Ethimolog Bhasa Seluruh Indonesia

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Ethnologue WORLD LANGUAGES DEVELOPMENT ENDANGERMENT STATISTICS ABOUTIndonesiaPrintPrimary tabs COUNTRY LANGUAGES(ACTIVE TAB) STATUS MAPS FEEDBACKAbinomn[bsa]Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict. Lakes plain area, Baso river mouth east of Dabra at Idenburg river, to headwaters in Foya mountains. 300 (Clouse, Ma, and Donohue 2002).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Avinomen, Baso (pej.), Foja, FoyaClassification:Language isolateComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAbui[abz]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, western half, Alor island. 16,000.Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Barawahing (pej.), Barue, NamatalakiDialects:Abui Barat, Abui Selatan, Alakaman, Atimelang. Much dialect diversity. Alakaman may be a dialect of Kamang[woi](Woisika). May be more than 1 language.Classification:Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, AlorMore InformationAbun[kgr]Papua Barat Province, Sorong regency; Ayamaru, Sausapor, and Moraid subdistricts, about 20 villages; north coast, interior of central Birds Head, north, south of Tamberau mountain range. 3,000 (1995 SIL).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:A Nden, Karon, Manif, YimbunDialects:Abun Je, Abun Ji (Madik), Abun Tat (Karon Pantai).Classification:Language isolateComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAceh[ace]Aceh Province, north tip of Sumatra, both coasts; into Sumatera Utara Province, south coast enclave. 3,500,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). Population total all countries: 3,500,032.Status:5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in Aceh province.Alternate Names:Acehnese, Achehnese, AchineseDialects:Banda Aceh, Baruh, Bueng, Daja, Pase, Pidie (Pedir, Timu), Tunong.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, AcehneseComments:Muslim.More InformationAdang[adn]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, northwest (Birds Head), Alor island, northwest of Kalabahi town towards Banda Sea coast. 3,000 (2000), decreasing.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:AlorDialects:Aimoli. Because of linguistic differences and social identity, considered a separate language from Kabola[klz].Classification:Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, AlorComments:Christian.More InformationAdonara[adr]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Adonara and east Solor islands, between Flores and Lembata islands. 98,000 (2008 census).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Nusa Tadon, Sagu, Vaiverang, WaiwerangDialects:East Adonara, East Solor, West Adonara.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-LembataComments:Muslim, Christian.More InformationAghu[ahh]Papua Province, Merauke regency, Jair subdistrict, interior south coast area. Between Mapi and Digul rivers west of Tanamerah town. 3,000 (1987 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Djair, DyairClassification:Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, AwyuComments:Different from Aghu-Tharnggala[gtu]of Australia. Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAiroran[air]Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir and Pantai Barat subdistricts, Subu, Motobiak, Isirania, and other villages. North coast area, lower Apauwer river. 1,000 (1998 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Adora, Aeroran, IriemkenaClassification:Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West CoastComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAlor[aol]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, coastal Birds Head of Alor, pockets along north Pantar and adjacent islands. 25,000 (Grimes et al. 1997).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:AloreseDialects:Baranusa, Muna. Not inherently intelligible with Lembata languages or Adonara[adr].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-LembataComments:Muslim.More InformationAlune[alp]Maluku Province. West Seram island, Seram Barat district, Kairatu, Taniwel districts, 27 villages. 17,200 (2000).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Patasiwa Alfoeren, SapalewaDialects:Central East Alune (Buriah-Weth-Laturake), Central West Alune (Niniari-Piru-Riring-Lumoli), Kairatu, North Coastal Alune (Nikulkan-Murnaten-Wakolo), South Alune (Rambatu-Manussa-Rumberu). Rambatu dialect reportedly prestigious. Kawe[kgb]may be a dialect. Lexical similarity: 77%91% among dialects, 64% with Lisabata-Nuniali[lcs], 63% with Hulung[huk]and Nakaela[nae].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat InaiComments:Largest language in west Seram. Christian.More InformationAmahai[amq]Maluku Province, 4 villages. Southwest Seram island, near Masohi town. 50 (Wurm 2007).Status:8b (Nearly extinct).Alternate Names:AmaheiDialects:Makariki, Rutah, Soahuku. Lexical similarity: 87% with Makariki and Rutah dialects, probably 2 languages; 59%69% with Saparua[spr], 59% with Kamarian[kzx], 58% with Kaibobo[kzb], 52% with Luhu[lcq]and Hulung[huk], 50% with Alune[alp], 49% with Nakaela[nae], 47% with Lisabata-Nuniali[lcs], 45% with Wemale[weo]and Nuaulu, 44% with Boano[bzn]and Saleman[sau].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, ElpaputiComments:Muslim, Christian.More InformationAmarasi[aaz]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, southwest tip, Timor island, 80 villages. Dialect locations: Kotos is central and east, Rois is west, Rois Tais Nonof is south, Rois Hero surrounded by Helong [heg] language area. 70,000 (2011 UBB-GMIT).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Timor Amarasi, Uab MetoDialects:Kotos, Rois, Rois Hero (Kopa), Rois Tais Nonof. Part of Uab Meto language chain. Reportedly similar to Uab Meto[aoz]but with differences in phonology, vocabulary, and discourse, with semantic shifts, structural differences, intelligibility problems. Rois Tais Nonof dialect has intonation like Rois dialect, vocabulary like Kotos dialect.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Uab MetoComments:Interspersed with Helong[heg]. Most literature in Kotos dialect. Christian.More InformationAmbai[amk]Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan and Yapen Timur subdistricts, 10 villages. On Ambai island in Cenderawasih bay, south of Serui town, along south coast of Serui island. 10,100 (2000).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Ambai-MenawiDialects:Ambai (Wadapi-Laut), Manawi, Randawaya. Lexical similarity: 77% with Serui-Laut[seu], 71% with Wandamen[wad].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-WesternComments:Muslim, Christian.More InformationAmbelau[amv]Maluku Province, central Ambelau island off southeast coast of Buru island; Buru coast, Wae Tawa village, opposite Ambelau. 8 villages. 5,700 (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,700.Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:AmblauDialects:None known. Not intelligible with Buru[mhs].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, AmbelauComments:Schools through junior high on the island. Wild pigs and rocky terrain on Ambelau make cultivation impossible; that is done in Wae Tawa village on Buru Island. Muslim.More InformationAmpanang[apg]Southern Kalimantan Timur Province, west of Mahakam river delta, east of Jambu and Lamper towns. 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).Status:6a (Vigorous).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Barito-MahakamComments:Traditional religion.More InformationAnakalangu[akg]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Sumba island, southwest coast, east of Wanukaka. 16,000.Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:AnakalangClassification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, SumbaMore InformationAnasi[bpo]Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir subdistrict. North coast, lower west bank Mamberamo river. 2,000 (1993 R. Doriot).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:BapuClassification:East Geelvink BayComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAndio[bzb]Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lamala subdistrict, Tauge and Tangeban villages. Near tip of eastern peninsula. 1,700 (Busenitz 1991).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Andioo, Bobongko (pej.), Imbaoo, MasamaDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 44% with Bobongko[bgb], 60% with Batui[zbt], 62% with Coastal Saluan[loe], 66% with Balantak[blz].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, WesternComments:Masama is preferred local name. Muslim.More InformationAnsus[and]Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat subdistrict, Ansus, Kairawi, Aibondeni, and Yenusi villages. Easternmost Serui island, south coast. 4,600 (1987 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Dialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 82% with Marau[mvr]and Papuma[ppm], 77% with Wandamen[wad].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-WesternComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAnus[auq]Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Bonggo subdistrict. Podena islands off north coast; coastal area east of Biri river. 320 (2005 SIL).Status:7 (Shifting).Alternate Names:Koroernoes, KorurDialects:None known. Reportedly similar to Podena[pdn].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, SarmiComments:Anus and Fedan[pdn]may be the same language. Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAoheng[pni]Kalimantan Timur Province, near Sarawak border, western end of province, upper reaches of Kapuas, Barito, and Mahakam rivers; small border areas, Kalimantan Tengah Province. 2,630 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:PenihingDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Kereho[xke], 67% with Hovongan[hov].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner PunanMore InformationAputai[apx]Southwest Maluku Province, 2 villages. North central Wetar island, Banda Sea coast, Ilputih village; south central Wetar, Wetar strait coast, Lurang village. 150 (Hinton 2000).Status:8b (Nearly extinct).Alternate Names:Ilputih, Opotai, TutunohanDialects:Ilputih, Lurang, Welemur. Welemur dialect has no remaining speakers. Lexical similarity: 93% among dialects, 79% with Perai[wet], 74% with Tugun[tzn], 69% with Iliuun[ilu], 57% with Galolen[gal].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, WetarComments:Christian.More InformationAralle-Tabulahan[atq]Sulawesi Barat Province, Mambi subdistrict. Between Mandar and Kalumpang towns. 12,000 (1984 SIL).Status:5 (Developing).Dialects:Aralle, Mambi, Tabulahan. Lexical similarity: 84%89% with other dialects listed, 75%80% with Bambam[ptu], Pannei[pnc], and Ulumandak[ulm]dialects.