Ethiopia baseline review for water mdg

1

Development Fund for International

Development (DFID)

Rapid Assessment of Water Millennium

Development Goal, Ethiopia

for DFID

Baseline Review

February 2005

Prepared by: Fikru Tessema

Position: Local Consultant

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PROJECT IDENTIFIERS

1. Project Name:

Rapid Assessment of Water &

Sanitation MDG, for DFID

2. Implementing Agency:

ERM Ltd and Local Consultant

3. Country in which the project is being implemented:

Ethiopia, East Africa

4. Country Eligibility:

Ethiopia is principally DFID programme country

5. MDG focal area:

Target 10: Halve by 2015 the

proportion of people without sustainable access to safe to dirking water and basic sanitation Services

6. Study Objectives:

Observe the characteristics of PRSPS and the role of DFID country strategy in those on/off track counties with respect

to the water MDG.

7. Project linkage to Country MDG:

The Government of Ethiopia needs to identify and implements water MDG, for the

provision of safe water supply services, which could contribute to poverty reduction and sustainable development of the country.

Based on the current national policy issues, the Government of Ethiopia considers its responsibility for MDG among issues requiring top priorities and hence gives due attention to its Water Sector Development Programme with the involvement of the

private sector & NGOs and community participation.

8. PRSP/MDG focal point:

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) is a focal body at national

level. Ministry of Water Resource (MoWR) is responsible at Federal level and Regional;

Zonal & Woreda (District) Water Bureaus are responsible at their respective levels.

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1. Introduction

1.1 Aim of the Report

This report is for the project: Rapid Assessment of Water

Sector MDG for Ethiopia, which is for the DFID programme

country Ethiopia.

This report presents a summary of current situation of

water coverage, PRSP & related governance; public

expenditure and donors' activities that describing the

country on or off track with respect to water MDGs.

The objective of the report is to identify sufficient

information on current situation of water MDG in area in

order to be able to come up with intended out puts. This

report is, therefore more of to what extent is water and

sanitation coverage is on or off track with respect to

water MDGs rather than a detailed review.

1.2 Layout of the report

This report is divided into sections dealing with current

situation of the country water and sanitation coverage,

PRSP & governance process and donors support for PRSP and

then its contribution to meet water and sanitation MDGS.

2. Background

2.1 Socio-economic background of Ethiopia1

2.1.1 Overview of the economy of Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a developing country with a gross domestic

product (GDP) of USD 6 billion in 2002 and per capita

average income of USD 120/year. The economy of the

country is dominated by agriculture. About 90% of the

population earns their living from the land mainly as

subsistence forms.

1 CSA, Population & Housing Census, Statistical Report for Ethiopia, 2003

4

Agriculture is the backbone of the national economy

and it accounts for about 45% of Ethiopia’s GDP. The

principal exports from this sector are coffee, oil

seeds, vegetables, sugar cone, animal hoof, hides and

skin and beeswax. Up to 60% of the country’s foreign

earnings come from coffee. Another major export earner

is the chat plant (an evergreen shrub that produces a

natural and mildly in toxic ting stimulant).

2.1.2 Population, Industry and Agriculture2

o Population

The estimated population of Ethiopia in 2003 was over

69 million persons of which 58 million (84%) live in

rural areas and 11 million (16%) live in urban areas

of the total urban population, over 2.7 million (25%)

live in Addis Ababa, the capital city.

o Industry

The proportion of public and private sector owned

enterprises varies for the different sectors.

Manufacturing accounts for about 5% of the GDP.

The food and beverage and textile manufacturing

sectors are important in terms of production volume,

and the food, beverage and metal manufacturing sectors

are the most important in terms of contribution to the

gross value of production.

o Agriculture

Agriculture, services, construction, mining and

tourism are important sectors for the future econom0ic

development of the country. The main products of

mining are gold and tantalum, where gold contributes

the highest valve of mineral production.

The agricultural sector, which includes crop

production, animal husbandry, livestock, forestry,

fisheries and agriculture, remains by far the most

important sector of the country. It is also the major

sources of food for the population of nation and hence

the priority.

