ENERGY OFFICE 19th Floor, 75 Dr Langalibalele Dube Street, Durban, 4001 P O Box 1014, Durban 4000 Tel: +27 31 311 1139, Fax; +27 31 311 1089 Email: [email protected]www.durban.gov.za eThekwini Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 2012 Technical Report March 2014
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ENERGY OFFICE
19th Floor, 75 Dr Langalibalele Dube Street, Durban, 4001
eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Basic services provided by the eThekwini Municipality 1 Table 2: Emission sources included in the 2012 municipal operations inventory 3 Table 3: Emission sources included in the 2012 community inventory 3 Table 4: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal buildings and other facilities 4 Table 5: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for streetlights and traffic signals 5 Table 6: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal water delivery facilities 6 Table 7: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal wastewater facilities 7 Table 8: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal vehicle fleet 8 Table 9: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal transit fleet 9 Table 10: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal power generation and electrical distribution
facilities 10 Table 11: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal solid waste facilities 11 Table 12: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal air travel 12 Table 13: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community residential sector 12 Table 14: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community commercial sector 13 Table 15: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community industrial sector 14 Table 16: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community transport sector 15 Table 17: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community agricultural sector 16 Table 18: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community solid waste sector 16 Table 19: GHG emissions inventory results 18 Table 20: Municipal sector emissions 19 Table 21: Municipal GHG intensity figures 19 Table 22: Community sector emissions 20 Table 23: Community GHG intensity figures 21
Table 24: Total Emissions Intensity Figures 21 Table 25: Percentage change of Emissions from baseline 22 Table 26: Comparison of Emissions 2012 against 2011 23 Table 27: Updated figures used for Solid Waste 24 Table 28: Summary of Stationary Fuel Emissions 25
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Municipal Sector Emissions 18 Figure 2: Community Sector Emissions 20 Figure 3: Comparison of Emissions 2002 through to 2012 22
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY
The eThekwini Municipal Area (EMA) stretches from Durban’s coastline in the East to Cato Ridge in the West and
from Umkomaas in the South to Tongaat in the North. The EMA covers an area of approximately 2 292 square
kilometres of which 36% is rural and a further 29% is peri-urban. The Municipality is home to approximately 3.4 million
people constituting a 7% share of the total South African population, making it the third most populated municipality in
the country. The economy of the EMA is centred on the transport and logistics activities of the Port of Durban,
domestic and export-oriented manufacturing and tourism. The Gross Domestic Product of the eThekwini Municipality
during 2012 amounted to R210.1bn with a per capita income of R51,747 (eThekwini Municipality Key Indicators 2012,
Appendix A).
The EMA is governed by the eThekwini Municipality, with an Operating Budget of R26.5bn (2012/2013) and a Capital
Budget of R5.3bn (2012/2013)1. During 2012 the Municipality employed 19,910 employees on a permanent and
temporary basis. Basic services provided by the eThekwini Municipality are described in Table 1.
Table 1: Basic services provided by the eThekwini Municipality
Description Details Description Details
Basic Services Housing Infrastructure Stormwater
Water Roads
Sanitation Sidewalks
Electricity & Lighting Pedestrian bridges
Solid Waste Footpaths
Transport
Safety & Security
Health
1.2 ETHEKWINI GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY
During December 2010 the eThekwini Municipality became a signatory of the Global Cities Covenant on Climate
(“Mexico City Pact”). In terms of this agreement the Municipality has committed to registering the Municipality’s
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory, commitments, climate mitigation and adaptation measures and actions in
the Carbon Cities Climate Registry.
In addition to meeting the Municipality’s Mexico City Pact commitments, reporting the Municipality’s GHG emissions
will aid policy makers in forecasting emission trends, identifying the point and mobile sources of emissions generated,
and setting goals for future reductions and mitigation.
The reporting of a municipal inventory also aligns eThekwini Municipality with the intentions of the National Climate
Change Response White Paper (Department of Environmental Affairs, 2011) and the broader national government
The transit sector should include emissions from mass transit vehicles operated by the Municipality to service the
community of the EMA. However, as the Municipality’s transit fleet has been outsourced to a private contractor the
emissions generated are classified as scope three instead of scope one emissions (Table 9).