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna SaluComments:Christian, Muslim.More InformationArandai[jbj]Papua Barat Province, Manokwari regency, Bintuni subdistrict; South Birds Head, Ceram Sea coast; west from Sebyar (Timoforo) river area. 1,000 (1987 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Dombano, Jaban, Sebyar, Sumuri, YabanDialects:Dombano (Arandai). Lexical similarity: 71% with the Kemberano and Dombano dialects.Classification:Trans-New Guinea, South Birds Head, South Birds Head Proper, EasternComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationArguni[agf]Papua Barat Province, Fak-Fak district; Arguni island in Maccluer gulf, off northwest coast, Bomberai peninsula. 150 (Wurm 2000).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:ArgoeniClassification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North BomberaiComments:Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationAs[asz]Papua Barat Province, Asbakin, Maklaumkarta, and Mega villages. West Birds Head area, north coast east of Dampler strait, inland towards Warsamson river. 230 (Wurm 2000).Status:6b (Threatened).Dialects:Lexical similarity: 60% with some dialects on Misool Island.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja AmpatComments:Reportedly originates from Gag Island, west of Waigeo Island. Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationAsilulu[asl]Maluku Province, Asilulu, Ureng, and Negeri Lima villages. Northwest Ambon island; some in west Seram island, Hoamoal peninsula, south coast. 8,760 (1987 SIL). L2 users: Spoken as L2 in northwest Ambon, north and west Seram, Manipa, Boano, and Kelang islands.Status:6b (Threatened).Dialects:Asilulu, Negeri Lima (Henalima, Lima), Ureng. Lexical similarity: 88% with Asilulu and the Negeri Lima dialect, 78%82% with Seit-Kaitetu[hik], 72%73% with the Wakal dialect of Hitu[htu], 67%72% with Larike-Wakasihu[alo], 71%73% with Luhu[lcq]in Seram.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, AsiluluComments:Muslim.More InformationAsmat, Casuarina Coast[asc]Papua Province, Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari and Edera subdistricts. Casuarina Coast from Ewta river north, to Kuti river south, and inland. 9,000 (1991 SIL). 5,200 in Matia and 3,400 in Sapan.Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:KaweinagDialects:Matia, Sapan (Safan).Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, AsmatComments:Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationAsmat, Central[cns]Papua Province. Casuarina coast areas. Asmat Regency; Sawa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and Pantai Kasuari subdistricts. South coast from Owap river northwest to Farec river southwest, inland. Also, Mappi regency, Nambai and Edera subdistricts. Digul river delta area. 7,000 (Roesler 1972). Most are monolingual.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Jas, Manowee, YasDialects:Ajam (Ayam), Misman, Simai (Simay). Reportedly similar to Sempan[xse]north of the rivers, Kamoro[kgq]and Citak[txt].Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, AsmatComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAsmat, North[nks]Papua Province, Merauke regency, Sawa-Erma subdistrict. Near Pater Le Cocq river headwaters west to Unir river east to the foothills. 1,000 (1991 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:KeenokClassification:Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, AsmatComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAsmat, Yaosakor[asy]Papua Province, Asmat regency, Agats and Atsy subdistricts. South coast, lower Sirac river area. 2,000 (1991 SIL).Status:7 (Shifting).Alternate Names:YaosakorClassification:Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, AsmatComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAtohwaim[aqm]Papua Province, Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari subdistrict. South coast inland, northeast of Pirimapun town, between Cook and Kronkel rivers. 1,000 (1987 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:KaugatClassification:Trans-New Guinea, KayagarComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAuye[auu]Papua Province, Paniai regency, Napan subdistrict. Central highlands southeast of Cenderawasih bay; Siriwo river area. 350 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2012 SIL).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:AuwjeDialects:None known. Related to Ekari[ekg].Classification:Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel LakesComments:Distinct from Awyi[auw](Awye) in Taikat group. Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAwbono[awh]Papua Province, Jayawuarar district. Modera river area. 100 (1999 SIL). 100 monolinguals.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:KvolyabDialects:None known. Not related to these language families: Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna[mqf], or highland languages like Dani[dnw], or Mek family. Lexical similarity: 55% with Bayono[byl].Classification:Bayono-AwbonoComments:Frequently at war with Kopkaka and Korowai.More InformationAwera[awr]Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah subdistrict,1 village. East side of Cenderawasih bay, Wapoga river mouth. 70 (Wurm 2000).Status:7 (Shifting).Classification:Lakes Plain, AweraComments:Community shared with 100 Ansus[and]speakers. Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAwyi[auw]Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Arso subdistrict. Northeast, highland enclave near Papua New Guinea border, south of Jayapura town. 350 (Wurm 2000).Status:8a (Moribund).Alternate Names:Awje, Awji, Awye, Njao, NyaoClassification:Border, TaikatComments:Distinct from Auye[auu]in Ekari-Wolani-Moni group. Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAwyu, Asue[psa]Papua Province, South coast area, southwest of Wildeman river, east of Kampong river, inland from Pirimapun. 6,500 (2002 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Miaro, Miaro Awyu, PisaDialects:None known. Reportedly similar to Edera Awyu[awy]and South Awyu[aws], but distinct from Central Awyu[awu]and Jair Awyu[awv].Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, AwyuComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAwyu, Central[awu]Papua Province, Mappi and Boven Digul regencies; Obaa, Citak Mitak, Mandobo, and Bimikia subdistricts. South coast inland, west of Tanahmerah, southwest of Boma town. 7,500 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Ajau, Auyu, Avio, Awju, Awya, NohonDialects:4 dialects.Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, AwyuComments:Traditional religion.More InformationAwyu, Edera[awy]Papua Province, Merauke district. Inland, both banks, lower Digul river; north of Keisak town. 3,870 (2002 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, YenimuClassification:Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, AwyuComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAwyu, Jair[awv]Papua Province, Merauke district. West of northward bend, Digul river. 2,300 (2002 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, AwyuComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAwyu, North[yir]Papua Province, Merauke district. West side, Digul river, upstream from Tanamerah town. 1,500 (1987 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Awyu, Djair, Dyair, Jair, YairClassification:Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, AwyuComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationAwyu, South[aws]Papua Province, Merauke district. Both banks, lower Digul river; Bade town area. 9,340 (2002 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, YenimuClassification:Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, AwyuComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBabar, North[bcd]Maluku Province, south, Ilwiara, Nakarhamto, and Yatoke villages, northeast Babar island east of Timor island. 1,000 (2007 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Dialects:Dialect variation reported.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, NorthComments:Christian.More InformationBabar, Southeast[vbb]Maluku Province, Kroing, Letwurung, Kokwari, Wakpapai, Ahanari, Analutur, Manuweri, and Tutuwawan villages. Southeast Babar island coast. 4,460 (2007 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South BabarComments:Christian.More InformationBada[bhz]Sulawesi Tengah and Sulawesi Selatan provinces, northwest of Lake Poso; Lore Selatan, Pamona Selatan, Poso Pesisir, and Parigi subdistricts, at least 24 villages; Ako dialect in northern Mamuju regency, Pasangkayu subdistrict; Some in Ampibabo subdistrict, Lemusa village. 6,800 (Martens 1989), increasing.Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Bada, TobadaDialects:Ako, Bada. Lexical similarity: 85% with Bada and Behoa[bep], 91% with Behoa and Napu[npy], 80% with Bada and Napu[npy]. The 3 are geographically, politically, and culturally separate.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, BadaicComments:Tobada, Bada person. Christian.More InformationBadui[bac]Java, separate enclaves: Banten Province, Rangkasbitung regency, on Ujung river; Pandeglang town, near Mount Kendeng; 2 separate areas in Jawa Barat Province, Sukabumi city area, 1 village, and Cikajang city area; Jawa Timur Province, extreme southwest portion, south of Banyubiru bay. 20,000 (2000 census). 12,000 in Kenekes village area.Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Baduy, Bahasa Sunda, GajeboDialects:Sometimes considered a dialect of Sunda[sun].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, SundaneseComments:A separate socio-religious group from Sunda[sun]. Inner and outer, Badui refer to location and status within the group religion. Muslim, traditional religion.More InformationBagusa[bqb]Papua Province, Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict. East of Mamberamo river, south of Lake Rombebai. 300 (1987 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Kapeso, SuasesoDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Kwerba[kwe].Classification:Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, NuclearComments:Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationBaham[bdw]Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency, Kaimana, Fakfak, and Kokas subdistricts. Northwest Bomberai peninsula, east of Fakfak city. 1,100 (1987 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:PatimuniDialects:None known. Reportedly similar to Iha[ihp].Classification:Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, West Bomberai ProperComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBahau[bhv]Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai Barat regency, Long Apari, Long Pahangai, Long Bagun, and Long Hubung subdistricts. Area around confluence of Ratah and Mahakam rivers. 19,000 (2007 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan ProperMore InformationBahonsuai[bsu]Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Bahonsuai village on the east coast. 