessible to the public). The houses have been restored and an onsite museum is under development. !31 32

• Seminole Rest!

- Located in Volusia County, near Oak Hill this site is a prehistoric midden (2000 BC to AD 1565) site on which sits a historic house. It is open to the public and is owned and maintained by the National Park Service. !33 34

• Turtle Mound!

- Turtle Mound is a prehistoric shell midden located on Canaveral National Seashore 9 miles (14 km) south of New Smyrna Beach, Florida. In 1970 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is the largest shell midden on the mainland United States. It is open to the public and is owned and maintained by the National Park Service. !35 36

• Pentoaya !37

• Cabbage Mound !

- 8 BR 19 !38

- on Lake Washington near Melbourne!

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�8

http://www.nbbd.com/npr/archaeology-iras/31

http://www.nbbd.com/npr/archaeology-iras/pineisland.html32

http://www.nbbd.com/npr/archaeology-iras/33

http://www.nps.gov/cana/upload/seminole_rest_significance.pdf34

http://www.nbbd.com/npr/archaeology-iras/35

http://www.nbbd.com/godo/cns/Brochures/!turtlem.pdf36

http://www.brevardcounty.us/docs/default-source/Files/2008-spring-summer.pdf?sfvrsn=8, 37

page 7-24.

http://opencontext.dainst.org/subjects/FB349E0C-0AEC-4BA8-B2C0-9A4D3D758D6E38

Friday, March 20, 2015• Map of the Cape Canerval Area showing the various shell middens along the

barrier islands !39

• Glades contributions!

- Climatology/Metrology contribution!

• Climate of Windover people (7000 - 11000 years ago)!

- cooler and drier because of the Ice Age!

- ocean shore line much further to the east!

- closest water body was the St. John's river basin!

• Climate of Ais people!

- more like today's climate!

- Part of the Little Ice Age, 1300-1870 !40

- ocean water level higher than the Ice Age giving the Ais two water bodies to forage from, the St. John's River Basin and the Atlantic Ocean and Lagoon System!

- Biology's contribution!

• maps of biological communities!

- plant community map !41

- various environmental studies!

• studies of subspecies!

- as part of this study, subspecies will be discussed due to their regional interest!

- example: coontie!

- Geology's contribution!

• Maps of discovery!

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�9

This map was part of a presentation by the chair of the Brevard County Historical 39

Commission. His name is Alan Brech. The map showed various indian middens along the Indian River Lagoon system.

http://www.eh-resources.org/timeline/timeline_lia.html40

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/images/maps/vegetation_map_large.pdf41

Friday, March 20, 2015- Alberto Cantino planisphere of 1502 !42 43

- Genoese Caveri map (ca. 1504) !44

- Martin Waldseemiiller (ca.1507). !45

• maps of soil surveys of Brevard County !46

• Florida geologic formations !47

- Beach ridge and dune!

- Anastasia Formation!

- Holocene sediments!

• Estuary use!

- Ais used the middle St. Johns !48

- the Alantic Ocean's Gulf Stream!

• Wreckage of European Ships, primarily Spanish!

• Ambergris !49

- The intercoastal waters!

• Indian River Lagoon!

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�10

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantino_planisphere 42

THE FIRST EUROPEAN CHARTING OF FLORIDA ANDTHE ADJACENT SHORES, 43

DOUGLAS T. PECK, Volume 34, 2003, The Florida Geographer, page 86.

Ibid, page 8744

Ibid.45

http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00026071/00001/1x46

http://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/fips-unit.php?code=f1200947

The Early History of the St. John's River By Ed Winn, pages 7-848

http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2005-06-12/news/sjimr12.020_1_spanish-florida-ais-whale49

Friday, March 20, 2015- St. Lucie River's South Fork provided means to get to Lake Okeechobee. This

would be before the construction of the C-44 canal to the Lake between 1916 and 1928. !50

- The Miami River was known to be a water trail to Lake Okeechobee !51

- Zoology's contribution!

• midden contents!

- containing charred fish ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !bones, fiber tempered pottery and shells !52

• zoological populations!

- Economy's contribution!

• Jeaga trade route to the north to the Ais!

• Trade with northern tribes along the Atlantic coast!

• Spanish influence on Ais trading from St. Augustine's founding!

• Calusa trading!

- Ecology's contribution!

• Beneficial ecologies for tribe survival!