2 CSA, Population & Housing Census, Economic Statistical Report for Ethiopia, 2003

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2.1.3 Infrastructure (Transport and communication)3

o Railways:

A 778 kilometer far away line links Addis Ababa with

Djibouti and carries both freight and passengers.

o Roods:

There are about 4,100 k.m of asphalt roads in

Ethiopia with a further 19,000 k.m of gravel and dry

weather roads.

The national network of roads covers just 35% of the

country.

2.2 Overview of government structure in Ethiopia

There are 11 regions in Ethiopia (including Addis

Ababa and Dire Dawa city councils). The regions report

to the ministry of Federal Affairs (MoFA) of the

Federal Government (Figure 2.1).

Each Region divided in to Zones and Zones also divided

in to Woredas(District). Each Woreda are divided in to

Kebeles. Kebele is the smallest and lowest

administrative unit in the government structure.

The Federal Government comprises of the (House of

Federation & House of Representatives (parliament) &

the council of Ministers.

The council of Ministers also comprises ministries in

which ministry of finance & Economic Development is a

focal institution for PRSP/MDG in general and Ministry

of Water Resource is in charge of water & sanitation

MDGs of the country in particular.

3 www.ethiopia.net

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Figure 2.1 Federal Government Structures

Tigray Region Affar Region

Oromiya Region Southern N/N & People

Somali Region Harari

Gambella Dire Dawa City Council

Benishangul Gumuz Amara Region

Addis Ababa City

Council

Fedral Government

3. Legislation and Enforcement in Ethiopia4

3.1 Hierarchy of laws in Ethiopia

The constitution is supreme law of the line. The

parliament issues proclamations, which are next in

line. Where proclamations give such powers to the

council of ministers the council issues regulations

implementing the proclamations.

All of the above are published in the official Negarit

Gazetta Proclamations may provide for directive to be

issued by an organ of the government, usually a

ministry. Regional laws generally follow the same

sequence and hierarchy.

4 EPA, Review of Ethiopian, Environmental Legislation, 1995

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3.2 Environmental & Water Legislations in Ethiopia

The Ethiopian environmental policy is enacted since

1997. There are also proclamations for the

environmental protection organs establishment;

environmental impact assessment and environmental

pollution control.

The Ethiopian water policy is enacted since 1999.

There are also water proclamation, healthy policy

(1993), and public health proclamations.

3.3 Conventions5

Ethiopia is a signatory country to various international

conventions and programmes. Some of these conventions

include environmental convention & millennium

development goals (MDG).

4. Current situation of water supply & sanitation service of

Ethiopia6

Current situation of water supply

General

Recognizing pervasive poverty as Ethiopia's development

challenge, the Government has issued the Sustainable

Development & Poverty Reduction Strategy Program (SDPRP)

that conceptualizes the range of guiding strategies for

addressing poverty in the country. With the PRSP, the

Government has committed itself to ensuring sustainable

economic growth and development and improving access to

basic social services.

5 UN Millennium Declaration of 2000 6 MoWR, WSDP, Water Supply and Sanitation Programme, 2002

8

The SDPRP incorporates 4 building blocks: (a) a strategy

for economic growth based on agricultural and industrial

development, (b) judiciary and civil service reform, (c)

decentralization and empowerment, and (d) capacity

building.

The first one, the Agricultural Development-Led

Industrialized Strategy (ADLI), focuses on the basic

needs of the rural population. The ADLI is complemented

by other sectoral programs in Health, Education, and

Roads aimed at improving the physical and social

infrastructure and expanding access to basic goods and

services.

The present Water Sector Development Program (WSDP) and

the Food Security Program are currently being developed.

A strategy for capacity building is designed to support

the implementation of all the envisaged work.

The SDPRP expresses a considered view of sustainable

development regarding the natural environment, including

a full section on the subject that highlights close

linkages between water management and water use (e.g.

increasing sustainable agricultural production) and their

potentially related impacts on the environment (depletion

of water resources, pollution of water bodies and related

effects etc.).

The sustainable use and management of both water

resources and the environment are considered crucial for

the success of socio-economic development and the

reduction poverty in Ethiopia.

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Time Horizontal of WSDP

The program period of WSSDP is 15 years divide into

short-term, medium -term and long -term. In order to fit

into three existing practice of 5-year plan, each term

will have a five-year period.

All the program and projects proposed under the WSDP and

their respective investment schedules are made to relate

to the above mentioned planning horizon. The level of

detail of each planning horizon will differ.