200 (Mead 1999).Status:7 (Shifting).Alternate Names:Bahoe-soeaai, BahonsoewaaiDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Tomadino[tdi], 68% with Mori Atas[mzq], Mori Bawah[xmz], and Padoe[pdo].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East CoastComments:Muslim.More InformationBajau, Indonesian[bdl]Well dispersed throughout north central Indonesia; Sulawesi Utara Province, Wori, Tumpaan, and Belang subdistricts; Sulawesi Selatan Province, Selayar, Bone, and Sinjai regencies; Sulawesi Tengah and Sulawesi Tenggara provinces; Gorontalo Province, Popayato and Tilamuta subdistricts; Maluku Utara Province on Bacan, Obi, Kayoa, and Sula islands. 150,000 (Mead, Lee, and Neveux 2007). 5,000 or more in North Maluku (Grimes 1982), 8,000 to 10,000 in South Sulawesi (Grimes and Grimes 1987), 7,000 in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo, 36,000 in Central Sulawesi, 40,000 in Southeast Sulawesi (Mead, Lee, and Neveux 2007), and several thousand in Nusa Tenggara (Wurm and Hattori 1981; Verheijen 1986).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Badjaw, Badjo, Bajao, Bajo, Bayo, Gaj, Indonesian Bajaw, Orang Laut, Sama, TaurijeneDialects:Jampea, Jaya Bakti, Kajoa, Matalaang, Poso, Roti, Same, Sulamu, Togian 1, Togian 2, Wallace.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast BajawComments:Known as Bayo and Taurijene in the Makasar[mak]language. Known as Bajo in Buginese[bug]. Schools in some villages. They live in houses on stilts over water. Other Bajau languages are in Sabah, Malaysia, and the southern Philippines. Muslim, traditional religion.More InformationBakati[bei]Kalimantan Barat Province, northwestern area; Sambas river headwaters. 4,000 (1986 UBS).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Bakati Nyam, Bakati Riok, Bakatiq, BekatiClassification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, BakatiMore InformationBakati, Rara[lra]Kalimantan Barat Province, Pejampi and 2 other villages. Upper Lundu and Sambas rivers, southeast of Sambas town. 12,000 in Indonesia (2004 M. Connor).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Bekati Kendayan, Bekati Nyam-Pelayo, Bekatiq, Lara, LuruDialects:Binae.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, BakatiComments:Traditional religion.More InformationBakati, Sara[sre]Kalimantan Barat Province, near Sanggau-Ledo northeast of Ledo. 4,000 (2004 M. Connor).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:RiokDialects:Some dialect differences. Unidirectional intelligibility of Rara-Bakati[lra]by Sara.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, BakatiMore InformationBakumpai[bkr]Kalimantan Tengah Province; Kapuas and Barito rivers, northeast of Kuala Kapuas. 100,000 (2003).Status:3 (Wider communication).Used as a LWC in the market in central Kalimantan Province.Alternate Names:Bakambai, Bara-JidaDialects:Bakumpai, Mengkatip (Mangkatip, Oloh Mengkatip). Lexical similarity: 75% with Ngaju[nij], 45% with Banjar[bjn].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, SouthComments:Muslim.More InformationBalaesang[bls]Sulawesi Tengah Province, Balaesang subdistrict, Manimbayu peninsula, Ketong, Kamonji, and Rano villages. 3,200 (Himmelmann 2001).Status:7 (Shifting).Alternate Names:Balaesan, Balaisang, PajoClassification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, SouthernComments:Muslim.More InformationBalantak[blz]Sulawesi Tengah Province, Banggai regency, Luwuk, Balantak, Tinangkung, and Lamala subdistricts, at least 49 villages. Eastern peninsular tip, Cape Botok. 30,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. 3,000 monolinguals. L2 users: Speakers of other area languages use Balantak as L2.Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Balanta, KosianDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 66% with Andio[bzb], 51% with Saluan[loe], 39% with Bobongko[bgb].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, EasternComments:Muslim, Christian.More InformationBali[ban]Bali and Nusa Tenggara Barat provinces; entire island of Bali, and to east, west central Lombok island, Mataram area. 3,330,000 (2000 census). 7,000 in South Sulawesi. Includes immigrant speakers in west Nusa Tenggara, west Lombok Islands.Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:BalineseDialects:Highland Bali (Bali Aga (pej.)), Lowland Bali (Badung, Buleleng, Gianyar, Jembrana, Karangasem, Klungkung, Tabanan), Nusa Penida. Reportedly 2 distinct dialects. High Bali is used in religion, but users are diminishing. Speech strata in several lowland varieties (1989 A. Clynes).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-SumbawaComments:Nusa Penida Island variety associated with Highland Bali dialect. It is a scattering of villages with minimal influence from the former Majapahit Empire. Hindu.More InformationBambam[ptu]Sulawesi Barat Province, west Polmas regency, Mambi subdistrict. Watershed of Maloso and Mapilli rivers; into Majene and Mamuju regencies. 22,000 (Strmme 1987).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Pitu Uluna Salu, Pitu-Ulunna-SaluDialects:Bambam Hulu, Bumal, Issilita, Matangnga, Mehalaan, Pakkau, Pattae, Salu Mokanam. Complex dialect chain. Lexical similarity: 83%94% with Bumal; 85%80% with dialects of Aralle-Tabulahan[atq], Pannei[pnc], and Ulumanda[ulm].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna SaluComments:Christian, Muslim, traditional religion.More InformationBanda[bnd]Maluku Province, south, Kei islands, west and northeast side of Kei Besar island, Banda-Eli and Banda-Elat villages, possibly another village. 3,000 (1987 SIL).Status:7 (Shifting).Dialects:Elat, Eli. Different from other south Maluku languages.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-GeserComments:The people originally came from the Banda Islands, but the language is no longer spoken there. Muslim.More InformationBanggai[bgz]Sulawesi Tengah Province, at least 157 villages. Off eastern peninsula, Banggai Islands. 125,000 (2000 census).Status:7 (Shifting).Alternate Names:Aki, Banggaai, Banggaiy, Banggay, BanggayaDialects:East Banggai, West Banggai.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, EasternComments:Muslim, Christian.More InformationBangka[mfb]Sumatra, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, widespread, Bangka island. 340,000 (2000 census). 50 or less speakers of the Lom dialect (Wurm 2007).Status:6a (Vigorous).Dialects:Capital City Urban Bangka, Central Bangka, Lom (Belom, Mapor), North Bangka, Port Urban Bangka, South Bangka. A member of macrolanguage Malay[msa].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, MalayComments:A network of dialects with distinct lexical, phonological, and grammatical innovations set Bangka apart from other Malay speech varieties. Muslim, traditional religion.More InformationBanjar[bjn]Kalimantan south and southeastern coasts, Java Sea and Makassar Strait; Kalimantan Tengah Province as far as Pangkalanbun, Sampit, and Palangkaraya; Kalimantan Selatan Province, around Banjarmasin, to south then east; Kalimantan Timur Province, coastal regions of Pulau Laut, Kutai, and Pasir, north towards Samarinda city and Mahakan delta; smaller region, Kalimantan Barat Province, coastal Matua. 3,500,000 in Indonesia (2000 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 3,505,000.Status:3 (Wider communication).Banjar became a LWC through trade. LWC in the market, in business, and in media. Banjar, already dominant in South Kalimantan Province, is also growing rapidly in Central and Eastern Kalimantan provinces.Alternate Names:Bandjarese, Banjar Malay, Banjarese, LabuhanDialects:Hulu, Kuala. Lexically influenced by Javanese[jav]. Lexical similarity: 73% with Indonesian[ind], 66% with Tamuan (Malayic Dayak)[xdy], 45% with Bakumpai[bkr], 35% with Ngaju[nij]. A member of macrolanguage Malay[msa].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, MalayComments:Muslim.More InformationBantik[bnq]Sulawesi Utara Province, 11 villages. Northern peninsula, northeast section, area around Manado city. 3,000 (Utsumi 2001), decreasing.Status:8a (Moribund).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, SouthernComments:Christian.More InformationBarakai[baj]Maluku Province, southern area, Longgar, Apara, Bemun, and Mesiang villages. Southeast Aru chain, Barakai island; some on Gomo-Gomo island northeast of Barakai. 4,450 (2011 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:WorkaiDialects:Barakai, Mesiang. Reportedly similar to Karey[kyd]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Batuley[bay].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, AruComments:Christian, Muslim, traditional religion.More InformationBarapasi[brp]Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Atas subdistrict. East Cenderawasih bay, along Barapasi river and tributaries. 2,500 (1995 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:BaropasiDialects:Marikai, Sipisi. Lexical similarity: 67% with Kofei[kpi], 71% with Sauri[srt], 61% with Tefaro[tfo], 64% with Woria[wor].Classification:East Geelvink BayComments:Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationBaras[brs]Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju Regency, Karossa subdistrict, Salubiro village, Baras subdistrict, in and north of Bambaloka village. 250 (Valkama 1987). 50 households.Status:8a (Moribund).Alternate Names:EndeDialects:Lexical similarity: 84% with Daa Kaili[kzf], 85% with Inde dialect of Kaili, Daa[kzf], 80% or more with other Kaili varieties, 64% with Uma[ppk].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, KailiComments:Some think the language will die out. Muslim.More InformationBasap[bdb]Kalimantan Timur Province, scattered in Bulungan, Sangkulirang, and Kutai regencies. 15,000 (2007 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:BosapDialects:Berau, Binatang, Bulungan, Dumaring, Jembayan, Karangan.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-SajauComments:Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationBatak Alas-Kluet[btz]Two areas, Aceh Province; 1: inland from Tapaktuan, and 2: northwest towards Kutacane; eventually into Sumatera Utara Province. 195,000 (2000 census). Includes 80,000 Alas, 50,000 Kluet, and 65,000 Singkil.Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Alas-Kluet BatakDialects:Alas, Kluet, Singkil (Kade-Kade). Alas dialect may be more similar to Karo Batak[btx], 81% cognate (Soravia 2002), while Kluet and Singkil may be more closely related to Pakpak Dairi[btd].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, NorthernComments:Many reject the label Batak for its cultural connotations. Unclear whether this is a single language.More InformationBatak Angkola[akb]Sumatera Utara Province; Sipirok town area; inland from near Sibolga city towards southern provincial border. 750,000 (1991 UBS).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Anakola, AngkolaDialects:None known. Reportedly similar to Mandailing Batak[btm], but distinct sociolinguistically.