Table 9: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal transit fleet
Scope Emissions Source CO2 CH4 N2O Total
Tonnes CO2e
Scope 3 Mobile Combustion 31 584 18 349 31 951
Emissions Source: Fuel combustion by on-road transit fleet
– Activity Data:
ICLEI recommended activity data - Fuel purchases
– Emissions Factor:
ICLEI recommended factor - Default by fuel type (Defra 2011; Appendix B)
– Data Description:
Bulk monthly diesel consumption, by privately operated municipal busses, for calendar year 2012 could not be obtained from private contractor because records are not available. The data used in the 2011 GHG EI was utilised.
– Data Source: TransAfrica – John Wilkinson (Appendix C)
3.1.7 Power Generation Facilities
Although the Municipality does not own or operate any fossil fuel power generation facilities, it does own a large
proportion of the electricity distribution infrastructure within the EMA. Transmission and distribution losses resulting
from the transmission of electricity via the municipal owned infrastructure are therefore categorised as scope two
municipal emissions (Table 10). In addition, the 2012 GHG EI has started reported the Municipal consumption of
Sulphur Hexafloruide (SF6), which is used in electrical switch gear; this is classified as Scope 1.
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
Table 10: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal power generation and electrical distribution
facilities
Scope Emissions Source CO2 CH4 N2O Total
Tonnes CO2e
Scope 1 Power Generation facilities: Fugitive Emissions 3 552
Emissions Source: Sulphur Hexaflouride (SF6)
– Activity Data:
SF6 consumption data
– Emissions Factor:
ICLEI recommended factor type (Appendix B)
– Data Description:
Municipal consumption/purchase of SF6.
– Data Source:
eThekwini Electricity Department – Tumo Mpetsane; (Appendix C)
Scope 2 Transmission & Distribution Losses: Technical 356 865
Emissions Source: Technical transmission and distribution losses
– Activity Data:
eThekwini Electricity Department calculations
– Emissions Factor:
ICLEI recommended factor type - Verified Eskom emission factor (Appendix B)
– Data Description:
Estimated technical losses data was provided by the Electricity Department. Losses were estimated using best practice calculations dependent on distribution infrastructure. Real values for street lights and traffic signals were used for 2012 calculations, as well as energy generated from landfills and CPV solar.
The estimated losses are assumed to be 5.85% over the financial reporting period in the 12 months from July 2011 to the end of June 2012. However, the data presented here in the GHGEI is for January 2012 to December 2012 with an estimated combined loss of 5.93%. The difference exists because of the following:
1. Estimated readings in the residential sector which are read once every 3 months; 2. Prepaid metering which is bought in advance and possibly not used in advance; 3. The calculation of unmetered supply (for example street light on time variation); and 4. Account adjustments for technical and administration errors.
– Data Source:
eThekwini Electricity Department – Leshan Moodliar (Appendix C)
Scope 2 Transmission & Distribution Losses: Non-Technical 348 500
Emissions Source: Non-technical transmission and distribution losses
– Activity Data:
eThekwini Electricity Department calculations
– Emissions Factor:
ICLEI recommended factor type - Verified Eskom emission factor (Appendix B)
– Data Description:
Estimated non-technical losses data was provided by the Electricity Department. Losses were calculated by subtracting total municipal energy sales/consumption (internal and external) from total electricity purchased by the municipality from Eskom. Real values for street lights and traffic signals were used for 2011 calculations, as well as energy generated from landfills and CPV solar.
The estimated losses are assumed to be 5.85% over the financial reporting period in the 12 months from July 2011 to the end of June 2012. However, the data presented here in the GHGEI is for January 2012 to December 2012 with an estimated combined loss of 5.93%. The difference exists because of the following:
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
1. Estimated readings in the residential sector which are read once every 3 months; 2. Prepaid metering which is bought in advance and possibly not used in advance; 3. The calculation of unmetered supply (for example street light on time variation); and 4. Account adjustments for technical and administration errors.
