Eteorology The physics, chemistry, and unique processes of Earth’s atmosphere are explored in great detail by meteorologists Meteorologists try to completely.

eteorologyeteorology

The physics, chemistry, and unique processes of Earth’s atmosphere are The physics, chemistry, and unique processes of Earth’s atmosphere are explored in great detail by meteorologistsexplored in great detail by meteorologists

• Meteorologists try to completely understand the atmosphere, so they can predict Meteorologists try to completely understand the atmosphere, so they can predict how it is going to behavehow it is going to behave

Meteorology is the study of the Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and the interaction atmosphere and the interaction between the atmosphere and the between the atmosphere and the land, ocean, and lifeland, ocean, and life

umerical Modelsumerical Models

Mathematical calculations that provide oceanographers Mathematical calculations that provide oceanographers with detailed views of circulation in the oceanswith detailed views of circulation in the oceans

Two main types of numerical models:Two main types of numerical models:• Mechanistic models – simplified models that examine the Mechanistic models – simplified models that examine the

mathematics behind physical processesmathematics behind physical processes• Simulation models – complex models that can be used to Simulation models – complex models that can be used to

calculate the realistic flow in the oceancalculate the realistic flow in the ocean

What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of using numerical models?What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of using numerical models?• Advantage:Advantage:

• The models can be used to simulate realistic flow and predict future flow in the The models can be used to simulate realistic flow and predict future flow in the oceanocean

• Disadvantage:Disadvantage:• The models cannot give completely accurate descriptions of the flow in the oceanThe models cannot give completely accurate descriptions of the flow in the ocean

http://www.dkrz.de/

Simulation of Global Ocean Circulation

ceancean

A large body of salt waterA large body of salt water Millions of years ago Earth’s surface was very hot and all the water boiled awayMillions of years ago Earth’s surface was very hot and all the water boiled away

• Volcanoes released large amounts of steam into the atmosphereVolcanoes released large amounts of steam into the atmosphere• As Earth cooled, the steam changed to water vapor, and condensed to raindropsAs Earth cooled, the steam changed to water vapor, and condensed to raindrops• Rain fell thousands of years filling all the cracks on Earth with ocean waterRain fell thousands of years filling all the cracks on Earth with ocean water

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/

Fast Fact:Fast Fact:71% of Earth’s 71% of Earth’s

surface is surface is covered by covered by

oceansoceans

Fast Fact:Fast Fact:The average The average depth of the depth of the

ocean is 3.7 km ocean is 3.7 km (about 2 miles)(about 2 miles)

Did you know?Did you know?The pressure at the The pressure at the deepest point in the deepest point in the

ocean is equivalent to ocean is equivalent to 1 person trying to 1 person trying to hold 50 jumbo jetshold 50 jumbo jets

What impact does air-sea interaction have on Earth?What impact does air-sea interaction have on Earth?• The ocean constantly interacts with the atmosphere, exchanging The ocean constantly interacts with the atmosphere, exchanging

heat, moisture, and carbon dioxide (COheat, moisture, and carbon dioxide (CO22))• The air-sea interaction drives our weather The air-sea interaction drives our weather patterns and influences the slowly patterns and influences the slowly occurring but dramatic changes in occurring but dramatic changes in our climateour climate

hytoplanktonhytoplankton

Microscopic, single-celled marine plants that Microscopic, single-celled marine plants that

need water, COneed water, CO22, sunlight, and chemical nutrients to grow, sunlight, and chemical nutrients to grow Phytoplankton use a pigment called chlorophyll to capture sunlight during Phytoplankton use a pigment called chlorophyll to capture sunlight during

photosynthesisphotosynthesis• They decrease the amount of sunlight that reaches deeper waterThey decrease the amount of sunlight that reaches deeper water

• Confines oceanic heating to a small layerConfines oceanic heating to a small layer