- rich spawning grounds!

- relatively quiet water for transport!

• Barrier ecologies as forage resources!

- relatively warmer climate than the mainland brought a wider variety of plants to the barrier islands!

• Wetlands of the Lagoon and as part of the St. John's river valley!

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�11

St. Lucie River Watershed Protection Plan, page 1-1.50

Title: A provisional gazetteer of Florida place-names of Indian derivation, eitherobsolescent or 51

retained, together with others of recent application ( FGS:Special publication 1 )URL: http://ufdc.ufl.edu//UF00000484/00001Site: University of Florida Digital Collections, page 73.

http://www.houseofrefugefl.org/ais-native-american-artifacts.htm52

Friday, March 20, 2015• Ecology of Windover throughout the past and present !53

- LINEWETLAND CLASSESLacustrine, limnetic and littoralPalustrine, aquatic bedPalustrine, emergentPalustrine, forestedPalustrine, scrub-shrubPalustrine, unconsolidated bottomRiverineCITYCOASTLINEBasefromU. !54

- Politic's contribution!

• The political pecking order of the tribes of southern Florida!

- The Calusa seem to be the dominate tribe over the Ais !55

- Tribes to the south of the Ais seem to be subordinate to the Ais!

• Relationships with outsiders and colonists!

- were not interested in learning about Christianity!

- were fearful of others using their resources!

• refugees from the Spanish takeover of Cuba by the Spanish travel to the Calusa !56

- Using a holistic approach to better understand Ais ethnobotany!

- Ways to organize Ais Ethnobotany !

• By elevation!

- Flood Zone Maps !57

- USGS topography maps !58

• By distance from the ocean!

• By soil type!

• By plant community!

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�12

http://www.its.fsu.edu/index.php/content/download/123231/1107479/file/53

FileTurossdoranwindover.pdf

http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1342/pdf/C1342_Appendix.pdf, page 11354

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calusa55

Discovering Florida: First-Contact Narratives from Spanish Expeditions along the Lower Gulf 56

Coast, Edited and translated by John E. Worth, page 8.

http://gis.brevardcounty.us/flood_map/57

https://www.topoquest.com/58

Friday, March 20, 2015

- Plant Communities in Brevard County!

• 1 - Beach Dune Zone 9 !59

• 1 - Beach Dune Zone 10 !60

• 2 - Pine Flatwoods Zone 9 !61

• 2 - Pine Flatwoods Zone 10 !62

• 5 - Scrub Forests Zone 9 !63

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�13

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/beach-dunes-zone-959

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/beach-dunes-zone-1060

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/pine-flatwoods-zone-961

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/pine-flatwoods-zone-1062

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/scrub-forests-zone-963

Friday, March 20, 2015•5 - Scrub Forests Zone 10 !64

•8 - Hydric Hammocks Zone 9 !65

•8 - Hydric Hammocks Zone 10 !66

•9 - Mangrove Swamps Zone 9 !67

•9 - Mangrove Swamps Zone 10 !68

•13 - Prairies Zone 9 !69

•13 - Prairies Zone 10 !70

•15 - Forests of Abundant Cabbage Palm Zone 9 !71

•15 - Forests of Abundant Cabbage Palm Zone 10 !72

•16 - Freshwater Marshes Zone 9 !73

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�14

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/scrub-forests-zone-1064

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/hydric-hammocks-zone-965

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/hydric-hammocks-zone-1066

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/mangrove-swamps-zone-967

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/mangrove-swamps-zone-1068

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/prairies-zone-969

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/prairies-zone-1070

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/forests-of-abundant-cabbage-palm-71

zone-9

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/forests-of-abundant-cabbage-palm-72

zone-10

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/freshwater-marshes-zone-973

Friday, March 20, 2015• 16 - Freshwater Marshes Zone 10 !74

• By economic value!

• By trade value!

• By trade route!

• By political value!

- as part of the tribal pecking oreder!

- as part of the recovery efforts of the Spanish!

• By historical means!

Ethnobotany subjects known to the Ais - Beach Species!

• Coccoloba uvifera - Sea Grape!