– Data Source:
eThekwini Electricity Department – Leshan Moodliar (Appendix C)
3.1.8 Solid Waste Facilities
eThekwini Municipality owns four solid waste landfills, namely:
Bisasar Road Landfill –operational, landfill gas (LFG) collection system in place;
Mariannhill Landfill –operational, LFG collection system in place;
La Mercy Landfill – closed, LFG collection system in place; and,
Buffelsdraai Landfill – operational, no LFG collection system in place.
Fugitive methane emissions generated by these landfills are classified as scope one municipal emissions (Table 11).
Table 11: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal solid waste facilities
Scope Emissions Source CO2 CH4 N2O Total
Tonnes CO2e
Scope 1 Fugitive Emissions - 71 370
- 71 370
Emissions Source: Landfills with comprehensive LFG collection systems
– Activity Data:
ICLEI recommended data type - ICLEI Equation 9.1
– Data Description:
Annual LFG collected, fraction of methane in LFG and methane destruction efficiency of system
– Data Source:
eThekwini Cleansing and Solid Waste Department – Marc Wright (Appendix C)
Emissions Source: Landfills with no LFG Collection System
– Activity Data:
ICLEI recommended model and data type – First Order Decay Model
– Data Description:
Historical and inventory year waste disposal data
– Data Source:
eThekwini Cleansing and Solid Waste Department – John Parkin (Appendix B)
Scope 2 Purchased Electricity 1 850
Emissions Source: Electricity consumption
– Activity Data:
ICLEI recommended data type - Known electricity use
– Emissions Factor:
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
ICLEI recommended factor type - Verified Eskom emission factor (Appendix B)
– Data Description:
Electricity charges were supplied by the Treasury department and grouped into business units according to their GI-
code. All Business units labelled as “Cleansing and Solid Waste” were accounted for.
– Data Source:
Treasury Department – Wally Bentley(Appendix C)
3.1.9 Air Travel
Greenhouse gas emissions generated from work-related air travel, by municipal employees, are categorised as scope
three municipal emissions (Table 12).
Table 12: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal air travel
Scope Emissions Source CO2 CH4 N2O Total
Tonnes CO2e
Scope 3 Business Flights 283 1 3 286
Emissions Source: Fuel combustion by air transport systems
– Activity Data:
GHG Protocol recommended data type – number of flights and destination data
– Emissions Factor:
Defra 2011 emissions factor – emission factor based on length of flight (Appendix B)
– Data Description:
Number of domestic and international flights boarded by the Municipal employees during 2011 obtained from contracted travel agents.
New routes travelled during 2011 have been included
ICLEI recommended factor - Default by fuel type (Defra 2011, Appendix B)
– Data Description:
Data on the quantity of fuel purchased, for stationary combustion, within the EMA received from the Department of
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
Energy.
– Data Issue:
The Department of Energy are unable to categorise data into sectors so it was assumed that 10% of total LPG and 50% total illuminating paraffin was used within the residential sector (eThekwini State of Energy Report). Data provided by the Department of Energy, was only for the full year of 2012.
– Data source:
National Department of Energy – Ramaano Nembahe; (Appendix C)
Scope 2 Purchased Electricity 3 587 450
Emissions Source: Electricity consumption
– Activity Data:
ICLEI recommended data type - Known electricity use
– Emissions Factor:
ICLEI recommended factor type - Verified Eskom emission factor (Appendix B)
– Data Description:
Electricity consumption by all residences receiving electricity from the Municipality obtained from the eThekwini Electricity Department
Electricity consumption by the EMA residential sector which receives electricity directly from Eskom provided by Eskom (prepaid accounts and accounts type S)
Eskom has only supplied data for January to July 2012.