The short-term is comparatively more detailed when

compared to the medium-term and long-term. The short-

term plan will have more descriptive presentations in

terms of physical targets and budgetary requirements

because of on-going study and design, construction and

rehabilitation projects.

The medium-term plan will contain to some extent carried-

over projects from previous term, which will lead to

well-defined projects. The long-term plan will be

general and will only be indicative.

Water supply service coverage

Water is the basic need to sustain life; every citizen in

the country has the right to have access to potable

water. The current population of Ethiopia is about 69

million of which only 31% is estimated have access to

potable water. In which 23% in rural population and 74%

in urban population have access to potable waster.

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When comparing the urban population to rural, better

service of water supply is provided to urban population

than to rural though the service is inadequate in both.

Challenges to meet water MDGs

The 2015 MDG Target is to halve the population of

Ethiopians with out access to potable water, i.e. more

than 23.81 million people in 15 years (1.59 million

people/year) have to have access to potable water.

Initiatives to improve access to potable water and meet

water MDGs

A water sector development programme is launched to

improve the situation in the next 15 years staring from

the year 2002. The WSDP reflects local, regional and

national priorities in the water supply and sanitation

sub-sector.

The program and projects are accompanied by their

respective investment schedules, implementation strategy,

institutional and coordination arrangements and

monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.

Current water activities and initiatives

For meeting the National and regional development

objectives and MDG, the following measures are deigned to

be taken.

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1. Carrying out balanced regional development by

extending more assistance to the poor and least

developed regions;

2. Strengthening institutional and technical capacities

at all levels (national, regional, woreda and local)

in program and projects development, implementation,

rehabilitation, operation and maintenance, monitoring

and evaluation;

3. Ensuring sustainable development, effective management

and efficient resource utilization;

4. Promoting active stakeholders participation in the

planning, design, implementation, rehabilitation,

operation and maintenance, monitoring and evaluation

of water supply and sanitation schemes. The major

stakeholders are the federal and regional executing

institutions, the local communities, women, the

private sector, NGO's and

5. Emphasizing woreda level implementation in order to

accomplish the planning targets, there should be

necessary and adequate capacity for the implementation

of the program.

6. The capacity building aspect should, therefore, be

specific and consider the existing capacity and gap in

each region. Focus will be made on the following build

capacity in:

o Small scale project study, design and

implementation in the short and medium term;

o National capacity in large projects study and

design;

o Rehabilitation; operation and maintenance,

management, monitoring and evaluation at local,

regional and federal levels;

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Current Sanitation Services Situations7

Sanitation Service Coverage

The sanitation service coverage is extremely low because

of lack access to water & sanitation services.

o Low number of population (11.5%) with access to

improved sanitation, in which 49.7% in urban and

3.9% in rural.

o Less than 1% of the health budget is dedicated to

sanitation improvement

Challenge to meet Sanitation MDG

o The 2015 Millennium Development Goal Target is to

halve the proportion of Ethiopians without access

to improved sanitation, i.e., for more than 30.53

million people in 15 years (2.04 million

people/year) should have to have access to

improved sanitation facilities.

Initiatives to improve access to sanitation & meet

sanitation MDG

o Positive examples abound from the regions/zones

offering lessons which can be taken to scale:

For example, Southern Regions/zones have achieved

75% sanitation facilities coverage with its own

resources through political (and budget)

7 MoH. Health & Health Related Indicators, 2003

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commitment, inter-sectoral collaboration, and

accountability and community ownership.

o Increasing inter-sectoral convergence around a

single sanitation strategy.

o Advancing decentralisation is dedicated towards

people leading their own development.

o Donors recommend funds to be dedicated for

sanitation and hygiene in WASH programmes.

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5. Current projects/programmes in line with Water and Sanitation MDGs8

Se.

No.