• Flowering Time - "flowering is generally concentrated between January and August" !75

• Flower - DescriptionCoccoloba uvifera flower.jpgCoccoloba uviferaEnglish: Sea Grape Flowers.Français : Fleurs de Raisin de bord de mer.DateSourceOwn workAuthorIanaré Sévi !76

• Fruiting Time - "fruiting between March and October" !77

• Fruit lasts?, ripe when purple in color, takes two months to ripen. "They remain green and hard for a long time but eventually one by one they change to their mature deep purple color." !78

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�15

http://www.plantrealflorida.org/plant-communities/detail/freshwater-marshes-zone-1074

http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Coccoloba%20uvifera.pdf75

DescriptionCoccoloba uvifera flower.jpgCoccoloba uviferaEnglish: Sea Grape 76

Flowers.Français : Fleurs de Raisin de bord de mer.DateSourceOwn workAuthorIanaré Sévi

http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Coccoloba%20uvifera.pdf77

http://www.garden.org/searchqa/index.php?q=show&id=52871&ps=38&keyword=dwarf78

%20fruit%20trees&adv=0

Friday, March 20, 2015• Foraging would have occurred from the mainland side of the lagoon since the

tribe's summer grounds were there!

• Food uses!

• Offered to Jonathan Dickinson in 1699 at Jupiter Inlet. It is not known 79

whether the fruit was ripe or not.!

• Wood uses!

• Said to be used by the Ais, but no evidence is given by the author !80

• Sabal palmetto - Palmetto!

• Food Uses!

• Berries and Heart eaten!

• Building uses!

• Leaves for thatch!

• trunks for piers!

• .Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) - Saw palmetto!

• food - the berries were a major nutrition source for the Ais !81

• Chrysobalanus icaco - Cocoplum!• food !82 83

• Dickinson confirms cocoplum used as a collected food !84

• found on the barrier islands' dunes and hammocks at Indiatlantic south to Sebastian inlet !85

• found also on Merritt Island !86

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�16

Florida Ethnobotany, Daniel F. Austin, Page 22479

Ibid.80

http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00003/23j81

Indians of Central and South Florida, 1513-1763, page 7882

Florida Ethnobotany, pages 205-20783

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ais_people84

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?ID=276585

Ibid.86

Friday, March 20, 2015• Produces a black dye. Not sure if the Ais used it for dying proposes. !87

- Hammock Species!

• Tillandsia usneoides - Spanish Moss !88

• found in all Counties in Florida !89

• in Brevard County!

•  South Lake Conservation Area, Mims!

• Along Hatbill Road at Indian Field Road!

• Cape Canaveral Mound!

• Used by the indians !90 91

• Clothing !92

• it seems to be used in women's clothing!

• Pillows!

• "Don't use Spanish moss for bedding or packing without first treating it to kill tiny pests (especially red bugs or chiggers) that may be lurking within. Microwaving works well, as does heating or boiling in water. (Remove bats, lizards and snakes before microwaving.)" !93

• Phytolacca americana L. var. americana - Pokeweed, Wild Poinsettia!94

• found in Brevard County at Hog's Point. !95

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�17

Trees and Plants along the Anne Kola memorial Trail & Ethnobotanical Uses87

https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_tius.pdf 88

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=281489

Indians of Central and South Florida, 1513-1763, page 7390

Florida Ethnobotany, pages 1135-113691

http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/apnews/stories/011704/D804LEM01.shtml92

http://www.floridata.com/ref/t/till_usn.cfm93

http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PHAMA394

Hog Point Sanctuary Management Plan, Appendix B95

Friday, March 20, 2015• Food - the berries were eaten once ripe. Only young leaves can be eaten after 96

being boiled to remove any poisons. !97

• Medicine - one source says the flowers were harvested root, leaves and 98

berries have been used medicinally !99

• Ink or dye - can be used as a coloring agent !100

• Quercus species such as virginiana - Live Oak!

• food, virginiana tastes best!

• "Acorns vary in flavor from not bitter to too bitter to eat. Acorns that are produced in one year tend to have a mild flavor while the ones that are only produced every two years are bitter. Oaks that have smooth oval shaped leaves have tastier acorns than those from trees that have pointy lobed shapes. Species that produce acorns with large caps generally yield bitter acorns. Oaks yielding the best tasting acorns include: white oak, live oak and swamp chestnut oaks. Red oaks, turkey oaks and laurel oaks produce bitter acorns. Cream colored acorn meats taste best. Acorns with yellow or orange meat are bitter. Individual trees of the same species produce acorns with differing levels of palatability." !101

- Estuary Species!• Apios tuberosa or Americana!