– Data Source:
eThekwini Electricity Department – Leshan Moodliar (Appendix C)
3.2.2 Commercial Sector
This emissions sector includes all emissions generated by the EMA’s commercial sector through electricity
consumption only (Table 14). During 2012 annual retail trade sales within the eThekwini Municipality amounted to
Table 14: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community commercial sector
Scope Emissions Source CO2 CH4 N2O Total
Tonnes CO2e
Scope 2 Purchased Electricity 3 142 391
Emissions Source: Electricity consumption
– Activity Data:
ICLEI recommended data type - Known electricity use
– Emissions Factor:
ICLEI recommended factor type - Verified Eskom emission factor (Appendix B)
– Data Description:
Electricity consumption by all commercial enterprises receiving electricity from the Municipality obtained from the eThekwini Electricity Department
Electricity consumption by the EMA commercial and Industrial sector which receives electricity directly from Eskom provided by Eskom (all accounts type L)
Eskom has only supplied data for January to July 2012.
– Data Source
eThekwini Electricity Department – Leshan Moodliar; Eskom – Prashunt Lutchman (Appendix C)
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
3.2.3 Industrial Sector
This emissions sector includes all emissions generated by the EMA’s industrial sector through electricity consumption
as well as stationary fuel combustion (Table 15).
Table 15: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community industrial sector
Scope Emissions Source CO2 CH4 N2O Total
Tonnes CO2e
Scope 1 Stationary Combustion 4 505 089
Emissions Source: Stationary combustion of fuel
– Activity Data:
ICLEI recommended activity data - Known fuel use
– Emissions Factor:
ICLEI recommended factor - Default by fuel type (Defra 2011; Appendix B)
– Data Description:
Data on the quantity of fuel purchased, for stationary combustion, within the EMA received from the Department of Energy.
– Data Issue:
Data provided by the Department of Energy was for the calendar year 2012.
Eskom has only supplied data for January to July 2012.
– Data Source:
National Department of Energy – Ramaano Nembahe; (Appendix C)
Scope 2 Purchased Electricity 4 843 557
Emissions Source: Electricity consumption
– Activity Data:
ICLEI recommended data type - Known electricity use
– Emissions Factor:
ICLEI recommended factor type - Verified Eskom emission factor (Appendix B)
– Data Description:
Electricity consumption by all industrial enterprises receiving electricity from the Municipality was obtained from the eThekwini Electricity Department;
Electricity consumption by the EMA industrial sector which receives electricity directly from Eskom provided by Eskom was quantified together with the commercial category and already included in Table 14 above
– Data Source
eThekwini Electricity Department – Leshan Moodliar; Eskom – Prashunt Lutchman (Appendix C)
3.2.4 Transport
The community transport sector includes emissions generated by community owned on-road and off road vehicles as
well as by the community’s air and marine transport systems (Table 16). Air and marine transport systems are
classified as scope 3 emissions.
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
Table 16: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community transport sector
ICLEI recommended factor - Default by fuel type (Defra 2011; Appendix B)
– Data Description:
Data on the amount of petrol and diesel consumed within the EMA during 2011 was provided by the Department of Energy.
– Data Issue:
Data does not differentiate between type of Petrol or Diesel.
Information from the DoE is per Magisterial District which may end in an overestimation for Umbumbutu and missing data from Pietermaritzburg, Ndwedwe, Camperdown, and Lower Tugela
– Data Source:
National Department of Energy – Ramaano Nembahe (Appendix C)
Scope 3 Mobile Combustion – Air Travel 249 090 368 2 451 251 934
Emissions Source: Air transport systems fuel combustion
– Activity Data:
ICLEI recommended activity data - Known fuel use
– Emissions Factor:
ICLEI recommended factor - Default by fuel type (Appendix B)
– Data Description: Data on the amount of jet fuel and aviation gasoline purchased within the EMA during 2012 was
provided by the Department of Energy.
Data Issue:
There are no data for International Jet Fuel provided by the DoE, 2010 values remain.