Name of

Project/Programme

Contact Person and Details

Description of Work

Key Issues

1 Urban Water Supply o Location: in 11 Regions

o Category: Regional projects

o Implementing agency:

Addis Ababa Water &

Sewerage Authority,

Regional Water Bureaus,

NGOs, etc

o Contact person: Mr

Yohanes G/Medihene

(Federal MoWR)

o To provide potable water

supply for urban population

o Components: Study &

design, construction and

rehabilitation & expansion

o Costs:

Foreign C: $491.51 mill Local C: $191.16 mill

o Achieve urban

coverage, end of

2016: 98.2%)

o Benefiting urban

population, end of

2016: 17.838 mill

2 Sewerage & water Related Urban Sanitation

o Location: in 11 Regions

o Category: Regional projects

o Implementing agency:

Addis Ababa Water &

Sewerage Authority,

Regional Water Bureaus,

NGOs, etc

o Contact person: Mr

Yohanes G/Medihene

(Federal MoWR)

o To provide sewerage and

water related urban and

sanitation services

o Achieve urban

coverage, end of

2016: 109 cities &

towns study &

design for 110

projects'

construction will be

carried out.

o Planned service

coverage: 80% of

urban waste water

8 MoWR, WSDP, Projects Profiles, 2002

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Se. No.

Name of Project/Programme

Contact Person and Details

Description of Work

Key Issues

3 Rural Water Supply o Location: in 10 Regions

o Category: Regional

projects

o Implementing agency:

Regional Water

Bureaus, NGOs, etc

o Contact person: Mr Mr

Getachew Asbdi

(Federal MoWR)

o To provide potable water

supply for rural

population

o Components: Spring

development, water well,

water harvesting, stock

ponds, river intake, sub-

surface & earth dam

o Costs:

Foreign C: $7198.42 mill Local C: $1238.43 mill

o Achieve rural

coverage, end of

2016: 70.9%

o Benefiting rural

population, end of

2016: 55.765mill

4 Irrigation o Location: 22 site in

different Regions

o Category: Federal projects

o Implementing agency:

Project Office (Federal

MoWR)

o Contact person: Project

Offices (Federal MoWR)

o To produce industrial crops,

food crops & fodder, etc

o To generate employment and

promote regional

development

o Diversified crops, etc

5 Irrigation o Location: 12 site in

different Regions

o Category: Regional projects

o Implementing agency:

Regional Project Office

o Contact person: Project

Offices

o To produce industrial crops,

food crops & fodder, etc

o To generate employment and

promote regional

development

o Diversified crops, etc

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Se. No.

Name of Project/Programme

Contact Person and Details

Description of Work

Key Issues

6 Water Resources development

o Location: Through out the

country

o Category: Federal &

Regional projects

o Implementing agency:

MoWR & Regional Project

Offices

o Contact person: MoWR &

Project Offices

o To conduct:

Hydrology program

Meteorology program

Integrated river basin master

plan

Ethiopian groundwater

resources assessment

Besseka Lake control works

Flood protect studies

Watershed management

Water quality laboratories

o Generating

databases, etc

7 Institutional & human resources development

o Capacity building o Staffs and

community training

and supply of

equipments

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6. PRSP and Related Governance Processes9

6.1 Focus of the PRSP in Relation to the water MDGS

PRSP is prepared by the Ethiopian Government in

January 2001, which is grounded in the National

Development program (NDP), and formulates policies

aimed at achieving MDG by 2015.

The formulation of PRSP in Ethiopia recognizes three

important tasks:

1. The poverty analysis, which provides basic

information on incidence of poverty

characteristics of the various householders and

vulnerable groups, including women and the cause

of poverty encompassing factors associated with

opportunities, capabilities and vulnerability.

2. Studies, which have been made by the government

and other development partners regarding the

effectiveness of past policies and public

expenditure programmes shall be used to

strengthen the choice of the public action under

the PRSP.

3. Consultation where the findings shall supplement

the quantitative poverty analysis and contribute

to an understanding of the effectiveness of an on

going public action, including an institutional

arrangement and capacity for implementing,

focused programme.

9 MoFED, Development and Poverty Profile and Poverty Analysis of Ethiopia, March 2002

18

6.2 Capacity

The government in December 1998 has prepared a

strategy for capacity building and programme

framework.

The ability to implement programmes, issuing and

monitoring contract and standards at a decentralized

level faces some challenges as the government seeks to

implement the decentralization.

The challenges are institutional and technical

capacity limitations and constraints in the course of

implementing the development programmes in line with

meeting water MDGS.

6.3 Status of finance10

o Sector investment plan:

The total estimated cost of the WSDP is USD 7,444.8

million over 15 years period (2002-2017 covering all

aspects of water resources development and management

and extending to all possible water uses.

o Sources of Funding

The government has made some tentative estimates of

the contributions from different sources over the next

15 years.