• full name - Apios americana Medik. - GROUNDNUT!• found on North Merritt Island Hammock, Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge

!102

• food - rhizome or tuber !103

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�18

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytolacca_americana96

Ibid.97

http://flawildflowers.org/resources/pdfs/2013/FWF_Vol6.3.pdf98

Guide to the poisonous and irritant plants of Florida, pages 39-4099

Guide to the poisonous and irritant plants of Florida, pages 39-40.100

http://www.offthegridnews.com/alternative-health/the-natural-healing-power-of-oak-trees-101

and-acorns/

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/SpecimenDetails.aspx?PlantID=892102

Dickinson 1945 pages 45-46, also Rouse:Survey of Indian River Archeology, page 41103

Friday, March 20, 2015•usually found when blooming along waterways !104

•widely used by many indian tribes in the continental United States !105

-Mainland Species!

•Beautyberry - Callicarpa americana!

• fish poison !106

•eatable all parts!

•can be used as a mosquito or bug repellent !107

•found in Brevard County !108

•USA. Florida. Brevard Co.: Indian Mound Station Sanctuary (Brevard County preserve); ca. 0.3 mi. SE of the junction of Parrish Road and Holder Road. 28º 39’ N 80º 51’ 29” WHabitat:Fire maintained, white sand scrub; with Serenoa

repens, Quercus myrtifolia, and Q. geminata.Reproductive State:Fruit!

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�19

Florida Ethnobotany By Daniel F. Austin, page 99104

Ibid.105

Florida Ethnobotany By Daniel F. Austin, page 159106

http://www.preppergarden.biz/Beautyberry-for-Preppers-p/wld-beautyberry.htm, accessed 107

20150831

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/SpecimenDetails.aspx?PlantID=3546, accessed 20150831108

Friday, March 20, 2015• USA. Florida. Brevard Co.: North Merritt Island. Along FL 3, 1.4 mi. N of

[Florida Technological University] Lab.  T20S, R36E, Sec. 29, SW¼.Habitat:Xeric hammock; in understory of undisturbed dry oak and hickory woods.!

• USA. Florida. Brevard Co.: Merritt Island.Habitat:Grassy, weedy areas marginal to hammocks along canal bank.!

• USA. Florida. Brevard Co.: SE Wickham Park. 28º 9’ 32” N 80º 39’ 25” WDescription:Erect woody [shrub] to 2 m with light blue inflorescence

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�20

Friday, March 20, 2015[corollas], pungent odor. Uncommon. Habitat:Scrubby pine woods, streamside; soil, sandy, with organic [matter].!

• USA. Florida. Brevard Co.: Fox Lake Farms. 28º 34’ 56” N 80º 51’ 24” WDescription:Shrub. Habitat:Disturbed wet scrub; soil sandy.!

• USA. Florida. Brevard Co.: South Lake Conservation Area, Mims. 50 ft. N of the E gate to the Conservation Area, on W side of Lancaster Lane.  T21S, R34E, Sec. 25.Habitat:Mesic flatwoods.!

• Cucurbita pepo - Pumpkin, Scallop, Zucchini, Ornamental gourds!

• Non-edible,field pumpkins closely related to C. texana, vine habitat, thin stems, small leaves, three sub-groups: C. pepo var. ovifera (egg-shaped, pear-shaped), C. pepo var. aurantia (orange color), and C. pepo var. verrucosa (round warty gourds), ornamental gourds found in Texas and called var. texana and ornamental gourds found outside of Texas (Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana) are called var. ozarkana. !109

• Cucurbita okeechobeensis (Small)L.H.Bailey , OKEECHOBEE GOURD!110

• native to florida!

• Native, Endangered-State, Endangered-US, OBL (NWPL)!

• found in Volusia County, (see the specimen above from the University of South Florida)!

• could have been traded among the tribes, and could have come from the tribes around Lake Okeechobee!

• seems to be an inland species in wet areas!

• not edible, hard three inch shell!

• above phote acessed 20150831 by Copyright by: Keith A. Bradley !111

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�21

http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/cucurbita_pepo.htm, accessed 20150831109

110

http://regionalconservation.org/ircs/database/plants/PlantPage.asp?111

TXCODE=Cucuokeeokee, accessed 20150831

Friday, March 20, 2015• Cucurbita pepo !112

• Cultivated by the Calusa!