– National Department of Energy – Ramaano Nembahe (Appendix C)
Scope 3 Mobile Combustion – Water Travel 4 004 012 4 342 419 403 4 427 756
Emissions Source: Water transport systems fuel combustion
– Activity Data:
ICLEI recommended activity data - Known fuel use
– Emissions Factor:
ICLEI recommended factor - Default by fuel type (Appendix B)
– Data Description:
– Data Issue:
There is not data provided by the Department of Energy for marine automotive diesel, marine diesel oil and marine fuel oil purchased within the EMA during 2011, then values from 2010 remain
– National Department of Energy – Ramaano Nembahe (Appendix C)
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
3.2.5 Agriculture
Emissions sources covered within the agriculture sector included enteric fermentation by livestock and pre-harvest
sugarcane burning (
Table 17). Both these emission sources are classified as community scope one emissions.
Table 17: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community agricultural sector
Scope Emissions Source CO2 CH4 N2O Total
Tonnes CO2e
Scope 1 Enteric Fermentation 21 323 21 323
Emissions Source: Enteric fermentation by livestock
– Activity Data:
IPCC 2006 recommended data – livestock type and numbers
– Emissions Factor:
IPCC 2006 emissions factor - Default by animal type (Appendix B)
– Data Description:
Livestock survey results for 2012 obtained from the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
– Data Source:
National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries – Shavetha Dhanilall (Appendix C)
This technical report provides a detailed comparison of the difference in emissions between the years 2011 and 2012,
as shown below in Table 26. The differences observed between 2011 and the baseline year, 2010 are provided in the
previous GHGEI.
The total emissions for 2012 were estimated in29 360 395.5 tCO2e, 27 833 964.7 (94. 8%) from the Community
sector, while1 526 430.8tCO2e (5.2%) are produced from the Municipal sector.
Total emissions show an increase of 6.2% from year 2011 to 2012, which is equivalent to an additional 1 710 996.0 tCO2e emitted. The municipal sector presents an decrease of 1.6% (-24 989.6 tCO2e), while the community sector changed by 6.65% (1 735 985.5 tCO2e).
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Yr 2002 Yr 2003/2004 Yr 2005/2006 Yr 2010 Yr 2011 Yr 2012
MtC
O2
e
Community Emissions
Government Emissions
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
Table 26: Comparison of Emissions 2012 against 2011
Transport Systems Air Transport Systems Transport Fuel 172 097.9 252 028.2 79 930.3 46%
Water Transport Systems Transport Fuel 4 427 756.4 4 427 756.4 - 0%
26 097 979.1 27 833 964.7 1 735 985.5 7%
27 649 399.5 29 360 395.5 1 710 996.0 6.2%
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
5.1 MUNICIPAL EMISSIONS:
Attention is brought to a decrease on Stationary Fuel Combustion Emissions from the Municipality, this mainly caused because a decrease in the use of Bitumen.
The significant increase in transport fuel emissions increase from 18 580.8 tCO2e to 46 654.1 tCO2e is due to a data collection gap in the previous inventories. eThekwini Water and Sanitation Unit, Durban Solid Waste Unit, Electricity Unit and Emergency Service Unit fuel consumption data was not included previously because it was assumed to be included in the City Fleet data. The data was however sourced directly from the departments for the 2012 inventory.
There is also a significant decrease in methane emissions from solid waste from 150 483.1 tCO2e in 2011 to 71 370.0 tCO2e in 2012 (-53% reduction). The reason for this change in the factors used to calculate methane from solid waste.
Table 27: Updated figures used for Solid Waste
Factor 2011 2012
Fraction of CH4 in LFG 0.55 0.54
CH4 Destruction Efficiency, based on the type of combustion / flare system 0.9 0.98
Collection Efficiency (Collected LFG / Total Generation LFG) 0.75 0.85
The 2012 GHGEI was also the first year that process emissions were calculated. Fugitive Emissions (SF6) of 3 552.0 tCO2e were included from electricity switch gear equipment. SF6 is an extremely potent greenhouse gas that is used amongst other things as an insulant gas in switch gear. SF6 is used in magnesium processing and semiconductor manufacturing, as well as a tracer gas for leak detection.