10 MoWR WSDP (2002-2016), Executive Summarry,2002

19

The government has already mobilized a total of USD

1,241 from different sources from the total investment

requirement, i.e. USD 2,110 million for short-term

(2002-2006) plan. The remaining balance turns out to

be USD 174 million per year over the next five years

that is yet to be mobilized or secured.

The government can proceed with implementation of the

programme because the financing seems on budget and

hence meet the MDGS targets.

Over all mobilized funds from different sources of

finance are: 40% from domestic sources and 60% from

donor sources. The already-mobilized funds are more

from donors financing than to be come from domestic

sources.

o Status of public financial Management (PFM):

Regions formally assign expenditure and revenue

responsibilities within regions in ways that maximize

operational efficiency.

To be sustainable, enabling legislation is developed

for local governments within regions including the re-

demarcation of financing viable local jurisdictions

and the harmonization of various forms of local

government (including woredas and municipalities).

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o Transfers and flows of revenue:

It is basically designed to be done by establishing

tariff structure for water services based on site-

specific characteristics of the schemes, and ensure

that water prices lead projects to full cost recovery

based upon users’ payment capacities and to be

retained as to the project level, i.e. community based

management schemes for revenue transfer and flow.

o Revenue transfer and flows transparency:

It is designed to implemented by establishing

financial management rules and feasible arrangements

for resources allocation, cost sharing and accessing

funds for demand driven water supply systems,

promoting local self financing program and projects,

based on the overall socio-economic development

condition of local communities and through appropriate

incentive mechanism.

6.4 Status of institutional set up

The establishment of the new Capacity Building

Ministry is one testimony for the Government’s

commitment to further deepen the executing capacity of

various forms of government (including federal,

regions, woredas and municipalities) and foster

empowerment, duties and responsibilities

transformation at the grass-root level in the process

of implementing poverty reduction program and hence

meet MDG Targets.

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o Extent of sector coordination:

There should be a participatory approach for

sustainable and effective implementation of water and

sanitation development programme (WSSDP).

The establishment of the Local Water Committees (LWC),

Water Users Association (WUA), Water Boards (WB), and

Zonal Water Councils (ZWC) in which both the primary &

secondary stakeholders are made to participate

actively are the fundamental requirements for

effective & sustainable implementation of the water

sector development programme and hence meet water and

sanitation MDG Targets.

Since water supply and sanitation services provision

is a key sectoral measure and cross-cutting issue,

WSDP is developed to enhance and promote efforts made

by different actors to wards an efficient, equitable

and optimum utilization of the available water

resources.

o Private Sector participation (PSP):

PSP is also taken as key issue in the PRSP/MDG. There

are different types of contracts that can be used to

involve the private sector. The simple ones are the

Service Contracts, and the Management Contracts, which

can be tried initially in order to benefit from the

PSP. For the potential benefits of introducing PS,

various activities have been under taken to develop

the private sector.

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These activities include incentives and management

skills that have been designed to be carried out by

establishing industrial training institutes,

strengthening of financial sector, supporting the

development of chambers of commerce and industrial

association and improving the setting of product

standardization.

o Key drivers behind the PRSP:

There is a broad thrust of Ethiopia’s strategy during

the sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction

Programme, which consists of agricultural development,

water harvesting, and small scale irrigation focus on

increased water resource utilization are among the

issues to ensure food security and hence there will be

a sustainable development and poverty reduction.

o Degree of Decentralization:

By way of deepening and broadening the

decentralization process, measures are currently under

way to pave the ground to render districts (woredas)

the center of socio-economic development by way of

ensuring their autonomy on resources; it is already

planned to effect block grants directly to districts

(woredas).

This will provide a basis for a meaningful

participation by the people in local development

programs (LDP). Typically, this will entail primary

education, primary health care, rural water supply,

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rural roads, and agricultural extensions. Gender

equality will continue to be emphasized in the process

of decentralization and improvement.

MoFED is a focal institution for the implementation of

PRSP/MDG and its Planning and Programming Department

is serving as a working group or secretarial for

overall country PRSP implementation and MDG Target

achievement.

