1 ECS ECS www.esveld.com www.esveld.com Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011 HIGH SPEED RAILWAYS IN THE WORLD IN 2011 HIGH SPEED RAILWAYS IN THE WORLD IN 2011 Coenraad Esveld Coenraad Esveld Emeritus Professor of Railway Engineering TU Delft Director of Esveld Consulting Services BV Emeritus Professor of Railway Engineering TU Delft Director of Esveld Consulting Services BV
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
HIGH SPEED RAILWAYS IN THE WORLD IN 2011
HIGH SPEED RAILWAYS IN THE WORLD IN 2011
Coenraad Esveld Coenraad Esveld Emeritus Professor of Railway Engineering TU Delft
Director of Esveld Consulting Services BV Emeritus Professor of Railway Engineering TU Delft
Director of Esveld Consulting Services BV
2
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION
History of High-Speed Rail; Essentials of HSL; Track structure solutions; Overview of HSL world wide; Short wave irregularities.
History of High-Speed Rail; Essentials of HSL; Track structure solutions; Overview of HSL world wide; Short wave irregularities.
3
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
HISTORY OF HIGH-SPEED TRACK HISTORY OF HIGH-SPEED TRACK
Japan opened first HSL in ballasted track in the 1960’s; Daily maintenance was enormous; In the late 1990’s, still some 5,000 men were employed each night to restore the tracks for the next day’s operation; To reduce the enormous amount of maintenance, the Japanese developed their prefabricated slab track system which was first applied on the second Shinkansen line in 1972; This J-Slab is still their standard slab track system and was recently applied on Taiwan High Speed Line.
Japan opened first HSL in ballasted track in the 1960’s; Daily maintenance was enormous; In the late 1990’s, still some 5,000 men were employed each night to restore the tracks for the next day’s operation; To reduce the enormous amount of maintenance, the Japanese developed their prefabricated slab track system which was first applied on the second Shinkansen line in 1972; This J-Slab is still their standard slab track system and was recently applied on Taiwan High Speed Line.
4
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
SHINKANSEN TRACK TAIWAN SHINKANSEN TRACK TAIWAN Route length 336 km Route length 336 km
Principal J-Slab dimensions: • Length: 4.20, 4.30, 4.40, 4.80 and 4.90 m • Width: 2.20 m • Thickness: 0.19 m
Principal J-Slab dimensions: • Length: 4.20, 4.30, 4.40, 4.80 and 4.90 m • Width: 2.20 m • Thickness: 0.19 m
5
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
CA Mortar CA Mortar
6
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
7
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
HISTORY OF HIGH-SPEED TRACK HISTORY OF HIGH-SPEED TRACK
The French followed Japan in the late 1960’s early 1970’s; It was Mr. Serge Montagné who worked as trainee in Japan, early 1970’s under Dr. Watenabe and Dr. Sato; The French designed their tracks entirely in traditional ballasted track; This design has been adopted by many others, amongst others Korean High Speed Line.
The French followed Japan in the late 1960’s early 1970’s; It was Mr. Serge Montagné who worked as trainee in Japan, early 1970’s under Dr. Watenabe and Dr. Sato; The French designed their tracks entirely in traditional ballasted track; This design has been adopted by many others, amongst others Korean High Speed Line.
8
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
KTX TRACK WITH MONOBLOCK SLEEPERS KTX TRACK WITH MONOBLOCK SLEEPERS
Seoul – Pusan 412 km double track Seoul – Pusan 412 km double track
9
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
NABLA SNCF NABLA SNCF
10
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
KTX ELEVATED TRACK KTX ELEVATED TRACK
Seoul – Pusan 412 km double track Seoul – Pusan 412 km double track
11
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
12
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
HISTORY OF HIGH-SPEED TRACK HISTORY OF HIGH-SPEED TRACK
In Germany the so-called Rheda system was developed, finally resulting in the Rheda 2000 system; More or less standard for Europe, but also applied outside Europe. This system was also applied in The Netherlands.
In Germany the so-called Rheda system was developed, finally resulting in the Rheda 2000 system; More or less standard for Europe, but also applied outside Europe. This system was also applied in The Netherlands.