There was also a 21% increase in Wastewater Methane from 29 675.2 tCO2e in 2011 to 35 978.8 tCO2e in 2012. This is primarily are result of increase population numbers used in the methane calculation. Wastewater facilities also saw an 84% increase in electricity consumption. This was due to the addition of 7 bulk accounts for the Wastewater data set.
Streetlight and traffic light data saw a decrease in emissions of 19% between the 2 years. This is through improved data collection for the number and wattage of street lights in the inventory.
Finally there was also a significant decrease (-79%) in the transport fuel from flights from 931.7 tCO2e in 2011 to 191.5 tCO2e in 2012. This is partly due to a change in service providers who manage travel arrangements for the municipality and a gap in data collection through this change.
5.2 COMMUNITY EMISSIONS:
There was a 9% increase in stationary fuel combustion from 4 327 733.5 tCO2e in 2011 to 4 719 185.8 tCO2e in 2012. Although refinery gas was accurately quantified in the 2012 GHGEI, this had a marginal impact of the overall emissions amount for stationary fuel. A figure of 1 481 652 tCO2e was assumed in the 2011 inventory based on 2006 State of Energy Report for the eThekwini Municipality. The 2012 amount for refinery gas is calculated at 1 469 120 tCO2e which is slightly less than the 2011 value. There was however a significant increase in emissions as a result of coal usage due to improved data collection. Previous inventories used coal data from the 2006 State of Energy Report for the eThekwini Municipality whereas the 2012 inventory, coal purchasing data was obtained from coal
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
suppliers within the Municipality boundary. The variation in the stationary fuel emission data between the 2 years is summarised below.
Table 28: Summary of Stationary Fuel Emissions
Stationary Fuel 2011 2012 Diff %
Heavy Fuel Oil 148 172 177 745 20%
LPG 305 024 365 040 20%
Coal 1 533 813 2 317 953 51%
Coke 522 606 1 694 -100%
Illuminating Paraffin 145 950 173 537 19%
Paraffin Wax 10 675
-100%
Refinery Gas 1 481 652 1 469 120 -1%
There was also a 9% increase in Mobile Fuel Combustion from Transport from 5 668 963.5 tCO2e in 2011 to 6 183 253.3 tCO2e in 2012. The data for transport fuel is provided through the Annual Disaggregated Fuel Sale Volumes (FSV) by Magisterial District level provided by the Department of Energy.
Industrial process emissions were included in the GHGEI in 2012 for the first time. Uncertainty regarding the Industrial Process Related CO2 emissions led into thorough investigation into the type of industries registered within the Municipality. After review of the Schedule Trade Permits (STPs), several companies were shortlisted and a detailed analysis of the production process was performed. As an outcome the cement industry was eliminated from the list as only grinding and blending occurs at the facility within the eThekwini boundary.
Based on research and after consultation with the key pulp and paper manufacturers within the Municipality it was established that process related CO2 emissions were generated from the pulp and paper industry. The data was supplied by the relevant companies and upon a data request will be updated on an annual basis.
A detailed process description was requested from the Non-Ferrous Metals (NFM) industry in order to establish whether an aluminium smelting process is operational. At this stage no information regarding the exact character of the manufacturing process is available and further follow up will be required.
It was established that the Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are being imported into the country and this process is regulated by SARS. Data with regards to number of imports of HFCs and PFCs within 2012 were requested. In an effort to estimate the GHG emissions from usage of HFCs and PFCs the main challenge appeared related to obtaining the number of facilities that use air-conditioning and refrigeration units. Data with regards to the number of households as well as vehicles registered within the Municipality were requested from the Municipality.
However this research wasn’t concluded and will need to be followed up and updated in the following GHGEI. Given that this research has not been fully concluded, emissions were consequently estimated based on the published proportion of these gases in tCO2e compared to the total GHG emissions, which accounts for approximately 2% of total GHG emissions in the inventories reviewed.
There was also a 38.2% increase in Agriculture and Land-use from 65 322.4 tCO2e in 2011 to 90 263.6 tCO2e in 2012. This is due to improved data collection process. Data is now collected via the dip tank census provided by the state vet for eThekwini.