MoWR is the ministry in charge of water MDG Target

achievements at federal level and Regional Water

Bureaus at Regional Government level.

25

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Coordination

Strategic Plan

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Implementation

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MoWR

Ministry of Water Resources

(MoWR)

Natinal Water Streeing Committee

(Inter-Ministerial Body)

Woreda/Zonal

Level Offices

Implementation by

Line Dept / Institutions

27

o Key Players and Their Respective Roles & Contribution to Water MDGs, the PRSP &

Governance Processes Programmes in Ethiopia.

Se.

No. Key Players Roles & Contribution to water MDGs

1 Government organizations

1.1 Federal:

o Ministry of Finance & Economic

Development

o National focal institution for PRSP/MDG & financing of

projects in line with PRSP programme MDG target.

o Ministry of water Resource o Responsible for water resource development in line with

achieving water & sanitation MDG Target.

o Ministry of Health o Responsible for potable water supply sanitation service

provision in line with achieving water & sanitation MDG

target.

o Environment Protection Authority o Responsible for water resource conservation in the

country in line with achieving environment MDG objective.

o Ministry of capacity building o Responsible for capacity building in human resource and

institutional development in the country in line with RRSP

programme MDG target

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Se.

No.

Key Players

Roles & Contribution to water MDGs

1 1.2 Regional:

o Finance & Economic Development

Bureaus

o Regional focal institution & financing of projects in line

with RRSP programme & MDG target.

o Health Bureaus o Responsible for potable water supply & sanitation service

provision in line with achieving water & sanitation MDG

target.

o Environmental Protection Bureaus o Responsible for water resource conservation in the

regions in line with achieving environment MDG objective.

o Capacity Building Bureaus o Responsible for capacity building in human resource &

institutional development in the regions in line with PRSP

programme/MDG target.

2 Non-governmental organization:

2.1 Bilateral & multilateral:

o World Bank

o Fund country water & sanitation programmes under its

water & sanitation programme (WSP)

o European Union o Fund country water & sanitation programme in line with

poverty reduction programme/Food security and hence

meet MDG targets.

29

Se.

No.

Key Players

Roles & Contribution to water MDGs

2 o United Nation Agencies (UNICEF,

WHO, UNDP, UNEP, etc.)

o Fund country water & sanitation programme in line with

poverty reduction programme/MDG objectives.

o African Development Bank o Fund country water & sanitation programme under its

water & sanitation programme (WSP)

o USAID, GTZ, CIDA, JICA, NATDC

(Norwegian), etc

o Fund country water & sanitation programme in line

poverty reduction programme /food security and hence

meet MDG targets.

2.2 International & Local NGOs:

o Water Aid-Ethiopia

o Implement & water & sanitation projects

o Water Action o Implement water & sanitation projects

o Merlin o Support water & sanitation projects under its water &

sanitation programme.

o Concern-Ethiopia o Implement & support water and sanitation project.

o Action Aid - Ethiopia o Implement & support water projects in line with poverty

reduction programme in the country.

o Canadian Physician Aid (CPAR) o Implement water & sanitation projects.

30

Se.

No.

Key Players

Roles & Contribution to water MDGs

2 o CRDA o Coordinate several NGOs as an umbrella NGO and

facilitate their involvement in PRSP & MDG target

achievement.

3 Water councils & Associations:

3.1 Water councils

o National water council

o Evaluation water & sanitation programme

implementation in the country with respect to meet water

MDG.

o Regional, Zonal & Woreda water

councils.

o Evaluation water & sanitation programme

implementation in the Regional, Zonal & Woreda with

respect to meet water MDG.

3.2 Water Associations:

o User Association

o Develop self-reliance & full cost recovery system to

sustain water & sanitation projects with respect to meet

water MDG.

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6.5 Performance standards and monitoring indicators

o Performance Standards:

A programme implementation manual (PIM) is under

development that would serve as a step-by-step guide

to deal with different aspects of programme

implementation.

Such aspects include:

- Procurement of goods and services

- Engagement of consultants/firms

- Accessing programme funds

- Disbursement procedures and regulations

- Roles and functions of implementing

agencies.

o Monitoring Indicators:

A monitoring system will be put in place that will

include baseline data and information and encompass a

reporting mechanism. It will also include detailed

procedures for the monitoring and evaluation of

program impacts.