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, SouthernComments:Christian, Muslim.More InformationBatak Dairi[btd]Sumatera Utara Province southwest of Lake Toba; area around Sidikalang town, south to coast; also in Aceh Province inland. 1,200,000 (1991 UBS).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Dairi, Pakpak, Pakpak DairiDialects:Diari and Pakpak dialects are sociolinguistically distinct.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, NorthernComments:Christian.More InformationBatak Karo[btx]Sumatera Utara Province, north central area west and northwest of Lake Toba; Aceh Province, small border areas. 600,000 (1991 UBS).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Karo BatakDialects:Singkil.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, NorthernComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBatak Mandailing[btm]Sumatera Utara Province; southern interior area extending from Padang Sidempuan, across borders with Riau and Sumatera Barat provinces. 1,100,000 (2000 census).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Batta, Mandailing BatakDialects:None known. Sociolinguistically different from Angkola Batak[akb].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, SouthernComments:A general form of Batak common to a wider area than Angkola. Muslim.More InformationBatak Simalungun[bts]Sumatera Utara Province; area northeast of Lake Toba; Pematangsiantar town area. 1,200,000 (2000).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Simelungan, TimurClassification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, SimalunganMore InformationBatak Toba[bbc]Sumatera Utara Province; Samosir island; east, south, and west of Lake Toba. 2,000,000 (1991 UBS).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Batta, Toba BatakDialects:None known. Reportedly similar to Angkola Batak[akb].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, SouthernComments:Christian.More InformationBati[bvt]Maluku Province. East coast, Seram island between Kian Darat and Keleser towns, inland. 3,500 (Loski and Loski 1989).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:GahDialects:None known. Related to Geser-Gorom[ges]and Watubela[wah].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-GoromComments:Strong separation of ethnolinguistic identity from Geser-Gorom[ges]. Muslim.More InformationBatui[zbt]Sulawesi Tengah Province, Banggai regency, Batui subdistrict, Balantang, Tolando, Sisipan, and Batui villages. Eastern peninsula, mainland across from Peleng island. 2,900, decreasing.Status:7 (Shifting).Alternate Names:BahaDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 74% with Saluan[loe], 60% with Andio[bzb], 54% with Bobongko[bgb], 46% with Balantak[blz], 38% with Banggai[bgz].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, SaluanicComments:Muslim.More InformationBatuley[bay]Maluku Province, 7 island villages. Aru islands, east coast, Tanah Besar island. 3,640 (2011 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Gwataley, WatulaiDialects:None known. Slightly more distant from Dobel[kvo]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Barakai[baj]and Karey[kyd], 81% with Mariri[mqi].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, AruComments:Muslim.More InformationBauzi[bvz]Papua Province, Jayapura and Yapen Waropen regencies, Mamberamo Tengah and Waropen Atas subdistricts, Vakiadi, Noiadi, Danau Bira, Solom, Kustera, Neao, and Itaba villages. Extensive inland area between Mamberamo and Rouffaer rivers. 1,500 (1991 SIL). 1,350 monolinguals.Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Baudi, Baudji, Baudzi, BauriDialects:Aumenefa, Gesda Dae, Neao.Classification:East Geelvink Bay, BauziComments:Whistle speech reported. Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBayono[byl]Papua Province, Merauke district. Eilanden and Steenboom rivers. 100 (1999 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Dialects:None known. Not related to language families like Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna, or highlands language families like Dani or Mek. Lexical similarity: 55% with Awbono[awh].Classification:Bayono-AwbonoMore InformationBedoanas[bed]Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency, Kokas subdistrict. Bomberai peninsula. 180 (Wurm 2000).Status:6b (Threatened).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, BomberaiComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBehoa[bep]Sulawesi Tengah Province, Lore Utara subdistrict, 8 villages. Most speakers in Behoa valley, northwest of Lake Mantana. some in Napu valley. 10,000 (2007 SIL), increasing.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Ako, BesoaDialects:None known. Geographically, politically, culturally, and lexically distinct from Bada[bhz]and Napu[npy].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, BadaicComments:Christian, Muslim.More InformationBeneraf[bnv]Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. North coast area east of Tor river mouth, Beneraf and part of Nenke village. 200 (2005 SIL). Very few monolinguals.Status:7 (Shifting).Alternate Names:Boneraf, BonerifClassification:Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, TorComments:Edwas may be the name preferred by the people. Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBenggoi[bgy]Maluku Province, Benggoi, Balakeo, and Lesa villages. Seram island, Werinama and Bula districts, north Seram Sea coast. 350 (1989 SIL).Status:8a (Moribund).Alternate Names:Bengoi, Isal, Kobi-Benggoi, Uhei Kachlakan, Uhei-Kaclakin, Uhei-KahlakimDialects:Balakeo, Benggoi, Lesa. Lexical similarity: 70% with dialects; 54%66% with Liana-Seti[ste], 46%50% with Salas Gunung dialect[sgu], 32%46% with Manusela[wha].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-SetiComments:Christian, Muslim.More InformationBengkala Sign Language[bqy]Java and Bali provinces, Bali island, Buleleng regency, Bengkala village. 41 (2007 SIL). More than 1,200 Kata Kolok signers; about 50 of them are deaf (2011 C. de Vos). 40 monolinguals.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Benkala Sign Language, Kata KolokClassification:Deaf sign languageComments:In the linguistic literature the language is referred to as Kata Kolok which means deaf language in Balinese[ban].More InformationBentong[bnu]Sulawesi Selatan Province, inland parts of Maros, Bone, Pangkep, and Barru regencies where Bugis [bug], Makassar [mak] and Highland Konjo [kjc] language areas meet. 25,000 (1987 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Bentong-Dentong, DentongDialects:None known. Reportedly most similar to Konjo[kjc].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, MakassarComments:Bentong and Dentong are Bugis[bug]and Makasarese[mak]exonyms meaning nonfluent, but the names do not have negative connotations to speakers themselves. Muslim, Christian.More InformationBenyadu[byd]Kalimantan Barat Province, Landak and Bengkayang regencies. Northwest near Sarawak border. 54,000 (2007).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Balantian, Balantiang, Njadu, NyaduDialects:Nyadu (Balantian, Balantiang, Njadu), Pandu.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land DayakMore InformationBerik[bkl]Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Tor Atas subdistrict; Bora Bora, Waf, Doronta, Beu, Togonfo, Dangken, Kondirjan, Somanente, Tenwer, Sewan, Safrontani, and Taminambor villages. North coast area along mid and upper Tor river, inland from Sarmi peninsula. 1,200 (1994 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Berick, Berrik, Sewan Teteris, Upper TorDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 45% with Keijar[kdy], 13% with Orya[ury].Classification:Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, TorComments:Formerly the trade language of Tor area. Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBetaf[bfe]Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. North coast area east of Sarmi. 600 (2005 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:TenaClassification:Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, TorComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBetawi[bew]Java island, Jawa Barat Province, Bogar, Bekasi, and Karawang regencies; Banten Province, from Tangerang east to Jakarta city; dominant in Jakarta Raya. 5,000,000 (2000 census). Population count imprecise due to vague ethnic and linguistic definition of Betawi.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Batavi, Batawi, Betawi Malay, Jakarta Malay, Melayu Betawi, Melayu JakarteDialects:None known. A Malay-based creole distinct from both Indonesian[ind]and other Malay-based pidgins and creoles. It evolved mid-19th century. Unique phonological, morphological, and lexical traits. Influences from Peranakan Indonesian[pea]and Bali[ban]. Often not intelligible to Indonesian speakers not familiar with it (1989 R. Allen).Classification:Creole, Malay basedComments:Muslim.More InformationBiak[bhw]Papua Barat Province, Biak Numfor regency. Biak and Numfor islands north, numerous small islands east and west of Birds Head, including Mapia island. 30,000 (Wurm 2000). L2 users: A few thousand L2 users.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Biak-Numfor, Mafoor, Mafoorsch, Mefoor, Myfoorsch, Noefoor, Noefoorsch, NufoorDialects:Ariom, Boo, Bosnik, Dwar, Fairi, Jenures, Kamer, Korido, Korim, Mandusir, Mapia, Mios Num, Mofu, Monoarfu, Opif, Padoa, Penasifu, Rumberpon, Samberi, Sampori (Mokmer), Sor, Sorendidori, Sorido, Sundei, Wadibu, Wardo, Wari, Warsa, Yobi (Jobi). Some consider Biak and Numfor dialect 2 languages.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, BiakicComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBidayuh, Biatah[bth]Kalimantan Barat Province, area east of Suruh village, near Sarawak border. 8,480 in Indonesia (2000).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Biatah, Bideyu, Landu, Lundu, Pueh, SiburanClassification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Core, CentralComments:May be distinct from Biatah[bth]of Sarawak. Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBidayuh, Bukar-Sadong[sdo]Kalimantan Barat Province, Sanggau and Sintang regencies. Mount Cemaru, near Sarawak border.Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Buka, Bukar, Bukar Sadong, Bukar Sadung Bidayah, Sabutan, Sadong, Serian, TebakangDialects:Bukar Bidayuh (Bidayah, Bidayuh), Bukar Sadong.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, EasternMore InformationBiga[bhc]Papua Barat Province, Sorong district, Biga village; south of Misool island. 300 (Remijsen 2001).Status:6a (Vigorous).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja AmpatMore InformationBilba[bpz]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, northeast end of Rote island, west of Rikou; communities on Semau island and Timor mainland near Kupang. 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000.Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Belubaa, Bilbaa, Eastern Rote, Rote, Rote Timur, Roti, RotineseDialects:Bilba, Diu, Lelenuk.