Finally there was a 46% increase in the emissions Air Transport emissions. This data is also provided through the Annual Disaggregated Fuel Sale Volumes (FSV) by Magisterial District level provided by the Department of Energy.
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
6 VERIFICATION
WardKarlson Consulting was contracted by the eThekwini Municipal Energy Office to verify the 2012 Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Inventory that was updated by officials from the Energy Office. Only minor changes were made to the
inventory after a dialogue between the Energy Office and WardKarlson Consutling. A number of areas of improvement
have been highlighted and can be found in the final report from WardKarlsom Consult ing. Kindly refer to Appendix E
for the report.
7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS
Total emissions for 2012 are estimated to be around 29,360,395 tCO2e, which translates to 2,294,110 tCO2e (8%)
more than the 2010 baseline and 1,710,996 tCO2e (6%) more than the 2011 inventory.
The community sector accounts for 94.8% of all the emissions, the largest single emitter being electricity consumption
with 39.4% of the total emissions from the municipality, followed by fuel consumption (stationary and mobile) which
accounts for 37.2% of the total emissions.
The municipality sector produces 5.2% of the total emissions, the largest contributor being electricity consumption with
3.8% of the total emissions (2.4% from transmission and distribution losses).
The comparison amongst the three years is not enough for the municipality to make a statement regarding its
performance in terms of reduction of GHG emissions. As the 2012 results show, there is a slight increase of the
emissions which is due to an improved methodology for the collection of applicable information. Efforts from the
municipality to reduce its’ emissions may be reflected in the analysis in future years when the results reflect new
renewable energy facilities and other policies in place for the mitigation of the GHG emissions. In order to further
improve the reliability, completeness and accuracy of the inventory in future years the Municipality should work on
identifying means to collect accurate data pertaining to the use of Marine Fuel, Aviation Fuel and on-going research
into Industrial Processed and Product USE (IPPU) in the EMA.
Fuel used for domestic energy generation typically comprises of wood, paraffin and LPG, with animal dung and other
waste materials used to a smaller extent. Electricity is used where available, but factors such as cultural traditions also
play a role in the continuing use of other fuels. Combustion remains the prevalent energy source for space heating
and winter cooking in many rural areas, high density low income, and informal settlements particularly in the absence
of electrification and where income profiles cannot meet the capital outlay required for electrical goods. Although many
households are electrified, informal households use predominantly a contribution of this fuel mix (wood, paraffin and
LPG with animal dung and other waste materials used to a smaller extent) primarily due its availability and
affordability, although factors such as cultural traditions also play a role in the continuing use of other fuels. Income
profiles, population density and growth also play a significant part, amongst a variety of additional factors.
The current inventory presents a gap regarding the estimation of GHG emissions from the industrial sector, which
according to the IPCC accounted for 19% of the global GHG emissions in 2007 and was found to be the second
largest source of emissions in South Africa’s GHG 2000 inventory after the energy sector.
Solid waste emissions from community may be improved if records of the previous year’s input into the landfills can be
updated to reflect real disposals; also if for non-general landfill composition of the waste or carbon content may be
known. Additional efforts should be made to ensure appropriate quality assurance and control of data provided from
municipal stakeholders and departments.
Fugitive emissions (CH4, etc) from septic systems can also be considered in the near future to improve accounting
records and hence ensure quality assured and accurate data has been provided.
Lastly, due to the systems utilised by the various Municipal Units the required information is not easily accessible. An
example of this is the Municipal Electricity Billing system where residential meters are only read once every few
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
months and the purchase of pre-paid electricity vouchers in a certain month but only consumed in another month.
Further investigation is needed to find a long-term feasible solution to ensure that accurate and reliable data is
available for the calculation of the eThekwini Municipal Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory.
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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report
8 REFERENCES
The Government of the Republic of South Africa (2011) National Climate Change Response White Paper.
http://www.climateresponse.co.za/
EcoServ (2007) eThekwini 2005/06 Greenhouse Gas Inventory