• Found on Marco Island in Collier County!

• expected to have been traded north to the Ais?!

• also found on Hontoon Island on the St Johns River !113

• native florida plum Prunus angustifolia and  CHICKASAW PLUM (FLATWOODS PLUM; HOG PLUM) !114

• Prunus umbellata is found in Brevard County!

• North Merritt Island is it's southern range along the Atlantic coast!

• Prunus angustolia, CHICKASAW PLUM!

• not found in Brevard County!

• edible fruit!

• muscadine grape Vitis rotundifolia Michx.!

• there are various ways to approach muscadine taxonomy !115

• used by the indians and the founders of St. Augustine !116

• The Calusa had access to a grape known as Vitus shuttleworthii House or the Calloose Grape !117

• found in Brevard County!

• Indian River County line, near Sebastian Inlet.Habitat:Coastal hammock.!

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�22

Florida Ethnobotany By Daniel F. Austin, page 254, see the bottom left of the page for the 112

reference to Marco Island

http://ethnobiology.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/JoE/8-1/DeckerNewsom1988.pdf 113

http://fnpsblog.blogspot.com/2011/07/plum-delicious-and-native-too.html, accessed 114

20150826

A Century of Muscadine Grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.)Breeding at the University of 115

GeorgiaPatrick J. Conner[1], page 1

http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Fall04/Casey/history.htm, accessed 20150826116

Florida Ethnobotany, Austin, page 708117

Friday, March 20, 2015•  Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. S side of ITL [Integrate-Transfer-Launch]

Area 28º 31’ 59” N 80º 35’ 45” W!

• Along hiking trail, Coconut Point EEL's Sanctuary. 28º 0’ 36” N 80º 32’ 2” W!

• may have been an Ais alternative!

• Drinking water from stems that was safe !118

• Stems and leaves were cooked and eaten !119

• Fruit was eaten !120

• was known to be used for medicine but there is no reference to the Ais using muscadine!

• found in Brevard County !121

• Cape Canaveral Mound !122

• Helen and Allan Cruickshank Sanctuary!

• Merritt Island!

• Malabar Cape S of Indiatlantic to Sebastian Inlet, FL A1A!

• South Lake Conservation Area, Mims!

• Scottsmoor Flatwoods Sanctuary!

• Needs 100 days to ripen, Muscadine grapes start ripening July to September. A mature vine can yield 20 lbs. or more of fruit. !123

• they have a fairly long shelf life!

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�23

Florida Ethnobotany, Austin, page 709118

Ibid.119

Ibid.120

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=2026121

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/SpecimenDetails.aspx?PlantID=2026122

The Muscadine Grape, IFAS123

Friday, March 20, 2015• Vitis aestivalis Michx. (North Merritt Island, Vitis cinerea (Engelm.)Engelm. ex

Millardet var. floridana Munson, are also found in Brevard County !124

• Considering the wide range of native Vitis species and subspecies, all of the florida Vitis species could have been harvested and traded among the tribes !125 126

• consideration should be given to Vitis proliferation by animals, especially birds. This may account for the numerous subspecies.!

• Diospyros virginiana L. - Common Persimmon!

• found on the western side of the Indian River !127

• would need to be close to the estuary system to be accessed!

• food was the fruit!

• was a food source at Windover !128

• Ilex vomitoria - Yaupon!

• Found in northern Brevard County !129

• seems to have been the preferred holly for the "black drink"!

• Leaves used to make a "tea"!

• found at Windover among the burials !130

• the leaves are not identified by species, only genus!

• may have been a trade item from the north !131

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�24

Florida Plant Atlas, species Vitis124

http://winemaking.jackkeller.net/nativegrapes.html, accessed 20150826125

http://fshs.org/proceedings-o/1979-vol-92/286-289%20(ROGERS).pdf, accessed 20150826126

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/SpecimenDetails.aspx?PlantID=3858127

http://www.its.fsu.edu/index.php/content/download/123231/1107479/file/128

FileTurossdoranwindover.pdf

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/SpecimenDetails.aspx?PlantID=2337129

http://www.its.fsu.edu/index.php/content/download/123231/1107479/file/130

FileTurossdoranwindover.pdf

Ibid, page 19.131

Friday, March 20, 2015• Ilex Cassine - Dahoon - found in Brevard County west of Interstate 95 !132

• Ilex cassine L. var. myrtifolia (Walter) Sarg. - MYRTLE DAHOON - found north and west of Brevard County with Orange and Flagler counties being the closest !133

• may have been a substitute for Ilex vomitoria !134

• brewed into a tea of sorts !135

• May have been used in medicinal ways by the Timucuans !136

• Pinus species Pinus sp., Pinus elliottii var. densa Florida Slash Pine, Pinus palustris, pinus taeda!