Why are phytoplankton important?Why are phytoplankton important?• Approximately half of the oxygen we breatheApproximately half of the oxygen we breathe is produced by phytoplanktonis produced by phytoplankton• They take in COThey take in CO22 from the atmosphere at the from the atmosphere at the

same rate as land plantssame rate as land plants• All marine life is dependent upon the quantity All marine life is dependent upon the quantity of phytoplankton availableof phytoplankton available

http://www.gma.org/onlocation/globecactiv.html

Fast Fact:Fast Fact:On a favorable day, On a favorable day,

phytoplankton phytoplankton concentration may concentration may

increase by as much increase by as much as 300%as 300%

Extension of PhytoplanktonExtension of Phytoplankton Currents can usually be traced by their supply of phytoplanktonCurrents can usually be traced by their supply of phytoplankton Scientists use satellites to remotely observe chlorophyll, which is contained in the Scientists use satellites to remotely observe chlorophyll, which is contained in the

phytoplanktonphytoplankton• The images tell them:The images tell them:

• How much phytoplankton is present in the oceanHow much phytoplankton is present in the ocean• Where they are locatedWhere they are located• How much work they are performingHow much work they are performing• How their populations are changingHow their populations are changing

On Earth, humans can observe the phytoplanktonOn Earth, humans can observe the phytoplankton

present in lakes and oceanspresent in lakes and oceans• Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light

and reflects green lightand reflects green light• A water source that appears green in A water source that appears green in

color most likely contains some phytoplanktoncolor most likely contains some phytoplankton

Fast Fact:Fast Fact:On a favorable day, On a favorable day, 20,000 specimens of 20,000 specimens of

phytoplankton may be phytoplankton may be contained in 1 ftcontained in 1 ft33 of of

ocean waterocean water

uikSCATuikSCAT

A satellite NASA uses to create an A satellite NASA uses to create an image of the surface winds on Earthimage of the surface winds on Earth

The QuikSCAT satellite carries a The QuikSCAT satellite carries a SeaWinds scatterometerSeaWinds scatterometer

• A scatterometer is a microwave radar A scatterometer is a microwave radar that can measure near-surface wind that can measure near-surface wind speed and direction over the ocean speed and direction over the ocean under any weather conditionsunder any weather conditions

Why are scatterometers useful?Why are scatterometers useful?• They are giving meteorologists:They are giving meteorologists:

• More accurate measurements of More accurate measurements of the winds associated with stormsthe winds associated with storms

• Advanced warning of high waves Advanced warning of high waves and floodingand flooding

http://science.hq.nasa.gov/

ainain

Precipitation that falls from clouds toward Earth’s surface Precipitation that falls from clouds toward Earth’s surface Rain is an important part of the climateRain is an important part of the climate

• The latent heat released into the atmosphere upon the formation of raindrops is a The latent heat released into the atmosphere upon the formation of raindrops is a significant form of energy that drives circulation in the atmospheresignificant form of energy that drives circulation in the atmosphere

Why do meteorologists, oceanographers, and climate scientists find it important Why do meteorologists, oceanographers, and climate scientists find it important to measure rainfall patterns? to measure rainfall patterns?

• Scientists suspect that after rainfall the layers of fresh water at the Scientists suspect that after rainfall the layers of fresh water at the surface of the ocean affect circulation in the oceansurface of the ocean affect circulation in the ocean• Rainfall appears to calm the seasRainfall appears to calm the seas

• Scientists question impact of rainfall on ocean dampingScientists question impact of rainfall on ocean damping

http://lennthompson.typepad.com/lenndevours/miscellaneous_sips/index.html

Did you know?Did you know?Falling drops of Falling drops of rain are not tear-rain are not tear-

shapedshaped

Extension of RainExtension of Rain Drizzle – water droplets with a diameter less than 0.5 millimeters (mm)Drizzle – water droplets with a diameter less than 0.5 millimeters (mm) Rain – water droplets with a diameter greater than or equal to 0.5 mm Rain – water droplets with a diameter greater than or equal to 0.5 mm The diameter of a raindrop that reaches Earth’s surface is usually no greater The diameter of a raindrop that reaches Earth’s surface is usually no greater

than 6 mmthan 6 mm The shape of a raindrop is dependent on its size:The shape of a raindrop is dependent on its size:

• Almost spherical – raindrops less than 2 mm in diameterAlmost spherical – raindrops less than 2 mm in diameter• Surface tension squeezes the drop into a sphere because Surface tension squeezes the drop into a sphere because

spheres have the smallest surface area for their total volumespheres have the smallest surface area for their total volume• Flattened bottom, rounded top – raindrops with diameters bigger than 2 mmFlattened bottom, rounded top – raindrops with diameters bigger than 2 mm

• Larger air pressure on the drop as it falls, flattens the bottom, while lower Larger air pressure on the drop as it falls, flattens the bottom, while lower

air pressure on the sides of the drop allows the sides to expandair pressure on the sides of the drop allows the sides to expand

Diameter

1

ea Sprayea Spray

There are two types:There are two types:• Film or jet droplets – bubbles in the ocean Film or jet droplets – bubbles in the ocean

rise to the surface and burst, releasing rise to the surface and burst, releasing water droplets into the airwater droplets into the air

• Spume droplets – the wind is strong Spume droplets – the wind is strong enough to tear off water particles from the enough to tear off water particles from the tops of wavestops of waves

How does sea spray impact the earth?How does sea spray impact the earth?• Once sea spray becomes airborne, the particles scatter radiation and Once sea spray becomes airborne, the particles scatter radiation and

transfer heat, momentum, and moisture to and from the atmospheretransfer heat, momentum, and moisture to and from the atmosphere• If the sea spray evaporates entirely, sea salt particles If the sea spray evaporates entirely, sea salt particles

are left in the airare left in the air• The particles act as nuclei for clouds and fog to formThe particles act as nuclei for clouds and fog to form• They impact Earth’s annual heat budgetThey impact Earth’s annual heat budget

Sea Spray

http://www.pdphoto.org/

Fast Fact:Fast Fact:Sea salt particles Sea salt particles

make up 90% of the make up 90% of the marine aerosols in the marine aerosols in the

Atmospheric Atmospheric Boundary LayerBoundary Layer

Extension of Sea SprayExtension of Sea Spray 1000 micrometers = 1 millimeter1000 micrometers = 1 millimeter

Radius of film or jet droplets: ranges from approximately 1 to 10 Radius of film or jet droplets: ranges from approximately 1 to 10

micrometersmicrometers Radius of spume droplets: ranges from approximately 10 to 1000 Radius of spume droplets: ranges from approximately 10 to 1000

micrometersmicrometers

Radius

http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dropdrag/superimposed.htm

1 millimeterOR

1000 micrometers

The radius of a circle:The radius of a circle:

The regular rise and fall of the ocean watersThe regular rise and fall of the ocean waters• Caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, and the rotation of EarthCaused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, and the rotation of Earth• The rising of Earth’s surface is called high tide, or flood tideThe rising of Earth’s surface is called high tide, or flood tide• The centrifugal force away from the moon leaves the water on the side opposite to the The centrifugal force away from the moon leaves the water on the side opposite to the

Moon to form another high tideMoon to form another high tide• Low tides, or ebb tides, are the portions of the tidal cycle between high tidesLow tides, or ebb tides, are the portions of the tidal cycle between high tides

idesides

High Tide

High Tide

Low Tide

Low Tide

Gravitational

Pull

Did you know?Did you know?Tides do not Tides do not

actually “rise”, actually “rise”, rather Earth rotates rather Earth rotates

into tidesinto tides

What impacts the time tides occur each day?What impacts the time tides occur each day?• The combination of Earth’s rotation and the Moon’s orbitThe combination of Earth’s rotation and the Moon’s orbit• If the Moon did not rotate around Earth, the tides would If the Moon did not rotate around Earth, the tides would

occur at the same time every dayoccur at the same time every day

Extension of TidesExtension of Tides The rise and fall of the tides is periodicThe rise and fall of the tides is periodic