13
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
RHEDA CLASSIC RHEDA CLASSIC
14
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
RHEDA 2000 SLAB TRACK RHEDA 2000 SLAB TRACK
15
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
HISTORY OF HIGH-SPEED TRACK HISTORY OF HIGH-SPEED TRACK
16
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
TRANSRAPID SHANGHAI TRANSRAPID SHANGHAI
Operating speed 430 km/h, route length 30 km
17
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
Characteristic TRANSRAPID ICE 3 TGV-A
Speed max. 500 km/h 330 km/h 300 km/h
Mass / seat 0.6 t 1.1 t 1.0 t
Acceleration time 0-200 km/h 82 s 150 s 170 s
0-300 km/h 120 s 335 s 345 s
0-400 km/h 165 s
0-500 km/h 225 s
Acceleration distance 0-200 km/h 2,200 m 5,000 m
0-300 km/h 4,900 m 18,900 m 18,500 m
0-400 km/h 9,300 m
0-500 km/h 17,000 m
Characteristic TRANSRAPID ICE 3 TGV-A
Speed max. 500 km/h 330 km/h 300 km/h
Mass / seat 0.6 t 1.1 t 1.0 t
Acceleration time 0-200 km/h 82 s 150 s 170 s
0-300 km/h 120 s 335 s 345 s
0-400 km/h 165 s
0-500 km/h 225 s
Acceleration distance 0-200 km/h 2,200 m 5,000 m
0-300 km/h 4,900 m 18,900 m 18,500 m
0-400 km/h 9,300 m
0-500 km/h 17,000 m
18
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
Country In operation Under construction Total Country [km]
China 4,326 6,696 10,025
Spain 1,525 2,219 3,744
Japan 1,906 590 2,496
France 1,872 234 2,106
Germany 1,032 378 1,410
Italy 923 92 1,015
Turkey 235 510 745
South Korea 330 82 412
Taiwan 345 0 345
Belgium 209 0 209
The Netherlands 120 0 120
United Kingdom 113 0 113
Switzerland 35 72 107
HIGH-SPEED LINES V > 250 KM/H, BASED ON UIC FIGURES
19
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
ESSENTIALS OF HIGH-SPEED SYSTEMS ESSENTIALS OF HIGH-SPEED SYSTEMS Vehicle track interaction to be considered as one dynamic system; Low unsprung mass; Strong limitations in geometrical deviation of wheel and rail; Low conicity; Critical train speed; Switch design with emphasis on dynamics, safety and availability; Pressure waves in tunnels; Furthermore: aerodynamics, noise and vibration, dynamics of the catenery, power supply, signalling; RAMS is a key factor!
Vehicle track interaction to be considered as one dynamic system; Low unsprung mass; Strong limitations in geometrical deviation of wheel and rail; Low conicity; Critical train speed; Switch design with emphasis on dynamics, safety and availability; Pressure waves in tunnels; Furthermore: aerodynamics, noise and vibration, dynamics of the catenery, power supply, signalling; RAMS is a key factor!
20
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
UNSPRUNG MASS UNSPRUNG MASS
For the sum of the quasi-static and low frequency Q-force a standard of 170 kN is applied; For the sum of the quasi-static and low frequency Q-force a standard of 170 kN is applied;
21
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
EQUIVALENT CONICITY EQUIVALENT CONICITY
For a stable running performance of high-speed trains the equivalent conicity is a prime factor; SNCF starts with a very low conicity of 0.025, increases till approximately 0.10, with exceptional values of 0.13; DB starts much higher in the order of 0.10, associated with the philosophy of worn wheel profiles. Maximum value 0.15.
For a stable running performance of high-speed trains the equivalent conicity is a prime factor; SNCF starts with a very low conicity of 0.025, increases till approximately 0.10, with exceptional values of 0.13; DB starts much higher in the order of 0.10, associated with the philosophy of worn wheel profiles. Maximum value 0.15.