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, RoteComments:Christian.More InformationBima[bhp]Nusa Tenggara Barat Province; eastern third of Sumbawa island, east of the isthmus; northeast, Sangeang and Banta islands; Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Komodo island area. 500,000 (1989).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:BimaneseDialects:Bima, Kolo, Mbojo, Sangar (Sanggar), Toloweri.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-LembataComments:Muslim.More InformationBintauna[bne]Sulawesi Utara Province, around Bintauna town. 11,200 (2000 census).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Bintaoena, Bintawoena, BitaoenaClassification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, GorontalicComments:Muslim.More InformationBiritai[bqq]Papua Province, Puncakjaya district, Biri village. North of mid-Rouffaer river. 250 (1988 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Aliki, Ati, BiriDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Obokuitai[afz], 61% with Eritai[ert], 60% with Kwerisa[kkb], 69% with Kaiy[tcq].Classification:Lakes Plain, Tariku, EastComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBlagar[beu]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, East Pantar, north Pura, and south Ternate islands. 11,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Belagar, Kaera, Pura, TarangDialects:Apuri, Bakalang, Limarahing, Pura. Retta[ret], spoken on south Pura and nearby islands, is a separate language.Classification:Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, PantarMore InformationBoano[bzl]Sulawesi Tengah Province, Moutong subdistrict, Bolano village. North peninsula, south coast, facing gulf of Tomini. 2,700 (Himmelmann 2001).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Boan-diks, BolanoDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 83% with Totoli[txe].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, TolitoliComments:Different from Boano[bzn]in Maluku. Muslim.More InformationBoano[bzn]Maluku Province, North Buano main village. Boano island, facing northwest point, Seram island. 3,240 (1982).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:BuanoDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Luhu[lcq], 61% with Lisabata-Nuniali[lcs](most similar).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, HoamoalComments:Different from Boano[bzl]in Sulawesi.More InformationBobongko[bgb]Sulawesi Tengah Province, Togian islands, Lembanato village on Kilat bay, north side of Togian island, and Tumbulawa village, northwest coast of Batu Daka island. 1,500 (Mead 2001). 1,100 in Lembanato and 400 in Tumbulawa.Status:6a (Vigorous).Dialects:None known. Different from Andio[bzb]. Lexical similarity: 53% with Coastal Saluan[loe], 44% with Andio[bzb], and 30% with Gorontalo[gor], 25%30% with Gorontalo-Mongondow languages.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, SaluanicComments:Bobongko is not derogatory to its speakers, but it is to the Andio[bzb]. Muslim, Christian.More InformationBobot[bty]Maluku Province. Southeast Seram, Werinama district, southeast from Atiahu village to Kota Baru; also Tunsai village in Liana area. 4,500 (1989 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Ahtiago, Atiahu, Hatumeten, Ntau, WerinamaDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 44% with Sepa[spb]and Teluti[tlt], 42% with Yalahatan[jal].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, BobotComments:Muslim.More InformationBolango[bld]Sulawesi Utara Province, Bolaang Mongondow Regency; Gorontalo Province, northeast coast, Atinggola town area, and south coast of peninsula, Molibagu area. 23,000 (Sneddon and Usup 1986). Atinggola 16,000, Bolango 7,000.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Atinggola-Bolango, Bolaang Uki, Bolang-Banka, Bulanga, Bulanga-UkiDialects:Atinggola (Andagile, Attingola, Diu, Kattinggola), Bolango (Uki).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, GorontalicComments:Distinct from Gorontalo[gor](1974 J. Little). Muslim.More InformationBolongan[blj]Kalimantan Timur Province, Tanjungselor town area, lower Kayan river. 30,000 (Kawi et al. 2002).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:BulunganDialects:May be a dialect of Tidong[tid]or Segai[sge].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, TidongComments:Traditional religion.More InformationBonerate[bna]Sulawesi Selatan Province. Selayer island group; Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, and Karompa islands. 9,500 (1987 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Dialects:Bonerate, Karompa. Lexical similarity: 79%81% with Tukang Besi South[bhq], 31% with Kalao[kly], 25% with Laiyolo[lji].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-BonerateComments:Muslim.More InformationBonggo[bpg]Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict. 790 (2006 SIL).Status:8a (Moribund).Alternate Names:Armopa, Bgu, Bogu, BongoClassification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, SarmiComments:Bgu may be the name preferred by the people. Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBudong-Budong[bdx]Sulawesi Barat Province, Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong subdistrict, Tongkou village. Budong-Budong river area. 70 (Friberg and Laskowske 1989).Status:8a (Moribund).Alternate Names:Bubudong, Tangkou, TongkouDialects:None known. Reportedly similar to Aralle-Tabulahan[atq]and Ulumandak[ulm]. Lexical similarity: 56% with Mamuju[mqx]and Seko Padang[skx], 61% with Seko Tengah[sko], 72% with Panasuan[psn].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko, PanasuanComments:Muslim.More InformationBugis[bug]Sulawesi area, scattered communities generally on various coasts; Sulawesi Selatan Province, Kolaka, Wundulako, Rumbia, and Poleang subdistricts, west coast, eastward through to head of Bone bay, contiguous coastal area; interior near Sulawesi Tenggara, Lake Towuti area; Sulawesi Tenggara Province, south of lake, along east coast of Bone bay, 3 enclaves; Kasiputih area facing Muna island; Sulawesi Tengah Province, west side, areas at Oti, Toaya, and Donggola; east side, 3 enclaves on Tolo bay; Sulawesi Barat Province, Mandar bay, 2 more enclaves (More, Pasangkayu) along Makassar strait; possible other small concentrations in Kalimantan, Maluku, Papua, and Sumatra provinces. 5,000,000 in Indonesia (2000 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 5,017,800. L2 users: 500,000 in Indonesia.Status:3 (Wider communication).Alternate Names:Boegineesche, Boeginezen, Bugi, Buginese, De, Rappang Buginese, UgiDialects:Barru (Nepo, Pare-Pare, Soppeng Riaja, Tanete, Tompo), Bone (Dua Boccoe, Mare, Palakka), Camba, Luwu (Bua Ponrang, Luwu, Malangke-Ussu, Wara), Pangkep (Pangkajene), Pasangkayu (Ugi Riawa), Sawitto (Pinrang), Sidrap (Alitta, Pinrang Utara, Sidenrang), Sinjai (Bulukumba, Enna, Palattae), Soppeng (Kessi), Wajo. Bone and Soppeng dialects are central.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, BugisComments:Muslim.More InformationBukat[bvk]Kalimantan Barat Province, northeast near Sarawak border, Kapuas river, southeast of Mendalam. 3 areas. 400 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).Status:6a (Vigorous).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner PunanMore InformationBukitan[bkn]Kalimantan Timur Province, Iwan river; northwestern, Sarawak border. 570 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 860.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Bakatan, Bakitan, Beketan, Mangkettan, Manketa, PakatanDialects:Punan Busang, Punan Ukit.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, KajangComments:Christian.More InformationBuli[bzq]Maluku Utara Province, 3 villages. Central Halmahera, Buli bay, north shore. 2,520 (2000).Status:6a (Vigorous).Dialects:Buli, Wayamli (Jawanli, Wajamli).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, SoutheastComments:Several communities of over 100 dwellings. Muslim, Christian.More InformationBunak[bfn]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Timor island, central interior, near border with Timor Leste; many in Belu district. 21,000 in Indonesia (2010).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Buna, Bunake, Bunaq, Gae, MaraeClassification:Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, TimorComments:Small groups scattered among other languages. Traditional religion.More InformationBungku[bkz]Banda Sea, Sulawesi Tengah Province, Bungku Utara, Bungku Tengah, and Bungku Selatan subdistricts, along coast from Mondeodo south to Kenduri area, around 45 villages; northern Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Konawe regency, Asera, Soropia, and Lasolo subdistricts; Tulambatu and Kenduri areas inland; interior enclave southeast of Lake Poso. 27,000 (2000 census), increasing.Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Ikinyikiusa, Nahina, Tamboeko, Tambuku, TobucoDialects:Bungku, Landawe, Routa, Torete (To Rete), Tulambatu, Waia. Lexical similarity: 81% with Torete, Waia, Tulambatu, and Landawe dialects; 38% with Pamona dialects[pmf]; 88% with Landawe dialect; 84% with Waia dialect; 82% with Torete dialect; 74% with Wawonii[wow]; 66% with Taloki[tlk], Kulisusu[vkl], and Koroni[xkq]; 65% with Moronene[mqn]; 54% with the Mori and Tolaki groups; 82% with the Routa dialect.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East CoastComments:Muslim.More InformationBuol[blf]Sulawesi Tengah Province, Paleleh, Bunobogu, Bokat, Momunu, Biau, and Baolan subdistricts, 68 villages. North coast, near Gorontalo Province border. 96,000 (2000 census).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Bual, Bwool, Bwool, DiaDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Totoli[txe].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, GorontalicComments:Muslim.More InformationBurate[bti]Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, 1 village. Near Wapoga river mouth. 100 (Wurm 2000).Status:7 (Shifting).Dialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Demisa[dei], 75% with Tunggare[trt].Classification:East Geelvink BayComments:Seminomadic. Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationBurmeso[bzu]Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict,1 village. Middle Mamberamo river, northeast of Lake Holmes. 250 (Donohue 1998).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Boromeso, Borumesso, Burumeso, Manau, Monao, Monau, TaurapDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: less than 5% with other languages.Classification:East Birds Head-Sentani, BurmesoComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBuru[mhs]Maluku Province, all of Buru island, except northeast corner, 70 villages. Some on Ambon island, in Jakarta. 33,000 in Indonesia (1989 SIL). 6,620 Wae Sama, 9,600 Masarete, 14,300 Rana, 500 Fogi, and 2,000 in Ambon.Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Boeroe, BurueseDialects:Central Buru (Rana, Wae Geren, Wae Kabo), Fogi (Li Emteban, Tomahu), Masarete (South Buru), Wae Sama (Waesama). Li Garan is a special taboo dialect spoken by the Rana people (3,000 to 5,000 users). Ethnic population Fogi dialect: 500, but no remaining speakers. Lexical similarity: 90% between Masarete and Wae Sama dialects, 88% between Masarete and Rana, 80% between Wae Sama and Rana, 68% between Lisela[lcl]and Masarete, 48% between Leliali dialect of Kayeli[kzl]and Masarete, 45% between Kayeli[kzl]and Masarete, 44% between Ambelau[amv]and Masarete, 27%33% between Buru dialects and Sula[szn].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, BuruComments:There are word taboos and complex intermarriage patterns on the island. Exogamous. 10 clans. Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim.More InformationBurumakok[aip]Papua Province, Jayawijaya regency, Kurima subdistrict, Burumakok village. 40 (1994 R. Kroneman).Status:8b (Nearly extinct).Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, WesternMore InformationBurusu[bqr]Kalimantan Timur Province, Bulungan regency, Sesayap subdistrict, Sekatakbunyi town area, west of Kayan river delta. 4,350 (2007 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Berusuh, BulusuClassification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-SajauMore InformationBuruwai[asi]Papua Barat Province, Fakfak regency, Kaimana subdistrict, Yarona, Kuna, Esania, Marobia, Guriasa, Tairi, Hia, and Gaka villages. South Bomberai peninsula, Kamrau bay southwest. 1,000 (2000).Status:7 (Shifting).Alternate Names:Asianara, Asienara, Karufa, Madidwana, Sabakor, SebakoorDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kamberau[irx].Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, SabakorComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationBusami[bsm]Papua Province, Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat and Yapen Selatan subdistricts, south and north coast, Serui island, Kamanap, Masiaroti, and Kaonda villages. 700 (1993 R. Doriot).Status:6b (Threatened).Dialects:3 dialects. Lexical similarity: 71% with Ansus[and], 63% with Serui-Laut[seu].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-WesternComments:Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationBusoa[bup]Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Batauga subdistrict, Busoa and Laompo villages; southwest tip, Buton island, Flores sea. 2,300 (2000 SIL).Status:7 (Shifting).Alternate Names:BosoaDialects:Lexical similarity: 84% with Kambe-Kambero (probably a dialect of Kaimbulawa[zka]), 70%79% with Muna dialects, 71% with Muna[mnb], 76% with Lantoi[zka].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, MunanComments:Muslim.More InformationCampalagian[cml]Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali Mandar regency. South coast, Mandar bay west of Madjene town. 30,000 (Strmme 1987).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Tallumpanuae, Tasing, TjampalagianDialects:Buku, Campalagian. Lexical similarity: 50%58% with Mandar[mdr], 50%62% with Bugis[bug], 55% with Bugis Bone[bug], 62% with Bugis Pangkajene[bug], Bugis Sidrap[bug].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, BugisComments:Muslim.More InformationChinese, Hakka[hak]Widespread. Aceh, Bangka-Belitung, Java (5 provinces), Lampung, Maluku (Ambon island), Papua (Jayapura city), Riau islands (Batam island), North Sulawesi, South Suluwesi, North Sumatra, and South Sumatra. Also in West Kalimantan, Singkawang city; South Kalimantan, Banjarmasin city. 640,000 in Indonesia (1982).Status:7 (Shifting).Classification:Sino-Tibetan, ChineseMore InformationChinese, Mandarin[cmn]Scattered throughout Indonesia. 460,000 in Indonesia (1982), increasing.Status:3 (Wider communication).Classification:Sino-Tibetan, ChineseComments:Mandarin is sometimes taught in National Plus schools with English and Indonesian.More InformationChinese, Min Dong[cdo]Scattered throughout Java and Bali provinces. Few speakers.Status:8a (Moribund).Alternate Names:Foochow, Hokchiu, Min DongDialects:Xinghua (Hsinghua).Classification:Sino-Tibetan, ChineseMore InformationChinese, Min Nan[nan]Scattered throughout Sumatra, Java, Bali and Kalimantan provinces. 700,000 in Indonesia (1982).Status:7 (Shifting).Alternate Names:Min Nan, MinnanDialects:Hokkien (Fujian), Teochew (Chaochow, Tiu Chiu).Classification:Sino-Tibetan, ChineseMore InformationChinese, Yue[yue]Scattered in Jakarta Raya, Kalimantan, and Central Sumatra generally. 180,000 in Indonesia (1982).Status:8a (Moribund).Alternate Names:Cantonese, Yue, YuehClassification:Sino-Tibetan, ChineseMore InformationCia-Cia[cia]Sulawesi Tenggara Province, extreme southeast tip, Flores sea; Buton island, area inland between Pasawajo and Membula towns; also Binongko and Batu Atas islands. 79,000 (2005 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Boetoneezen, Buton, Butonese, Butung, South Buton, Southern ButungDialects:Kaesabu, Masiri, Sampolawa (Mambulu-Laporo), Wabula. Lexical similarity: 93% with Masiri dialect, 74% with Kambe-Kambero dialect of Kaimbulawa[zka], 69% with Busoa[bup], 67% with Lontoi dialect of Kaimbulawa[zka], 66% with Liabuku[lix], 61% with Wolio[wlo], 60% with Muna[mnb].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, West ButonComments:Language name based on the negator, cia (no). Muslim.More InformationCitak[txt]Papua Province, Mappi regency, Citak-Mitak subdistrict, 19 villages. South coast area, west of upper Digul river, northeast of Senggo town. 8,000 (1985 M. Stringer).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Asmat Darat, Cicak, Kaunak, Tjitak, TjitjakDialects:Bubis, Esaun, Komasma, Pirabanak, Senggo, Tiau, Vakam. Reportedly similar to Asmat[cns].Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, AsmatComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationCitak, Tamnim[tml]Papua Province, Mappi,and Asmat regencies, Tamnim, Epem, Zinak, and Wowi villages. Senggo town area. 290 (1993 R. Doriot).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Asmat Darat, TamnimDialects:None known. May be linguistically more similar to Asmat, but speakers want to be called Citak, not Asmat.Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, AsmatComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationCol[liw]Sumatra, Sumatera Selatan and Bengkulu provinces, Lubuklinggau and Muaraklingi areas south, east, and north generally; very small enclave just east of Bengkulu city. 145,000 (2000 census).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Cul, SindangDialects:Beliti, Lembak Delapan, Lubuk Linggau, Sindang Kelingi. A member of macrolanguage Malay[msa].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, MalayComments:The Lembak Delapan dialect of Col in Bengkulu is not to be confused with the Lembak subdialect of the Belide dialect of Musi[mui]. Muslim.More InformationDabe[dbe]Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Dabe village. Tor river valley north to coast. 440 (2005 SIL).Status:7 (Shifting).Classification:Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, TorComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationDai[dij]Maluku Province, Sinairusi, 3 other villages; Babar island group, Dai island; north of Babar. 820 (2007 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Dialects:No dialect variation. Lexical similarity: 72% with Dawera-Daweloor (most similar)[ddw], 71% with Nakarahamto, 49% with Masela-South Babar, 48% with Tepa (Luang).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, NorthComments:Christian.More InformationDakka[dkk]Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali-Mandar regency, Wonomulyo subdistrict. Northwest of Matakali town. 1,500 (Strmme 1987).Status:7 (Shifting).Dialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 72%77% with Pannei[pnc]and Bambam[ptu].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna SaluComments:Muslim.More InformationDamal[uhn]Papua Province, Paniai Regency, Ilaga and Beoga subdistricts, central highlands west of Western Dani, east of Ekari, southeast of Kemandoga river source, throughout Puncak Jaya, north and south Carstens mountains. 14,000 (Wurm 2000).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Amung, Amung Kal, Amungme, Amuy, Enggipiloe, Hamung, Oehoendoeni, UhunduniDialects:Amongme, Amung, Damal, Enggipilu. Related to Ekari[ekg], Moni[mnz], and Wolani[wod].Classification:Trans-New Guinea, DamalComments:Christian.More InformationDamar, East[dmr]Maluku Province, southeast, 6 villages; northeast of Timor island, east of Roma island; Damar island, east side. 2,800 (1990 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:South DamarDialects:None known. Not intelligible of West Damar[drn].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, East DamarMore InformationDamar, West[drn]Maluku Province, southeast, 2 villages; northeast of Timor island, east of Roma island; Damar island, north side. 800 (1987 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:North DamarDialects:None known. Not intelligible of East Damar[dmr].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, West DamarMore InformationDampelas[dms]Sulawesi Tengah Province, Dampelas, Sojol, and Balaesang subdistricts, 8 villages. Northwesternmost point, north peninsula, Makassar Strait. 2,000 (Wurm 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (Wurm 2007).Status:7 (Shifting).Alternate Names:Dampelasa, DianClassification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, SouthernComments:Dampal dialect is extinct. Muslim.More InformationDani, Lower Grand Valley[dni]Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley; lower gorge. 20,000 (1996 SIL).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Grand Valley DaniDialects:Lower Bele, Lower Grand Valley Hitigima (Dani-Kurima, Kurima), Lower Kimbin (Kibin), Upper Bele, Upper Pyramid.Classification:Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani ProperComments:Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationDani, Mid Grand Valley[dnt]Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley. 50,000 (1990 UBS).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Baliem Valley Dani, Central Grand Valley Dani, TulemClassification:Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani ProperComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationDani, Upper Grand Valley[dna]Papua Province. Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley; upper gorge. 20,000 (1996).Status:5 (Developing).Classification:Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani ProperComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationDani, Western[dnw]Papua Province. Central highlands, west of Baliem Grand Valley, east from upper Kemandoga river valley. 180,000 (1993 census).