• boat construction, canoes were dugouts !137

• carvings or sculpture !138

• similar to the Calusa? "Calusa water craft had a very unusual design feature. Although all examples found to date appear to have been hollowed out of either longleaf pine or cypress logs..." !139

• "Sails were rarely used in Native North American boats. In the US and Canada only a few tribes of southern Florida,  such as the Calusa and the Ais, built sailboats." !140

• food!

• while found at Windover, pine was not found in the human stomachs, no seed was found!

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�25

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?ID=3866132

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=809133

Ibid.134

http://entheology.com/plants/ilex-cassine-cassina-tree/#comments135

http://www.walterreeves.com/landscaping/yaupon-holly-make-tea-from-leaves/136

http://www.tcpalm.com/news/30gtnew-elliott-museum-to-immortalize-ais137

Indian Art of Ancient Florida, Purdy, page 2138

http://www.examiner.com/article/did-native-americans-build-sailboats139

http://www.native-languages.org/boats.htm140

Friday, March 20, 2015• Sambucus canadensis - Elderberries!

• Sambucus nigra L. subsp. canadensis (L.)Bolli - AMERICAN ELDER ELDERBERRY; !141

• found on north Merritt Island, Rotary Park on the Mainland, South Lake Conservation Area on the Mainland !142

• !• Dickinson 1945 pages 45-46,!

• Rouse:Survey of Indian River Archeology, page 74!• Food - the berries were used!

• seeds were found as part of the human burials at Windover !143

• Medicine - the berries were thought to be used as medicene!• Lagenaria siceraria - Bottle Gourd - Lagenaria siceraria (Molina)Standl.!

• used as a vessel !144

• was found at Windover !145

• USDA says it was introduced into the Americas, but does not say when !146

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�26

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=2186141

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/SpecimenDetails.aspx?PlantID=2186142

http://www.its.fsu.edu/index.php/content/download/123231/1107479/file/143

FileTurossdoranwindover.pdf

Indians of Central and South Florida, 1513-1763, page 72144

seedman.com/gourds.htm, _c-c-=,,-and LEE A. NEWSOM. 1990.A 7,290-year-old bottle 145

gourd from the Windover Site, Florida. American Antiquity 55:354-360.

http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LASI146

.

Friday, March 20, 2015• not vouched for in Brevard County acccording to the Plant Atlas of Florida !147

• other herbariums in Florida do not have a Brevard County specimen !148

• "In February 2014, the original hypothesis was revived based on a more thorough genetic study. Researchers examined the entire genome, including the plasmid genome, and concluded that American specimens were most closely related to wild !

• African variants and could have drifted over the ocean several or many times as long as 10,000 years ago.[11]" !149 150

• !- Inland Swamp Species!

- Taxodium ascendens Brongn. pond cypress      !151

- found on Merritt Island !152

- Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. var. distichum    Baldcypress!153

- Brevard County herbarium sample inland !154 155 156

- canoes!

- Calusa had catamarans -  "The Spanish Explorer Pedro Menéndez de Avilés described the Calusa catamarans as “being compose of two canoes, fastened one to the other.” The catamarans that he observed had decks covered with

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�27

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1349147

Ibid.148

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabash149

^ "Transoceanic drift and the domestication of African bottle gourds in the Americas", Kistler 150

et al, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, February 10, 2014

http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=TAAS151

http://www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/SpecimenDetails.aspx?PlantID=3922152

http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/taxodium/distichum.htm153

http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu/view-specimen.php?RecordID 154

http://www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?ID=929155

http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/herbarium/cat/search.asp?accno=120891156

Friday, March 20, 2015woven mats. Simple huts were built from saplings, river canes and palm fronds to provide shelter from the sun and rains." 157

Copyright 2014 by Frederick Cornwell Sanders�28

http://www.examiner.com/article/did-native-americans-build-sailboats157