• Periodic – occurring in regular cyclesPeriodic – occurring in regular cycles There are three types of tides:There are three types of tides:

• Semidiurnal Tides:Semidiurnal Tides:• Produce two high tides and two low Produce two high tides and two low

tides during a 24 hour period (1 day)tides during a 24 hour period (1 day)• Diurnal Tides:Diurnal Tides:

• Produce one high tide and one low Produce one high tide and one low

tide during a 24 hour period (1 day)tide during a 24 hour period (1 day)• Mixed Tides:Mixed Tides:

• Produce two high tides and two low Produce two high tides and two low

tides during a 24 hour period (1 day)tides during a 24 hour period (1 day)• There are great differences between the There are great differences between the

heights of the high tides and the low tidesheights of the high tides and the low tides

To the right are tide curves for the threeTo the right are tide curves for the three

common types of tidescommon types of tides• Curves show tidal patterns during a 48 hourCurves show tidal patterns during a 48 hour

period (2 days) at various locations aroundperiod (2 days) at various locations around

North AmericaNorth America 4

Coastal Upwelling - occurs when winds blow with the shore on the leftCoastal Upwelling - occurs when winds blow with the shore on the left• Surface water is pushed away from the beach and deep, nutrient-rich, cold ocean Surface water is pushed away from the beach and deep, nutrient-rich, cold ocean

water rises in its placewater rises in its place Coastal Downwelling - when winds blow with the shore on the rightCoastal Downwelling - when winds blow with the shore on the right

• Surface water is pushed toward the beach, forced downward, and then out to seaSurface water is pushed toward the beach, forced downward, and then out to sea

pwellingpwelling

Northern Hemisphere: ocean water moves 90Northern Hemisphere: ocean water moves 90°° to right of wind to right of wind Southern Hemisphere: ocean water moves 90Southern Hemisphere: ocean water moves 90°° to left of wind to left of wind

Downwelling

Wind out of the South

Upwelling

Wind out of the North

Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling in the Northern Hemisphere

Vertical movement of water from Vertical movement of water from

the ocean floor up to the surfacethe ocean floor up to the surface

ector Wind Stressector Wind Stress

The horizontal force per area The horizontal force per area of wind on the ocean surfaceof wind on the ocean surface

Vector wind stress impacts:Vector wind stress impacts:• Generation of wavesGeneration of waves• Movement of surface Movement of surface

currentscurrents

How does vector wind stress How does vector wind stress impact air-sea interaction?impact air-sea interaction?

• Through wind stress the Through wind stress the atmosphere is able to atmosphere is able to transfer momentum to the transfer momentum to the oceanocean http://www.pfeg.noaa.gov/products/las/sample_gifs.html

avesaves

As wind passes over the water, friction between As wind passes over the water, friction between the air and the water causes the water to ripplethe air and the water causes the water to ripple

Characteristics of waves:Characteristics of waves:• Period – time for two crests or troughs to pass a pointPeriod – time for two crests or troughs to pass a point• Wave frequency – number of waves that pass a point Wave frequency – number of waves that pass a point

in one secondin one second

What determines the size of waves?What determines the size of waves?• How fast the wind is blowingHow fast the wind is blowing• How far the wind blowsHow far the wind blows• How long the wind blowsHow long the wind blows