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Dani Barat, Ilaga Western Dani, Laany, Lani, Oeringoep, TimoriniDialects:Western Dani of Bokondini, Western Dani of Pyramid. Lexical similarity: 65% with Obokuitai[afz], 60% with Wano[wno].Classification:Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani ProperComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationDao[daz]Papua Province, Paniai regency, Napan subdistrict. West central highlands; east of Cenderawasih bay, along Dao river. 250 (1991 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Maniwo, X-Ray (pej.)Dialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Auye[auu].Classification:Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel LakesComments:Traditional religion.More InformationDawera-Daweloor[ddw]Maluku Province; twin coral islands northeast of Babar island, Daweloor island, to south, Wiratan, Watuwei, and Nurnyaman villages; Dawera island, to north, Welora, Letmasa, and Ilmarang villages. 1,270 (2007 SIL).Status:7 (Shifting).Alternate Names:DavelorDialects:Minor dialect differences.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, NorthComments:Christian.More InformationDela-Oenale[row]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island west coast, Dela and Oe Nale domains. 7,000 (2002 UKAW).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Dela, Delha, Oe Nale, Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Western RoteDialects:Dela (Delha), Oenale (Oe Nale).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, RoteComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationDem[dem]Papua Province. Western highlands; along Rouffaer river headwaters; north of Ilaga town. 1,000 (1987 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Lem, NdemClassification:Trans-New Guinea, DemComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationDemisa[dei]Papua Province, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, Desawa, Muyere, and Botawa villages. Inland, northeast Canderawasih bay, southeast of Waren town. 400 (Wurm 2000).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:DesawaDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Burate[bti], 64% with Kofei[kpi], 60% with Sauri[srt], 65% with Tunggare[trt], 64% with Woria[wor].Classification:East Geelvink Bay, BauziComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationDengka[dnk]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Rote island, northwest coast, from Baa town west to Tasilo bay near northwest corner of island. 20,000 (2002 UKAW).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Western RoteDialects:Eastern Dengka, Lelain, Western Dengka. Western Dengka dialect has marked intonation; some occurrences of, ngg, in Eastern Dengka dialect become, nd, in Western Dengka. Some vocabulary of Western Dengka is like Dhao[nfa]. Dengka and Dela-Oenale[row]are more divergent from other languages on Rote.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, RoteComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationDera[kbv]Northeast Papua Province, 13 villages. South of Jayapura town, near Waris. 1,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Population total all countries: 1,690.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Dla, Dra, Kamberataro, MangguarClassification:SenagiComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationDhao[nfa]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Ndao island, off western tip of Rote island; other settlements scattered on Rote and Timor islands. 5,000 (1997 A. Ranoh).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Dao, Kahore, Ndao, Ndaonese, NdaundauDialects:None known. Related to Hawu[hvn]. Complex phonology.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Hawu-DhaoComments:Ethnic autonym: Dhao. Rote neighbors refer to them as Ndao. Christian.More InformationDiebroud[tbp]Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict. Area south of Idenburg river, east of Taiyeve town. 300 (2006 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Bok, Dabra, Taburta, Taria, Taworta, Taworta-AeroDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 35%40% with Foau[flh].Classification:Lakes Plain, EastComments:Used as an inter-language. Christian, traditional religion.More InformationDineor[mrx]Papua Province, Jayapura district. North coast; area near Toarim river mouth. 55 (2006 SIL), decreasing.Status:8a (Moribund).Alternate Names:Maremgi, MarenggeDialects:None known. Unintelligible to speakers in neighboring settlements including Bonggo.Classification:Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, TorComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationDiuwe[diy]Papua Province, southeast of Wamena city; east of Catalina river. 100 (1999 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, DiuweMore InformationDobel[kvo]Maluku Province, southeast area, Aru islands, entire east coast of Kobror island, 1 village in southeast Wokam island, 4 villages eastern half of Barakai strait (Kobror and Koba islands), 2 villages in central Kobror island. 18 villages; many in Dobo; some in Ambon. 5,680 (2011 SIL), increasing. L2 users: Chinese merchants and other outsiders who live in Dobel villages and residents of Lorang use it as L2.Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Doibel, Kobroor, Kobroor, Sersifar TanninDialects:Northern Dobel, Southeast Dobel, Straits Dobel. At least 3 dialects. Lexical similarity: 78%86% with Koba[kpd].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, AruComments:Christian, Muslim.More InformationDondo[dok]Sulawesi Tengah Province, Tolitoli and Buol regencies, Tolitoli Utara, Baolan, Dondo, Galang, and Dampal Utara subdistricts, at least 25 villages; Gorontalo Province, inland from Dondo bay, Pohuwato regency. 13,000 (Himmelmann 2001).Status:6b (Threatened).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, NorthernComments:Most of the hill Dondo interact socially with the Dondo coastal population which reinforces the use of Dondo in a variety of functions. Muslim.More InformationDoutai[tds]Papua Province, Toli-Dou village. Area west and south of Taiyeve town. 70 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (1993 R. Doriot).Status:7 (Shifting).Alternate Names:Taori, Taori-So, TolitaiClassification:Lakes Plain, Tariku, EastComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationDuano[dup]Sumatra, Riau Province, west Riau archipelago and Riau Daratan east coast; into Jambi Province, northeast coast. 15,000 in Indonesia (2006 SIL). Population total all countries: 15,600. Ethnic population: Total ethnic population all countries: 19,000 (2006 E. Seidlitz).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Desin Dolak, Desin Duano, Duano, Orang KualaDialects:A member of macrolanguage Malay[msa].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, MalayComments:Muslim.More InformationDuri[mvp]Sulawesi Selatan Province, north Enrekang regency. Northwest of Enrekang town, west of Sadang river. Also, Makassar city; other communities in province. 127,000 (2000 census).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Masenrempulu, MassenrempuluDialects:Baraka, Benteng Alla, Cakke-Kalosi.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, MasenrempuluComments:Muslim.More InformationDuriankere[dbn]Papua Barat Province; one island between Salawati island and the west end of Birds Head. 30 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 60.Status:8b (Nearly extinct).Alternate Names:Duriankari, Esaro, SailenClassification:Trans-New Guinea, South Birds Head, InanwatanComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationDusner[dsn]Papua Barat Province, Manokwari district. No known L1 speakers. There were 6 elderly speakers in 1978 (Wurm 2007).Status:9 (Dormant).Alternate Names:DusnirClassification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, BiakicComments:Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationDusun Deyah[dun]Kalimantan Selatan Province, Tabalong river northeast of Bongkang town; also into Kalimantan Tengah Province. 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Deah, DejahDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 53% with Lawangan[lbx], 52% with Tawoyan[twy].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, CentralMore InformationDusun Malang[duq]Kalimantan Tengah Province, North Barito regency, one area west of Muarainu town; a second, northeast of Muarateweh town; small border incursions into Kalimantan Timur Province, Kutai Barat regency. 4,500 (2003). 2,000 Bayan.Status:6b (Threatened).Dialects:Bayan, Dusun Malang. Lexical similarity: 90% with the 2 dialects.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, SouthMore InformationDusun Witu[duw]Kalimantan Tengah Province, South Barito regency, near Pendang and Buntokecil towns; south of Muarateweh town. 5,000 (2003).Status:6b (Threatened).Dialects:Dusun Pepas, Dusun Witu. Lexical similarity: 75% with Maanyan[mhy], 73% with Paku[pku].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, SouthMore InformationDuvle[duv]Papua Province. Area south of Van Daalen river. Eastern dialect along Dagai river, western dialect along Fedide and Wedi rivers. 930 (2000).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Duvde, Duve, Duvele, Duvre, WiriDialects:Eastern Duvle, Western Duvle. Few dialect differences.Classification:Lakes Plain, Tariku, DuvleComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationEdopi[dbf]Papua Province, Yapen Waopen district. Area at Tariku and Kliki rivers confluence. 1,500 (2012 SIL).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Dosobou, Dou, Doufou, Elopi, Foi, Iau, Turu, Urundi, Ururi, YauClassification:Lakes Plain, Tariku, CentralComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationEkari[ekg]Papua Province, Paniai district; west central highlands, inland; Lake Paniai area; into south-southwest Papua Barat Province. 100,000 (1985 M. Doble).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Ekagi, Kapauku, Me Mana, Mee Mana, TapiroDialects:Mapiya-Kegata, Mee, Simori, Yabi (Jabi). Reportedly most similar to Wolani[wod]. Slight dialect difference with Mapiya-Kegata.Classification:Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel LakesComments:Ethnonym: Kapauku by southern neighbors. Christian.More InformationElseng[mrf]Papua Province, Jayapura and Keerom regencies, Arso, Abepura, Kemtuk Gresi, and Senggi subdistricts. South of Jayapura city; Lake Sentani area, south, southwest. 300 (1991 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Djanggu, Janggu, Morwap (pej.), Sawa, TabuDialects:None known. Not closely related to any other language.Classification:Language isolateComments:Almost no outside influence. Morwap is vigorously rejected as a language name by speakers and government officials. Christian, traditional religion.More InformationEmbaloh[emb]Kalimantan Barat Province, Kapuas Hulu regency. Upper Kapuas river, Embaloh, Leboyan, Lauh, Palin, Nyabau, Mandai, and Kalis tributaries. 10,000 (1991 NTM).Status:5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Malo, Maloh, Matoh, Mbaloh, Memaloh, Palin, Pari, Sangau, SanggauDialects:Kalis (Kalis Dayak, Kalis Maloh). Kalis may be a separate language.