22
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
TRACK LOADSTRACK LOADS • Wavelength λ• Frequency f• Wavelength λ• Frequency f
λ =vf
λ =vf
λ[m]λ[m]Wav
eleng
th
Wav
eleng
th
Rollin
g de
fect
s
Rollin
g de
fect
s
Balla
st
and
Form
ation
Balla
st
and
Form
ation
Welds
Welds
Hertzian spring
Hertzian springW
heels
Wheels
BogieBogie
Sprung mass
Sprung mass
1000-100 Hz
1000-100 Hz
100-20 Hz
100-20 Hz
20-5 Hz
20-5 Hz
5-0.7 Hz
5-0.7 Hz
0.30.3 33 1010 120
120
ForcesForces Passenger comfortPassenger comfort
23
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
SHORT-WAVE IRREGULARITIES SHORT-WAVE IRREGULARITIES Sort-wave irregularities most aggressive and essential to limit; Most important to limit to 1 : 1000 to reduce impact force; Sort-wave irregularities most aggressive and essential to limit; Most important to limit to 1 : 1000 to reduce impact force;
Inclination: High-Speed < 1.0 mrad
2dynF = C v Inclination* *
24
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
ANALYSES FOR HIGH-SPEED TRACK ANALYSES FOR HIGH-SPEED TRACK Longitudinal forces, especially at long bridges; Static design; Dynamics:
Wave propagation in soft soils; Long wave vehicle track interaction; Short wave wheel rail interaction;
Longitudinal forces, especially at long bridges; Static design; Dynamics:
Wave propagation in soft soils; Long wave vehicle track interaction; Short wave wheel rail interaction;
25
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
CRITICAL TRAIN SPEED CRITICAL TRAIN SPEED
On soft soils propagation of Rayleigh waves is a major issue On soft soils propagation of Rayleigh waves is a major issue
ρGCC TR =≈ρGCC TR =≈
26
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
MEASUREMENTS IN ENGLAND ON SOFT SOILS MEASUREMENTS IN ENGLAND ON SOFT SOILS
-14 -14
-13 -13
-12 -12
-11 -11
-10 -10
-9 -9
-8 -8
-7 -7
-6 -6
-5 -5
120 120 150 150 180 180 210 210 240 240
Running speed [km/h] Running speed [km/h]
Vert
ical
dis
plac
emen
t [m
m]
Vert
ical
dis
plac
emen
t [m
m]
High speed train High speed train IC train IC train
Critical train speed Critical train speed
225 225
27
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
TRACK TOLERANCES
TRACK TOLERANCES
28
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
BALLASTLESS TRACK BALLASTLESS TRACK
Reduced height; No flying ballast particles; High lateral resistance; Low maintenance, hence higher availability; Increased service life.
Reduced height; No flying ballast particles; High lateral resistance; Low maintenance, hence higher availability; Increased service life.
Pro Pro
Contra Contra
Investment costs. Investment costs.
29
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
RH
EDA
200
0 SL
AB
TR
AC
K
RH
EDA
200
0 SL
AB
TR
AC
K
Pad stiffness < 35 kN/mm Pad stiffness < 35 kN/mm
30
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
BÖGEL PREFAB SLAB TRACK BÖGEL PREFAB SLAB TRACK
31
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
BÖ
GEL
PR
EFA
B S
LAB
B
ÖG
EL P
REF
AB
SLA
B
32
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
SLAB TRACK DESIGN SLAB TRACK DESIGN GERMAN SCHOOL
Slab: reinforcement just in neutral axis for crack control Foundation: high quality Ev2= 120 N/mm2
GERMAN SCHOOL Slab: reinforcement just in neutral axis for crack control Foundation: high quality Ev2= 120 N/mm2
Rheda 2000: Optimal on engineering structures, not on subgrade Rheda 2000: Optimal on engineering structures, not on subgrade
ON SUBGRADE Slab: bending reinforcement (total ~ 1.5 % for B35) Foundation: medium quality Ev2= 40 - 60 N/mm2
ON SUBGRADE Slab: bending reinforcement (total ~ 1.5 % for B35) Foundation: medium quality Ev2= 40 - 60 N/mm2
Ph.D. study TU Delft Test track Best Ph.D. study TU Delft Test track Best
33
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
SLAB WITH BENDING STIFFNESS SLAB WITH BENDING STIFFNESS
In service, headcheck free Source: Rolf Dollevoet, ProRail
46
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
ANTI HEADCHECK PROFILE DOLLEVOET ANTI HEADCHECK PROFILE DOLLEVOET
47
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
SQUATS SQUATS
48
ECS ECS
www.esveld.com www.esveld.com
Seminar Madrid 23-24 February 2011
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS Both ballasted and non-ballasted track structures are suitable for HST; Availability and minimum life cycle cost are increasingly important; therefore trend towards slab track; Slab tracks are still far from optimal; Dynamics plays a crucial role in track design: - tight standards for running surface and - sufficient resilience in the track components; Wheel – rail interface should be well designed and maintained; Quality is a key factor in both construction and maintenance.
Both ballasted and non-ballasted track structures are suitable for HST; Availability and minimum life cycle cost are increasingly important; therefore trend towards slab track; Slab tracks are still far from optimal; Dynamics plays a crucial role in track design: - tight standards for running surface and - sufficient resilience in the track components; Wheel – rail interface should be well designed and maintained; Quality is a key factor in both construction and maintenance.