20

Did you know?Did you know?A wave does not A wave does not move water, only move water, only

energy moves energy moves forwardforward

Extension of WavesExtension of Waves As a wave passes, water particles lift up, move As a wave passes, water particles lift up, move

forward with the wave’s crest, and then sink down forward with the wave’s crest, and then sink down

and move backward with the wave’s troughand move backward with the wave’s trough When water particles in the trough hit the sand, When water particles in the trough hit the sand,

friction causes them to slow down, but the water friction causes them to slow down, but the water

particles in the crest do not slow downparticles in the crest do not slow down When the water in the crest gets too far ahead When the water in the crest gets too far ahead

for the trough to be able to support it, a breaker for the trough to be able to support it, a breaker

forms, which is a wave where the crest crashes forms, which is a wave where the crest crashes

on top of the troughon top of the trough

20

Heat FluHeat Flu The passing of heat through The passing of heat through

or across a surfaceor across a surface• The heat flux within shallow The heat flux within shallow

layers is much greater than layers is much greater than

within deep layers of the within deep layers of the

oceanocean

16

The mean annual radiation and heat balance of Earth

Example of the importance Example of the importance

of heat flux to Earth:of heat flux to Earth:• Earth must maintain an Earth must maintain an

annual balance between the annual balance between the

amount of heat absorbed by amount of heat absorbed by

its surface and released its surface and released

back into the atmosphereback into the atmosphere

W m-2 (watts per square meter) is the unit used to represent

the power per square area that comes from the sun

OceanographOceanograph

Scientific study and exploration of the oceansScientific study and exploration of the oceans• Dependent on physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and meteorologyDependent on physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and meteorology• Covers a wide range of topics: Covers a wide range of topics:

• currents, waves, tides, marine organisms, ocean floor, etc.currents, waves, tides, marine organisms, ocean floor, etc. Oceanographers must be able to apply knowledge from various branches of Oceanographers must be able to apply knowledge from various branches of

study to truly understand and be able to explain the behavior of the ocean study to truly understand and be able to explain the behavior of the ocean environmentenvironment

http://www.capemalta.net/maltapageOP/operocean.html

Is there more than one type of oceanography?Is there more than one type of oceanography?• YesYes• Biological oceanography (Marine biology) – study of marine Biological oceanography (Marine biology) – study of marine plants and animalsplants and animals• Chemical oceanography – study of the chemistry of the ocean Chemical oceanography – study of the chemistry of the ocean and ocean floorand ocean floor• Geological oceanography – study of the ocean floorGeological oceanography – study of the ocean floor• Physical oceanography – study of ocean processes and air-sea Physical oceanography – study of ocean processes and air-sea interactionsinteractions

ooplanktonooplankton

Micro- or macroscopic animals that drift in the oceanMicro- or macroscopic animals that drift in the ocean Zooplankton can live at any ocean depthZooplankton can live at any ocean depth In comparison to any other animal, zooplankton have the greatest quantity In comparison to any other animal, zooplankton have the greatest quantity

spread over the largest areaspread over the largest area• Typically found near large quantities of phytoplanktonTypically found near large quantities of phytoplankton• Concentrated in areas of upwellingConcentrated in areas of upwelling

http://www.gma.org/onlocation/globecactiv.html

Why are zooplankton important?Why are zooplankton important?

• They are a stable source of food They are a stable source of food

for many larger animalsfor many larger animals

Krill

http://www.mar-eco.no/learning-zone/__data/page/93/Krill3.jpg

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Extension of ReferencesExtension of References

LEEANNE HAZZARDLEEANNE HAZZARD is a senior is a senior at Elizabethtown College, where at Elizabethtown College, where she is working on her Secondary she is working on her Secondary Mathematics certification. Mathematics certification. Leeanne created this ABC’s to Leeanne created this ABC’s to Oceanography booklet as part of Oceanography booklet as part of the Oceanography Outreach the Oceanography Outreach Project she completed during a Project she completed during a REU Summer Internship.REU Summer Internship.

Created by Leeanne Hazzard & Fabrice Veron, 2007Created by Leeanne Hazzard & Fabrice Veron, 2007Air-Sea Interaction Laboratory Air-Sea Interaction Laboratory

College of Marine and Earth StudiesCollege of Marine and Earth StudiesUniversity of DelawareUniversity of Delaware