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis, TamanicComments:Complex mix of ethnic groups: Taman of upper Kapuas River, Suai, Taman Mendalem, Taman Sibau, Palin, Lauk, Leboyan, Kalis Dayak. Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationEmem[enr]Papua Province. Border area south of Jayapura city. 2,000 (2005 SIL). Some elderly monolinguals.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Emumu, Imimkal, KiameropDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 25% with Yafi[wfg].Classification:Pauwasi, EasternComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationEmplawas[emw]Maluku Province, southern area, Emplawas village, Babar island, southern tip, then northwest. 250 (2007 SIL).Status:8b (Nearly extinct).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Southwest BabarComments:Christian.More InformationEnde[end]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; south central Flores island. 110,000 (2009 census).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:EndehDialects:Ende (Djau, Endeh, Jao), Ngao (Ngao, West Ende). Some consider Lio[ljl]to be a dialect of Ende.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-LembataComments:Christian.More InformationEnggano[eno]Sumatra island, Bengkulu Province, Enggano island, southwest of mainland; 4 smaller nearby islands. 1,500 (2000 census), decreasing.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:EngganeseDialects:None known. Not closely related to other languages.Classification:UnclassifiedComments:Not conclusively established as an Austronesian language, rather than an isolate with Austronesian loans. Christian, Muslim.More InformationEnrekang[ptt]Sulawesi Selatan Province, Enrekang and Pinrang regencies; Enrekang town area, west toward head of Mandar bay; into coastal area, Sulawesi Barat Province, Polewali Mandar regency. 50,000 (1986 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Endekan, Endekan TimurDialects:Enrekang, Pattinjo (Letta-Batulappa-Kassa), Ranga.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, MasenrempuluComments:Muslim.More InformationEritai[ert]Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Tengah and Mamberamo Hulu subdistricts, Erai, Kustera, and Haya villages, northwest of confluence of Mamberamo and Rouffaer rivers; area in low mountains, around Kustera airstrip. 530 (2000).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Aliki, Babiruwa, Babrua, Babruwa, Baburiwa, Barua, Editode Edai, Erai, Eri, HayaDialects:The dialect in Obogwi village is reportedly similar but not the same. Lexical similarity: 76% with Obokuitai[afz], 86% with Sikaritai[tty].Classification:Lakes Plain, Tariku, EastComments:Christian, traditional religion.More InformationErokwanas[erw]Papua Barat Province. Bomberai peninsula. 200 (Wurm 2000). Probably fewer than 200 (Wurm 2007).Status:8a (Moribund).Dialects:Darembang. Subgroup Darembang may better be considered a separate language.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, BomberaiComments:Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationFayu[fau]Papua Province. Kliki river area, west of its juncture with Tariku river; northwest towards Cenderawasik bay. 1,400 (2012 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:SehudateClassification:Lakes Plain, Tariku, WestComments:4 nomadic groups. Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationFedan[pdn]Papua Province, Sarmi regency, Bonggo subdistrict, coastal area and island off north coast of Biri river area. 280 (2005 SIL).Status:8a (Moribund).Alternate Names:Fandanus, PodenaDialects:None known. Reportedly similar to Anus[auq].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, SarmiMore InformationFoau[flh]Papua Province, Mamberamo Raya and Jayapura regencies, Kecamatan subdistrict, 1 village. Mamberamo basin region, bordering on the southwestern edge of the Foja Mountains; on the Dijai river, north of Mamberamo river. 350 (2010 SIL), increasing.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Abawiri, DoaDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 35%49% with Diebroud[tbp].Classification:Lakes Plain, EastComments:Ethnic name is Fuau; Abawiri most accepted language name. Christian, traditional religion.More InformationFordata[frd]Maluku Province, southeast, 30 villages; North Tanimbar islands, Fordata, Larat, and Molu-Maru groups; northwest, Yamdena island west coast, Seira island; also Jakarta, other cities. 50,000 (Marshall 2000). 25,000 in the language area and 25,000 elsewhere (Marshall 2000). Decreasing use in mixed language towns. 500 monolinguals.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Larat, Vai Fordata, Vai Sera-Larat-Fordata, Vai Tnebar, VaididaDialects:Fordata-Larat I, Fordata-Larat II, Molo (Molo-Maru), Sera (Seira). Sera is most divergent dialect. Lexical similarity: 68% with Kei[kei].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-FordataComments:Primary schools in nearly every village, secondary schools for every 3 or 4 villages. Christian, Muslim.More InformationGalela[gbi]Maluku Utara Province, Halmahera island; Galela bay, north to northern tip of island, scattered communities, southwest coast. Morotai island except southeast quadrant. Gunage and Moari islands near Kayoa island. Bacan, Obi, Kasiratua, Mandioli, and Labutia islands, coastal areas. 79,000 (1990 SIL). 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi.Status:5 (Developing).Dialects:Kadai, Kadina, Morotai, Sopi. Laba[lau]may be a dialect. 65% intelligibility of Loloda[loa], Loloda 85% of Galela.Classification:West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-LolodaComments:Christian, Muslim.More InformationGalolen[gal]Maluku Province, southwest area, Wetar island, Iliwaki village. 680 in Indonesia (1990 SIL).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Galoleng, Iliwaki, Ilmedu, Ilwaki, Lir TaloDialects:Hiay, Ilputih, Ilwaki (Iliwaki).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear TimorComments:Immigrants from Kisar learned Galolen. Christian.More InformationGamkonora[gak]Maluku Utara Province, a few coastal villages. North Halmahera island, northwest coast, from Baru town inland. 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987).Status:6a (Vigorous).Dialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Waioli[wli].Classification:West Papuan, North Halmahera, SahuComments:Muslim, Christian.More InformationGane[gzn]Maluku Utara Province; Halmahera island, southernmost peninsula. 2,900 (1982 D. Teljeur).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Gani, GimanDialects:Reportedly similar to Kayoa, a dialect of East Makian[mky].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, East Makian-GaneComments:Muslim.More InformationGayo[gay]Aceh Province, Central Aceh, East Aceh, Gayo Lues, and Southeast Aceh regencies. North Sumatra highland region near Mount Sembuang. 300,000 (2000 census).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:GajoDialects:Deret, Lues, Lut, Serbejadi-Lukup. Not closely related to other languages. Some Gayo people consider Alas[btz]a distant Gayo dialect.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier IslandsComments:Muslim, traditional religion.More InformationGebe[gei]Maluku Utara Province, 4 villages; Papua Barat Province, Halmahera island; Gebe, Yoiumiyal, and Gag islands between Halmaheras southeastern peninsula and Waigeo island. 2,650 (2000).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:GebiDialects:Umera. Lexical similarity: 44% with Patani[ptn].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja AmpatComments:A school in each village. Muslim.More InformationGeser-Gorom[ges]Maluku Province, Seram island, southeast tip, nearby Gorom islands. 36,500 (1989 SIL).Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Gesa, Geser, Goram, Goran, Gorom, Gorong, Seram, Seran, Seran LautDialects:Goram Laut, Kelimuri, Mina Mina Gorong. Lexical similarity: 73%93% among dialects, 51%61% with Watubela[wah].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-GoromComments:Muslim.More InformationGorap[goq]Maluku Utara Province, Morotai island, Pilowo and Waringin villages; Central Halmahera, Bobane and Igo villages. 1,000 (1992 SIL).Status:7 (Shifting).Dialects:None known. A mixed language, with Ternate[tft]and Malay[max]words and different word order from other languages of north Halmahera or Austronesian languages. Lexical similarity: 85% with Indonesian[ind], but comprehension is limited.Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, UnclassifiedComments:Consider Sulawesi their ancestral homeland.More InformationGorontalo[gor]Gorontalo Province, along both coasts, Sulawesi sea north, eastward from Triggula, Maluku sea south, eastward from Popayato; Sulawesi Utara Province, interior extension, northeast from Gorontalo city. 1,000,000 (2000 census).Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Gorongtalo, Guarantala, Gunongtello, Holontalo, HulontaloDialects:East Gorontalo, Gorontalo Kota, Limboto (Limbotto), Tilamuta, West Gorontalo (Kwandang).Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, GorontalicComments:Muslim.More InformationGresi[grs]Papua Province, Hawa, Bring, Tabangkwari, Yansu, Ibub, Sunna, and Klaysu villages. West of Lake Sentani, southeast of Genyem town. 2,500 (1987 SIL).Status:8a (Moribund).Alternate Names:Geresi, Glesi, Gresik, KlesiDialects:None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with Kemtuik[kmt].Classification:NimboranComments:Traditional religion, Christian.More InformationHaji[hji]Sumatra island, Sumatera Selatan Province, Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan regency. 17,500 (2000 census). Very few monolinguals.Status:6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:AjiDialects:None known. Genetically Malay with approximately one-third Lampung vocabulary. A member of macrolanguage Malay[msa].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, MalayComments:Muslim (Sunni).More InformationHamap[hmu]Nusa Tenggara Timur Province; Alor island, east Kalabahi bay, around Moru town, 2 villages; area surrounds Kui [kvd] language area. 900.Status:6b (Threatened).Dialects:None known. Said to be intelligible with Adang[adn], but Adang speakers live on Birds Head area of Alor, while Hamap speakers live geographically separated from Adang speakers, across the bay. Structural and lexical differences with Adang.Classification:Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, AlorComments:Separate sociopolitical history from Adang. Christian.More InformationHaruku[hrk]Maluku Province. Haruku island, including Lease islands; between Ambon and Seram islands. 18,200 (1989 SIL).Status:8a (Moribund).Dialects:Hulaliu, Kabauw, Kailolo, Pelauw, Rohomoni. Each village uses a separate dialect. Lexical similarity: 81%92% among dialects, 74%76% with Tulehu[tlu], 67%71% with Saparua[spr].Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru BayComments:Muslim, Christian.More InformationHatam[had]P