Estimating GHG Emissions from Mineral Soils for ... - Forestforest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/media/filer_public/44/bd/... · Tropical dry dry dry moist moist wet montaine moist 68 50 95 38

Estimating GHG Emissions from Mineral Soils for

Cropland and Grazing Land Management

Roland Hiederer, Raul Abad-Viñas, Viorel Blujdea, Giacomo Grassi, Simone Rossi, Wim Devos European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra

IPCC Tier 1 Method

JRC Technical Workshop, Arona (IT), 05-07. May, 2014

Development Steps

Computation Look-up tables and

matrix of cross-tabulations

Factors Classification schema or

decision tree

Parameters Thematic spatial data and regional statistics directly or as proxy

The evaluation of the requirements of the IPCC Tier 1 method starts with the results to determine the information needs. When estimating C-stock changes the processing steps advance in the inverse direction.

Factor type

Grazing

Land

F I Inputs FMG Management FLU Land Use

Boreal

Cold

temperate

Warmtemperate

Tropical

dry

dry

dry

moist

moist

wet

montaine

moist

Climate

RegionImprove

Moderately

degraded

Severely

degraded

Nominal /

non degr.

Medium

High

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.17

1.17

1.17

1.16

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.97

0.97

0.97

0.96

Multiple

improvements

Grazing

Land

Degraded

relative to native

Nominal /

Native

Severe

damage to

vegetation and

soil

Higher

productivity

relative to native

Moderately degraded

Severly degraded

ImprovedMedium input

Improved

High input

yes

no

yes

no

no

no

yes

yes

A. Introduction A.1 IPCC Tiers A.2 IPCC Approaches A.3 Tier 1 Method for Soil Organic Carbon

B. Computations B.1 Default Reference Soil Organic C-Stock B.2 Modifying Factors

C. Factors C.1 Constant Conditions C.2 Grazing Land Management Factors C.3 Crop Land Management Factors

D. Parameters D.1 Parameters defining Grazing Land Management factors D.2 Parameters defining Cropland Management factors D.3 Data for parameters

Structure

A.1 IPCC Tier Levels (detail of estimation method)

Tier 1 • Changes in C-stocks are based on C-stock after a change in land

management relative to the reference condition.

• Changes are computed over inventory time period.

Tier 2 • Extension of Tier 1 allowing country-specific data.

• Using default equations for mineral and organic soils.

Tier 3 • Advanced estimation system (model) capturing annual variability in

fluxes.

• May include estimates of changes in inorganic C pools.

from: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

A.2 IPCC Approaches (representation of land area / explicitness)

Approach 1

• Total area are provided at only two points in time for climate, soil and land use management system.

• No quantification of specific transitions in land use and management (only aggregate or net change).

Approach 2 • Total area and specific transitions between each land

management system provided.

Approach 3 • C-stock changes computed on a land parcel basis.

* from: IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF, Box 3.1.1

A.3.1 Tier 1 Method for Soil Organic Carbon

ΔCSoil = ΔCMineral - LOrganic + ΔCInorganic Tier 3

D

SOCSOCC T

Mineral00

isc

iscIMGLUREFt AFFFSOCSOCiscisciscsc

.,

,,,,,,,,,

where

SOCREF default reference soil organic C-stock FLU modifying land use factor FMG modifying management factor FI modifying input factor A land area of stratum defined by c, s and i history c,s,i climate region (c), soil type (s), management system (i)

Annual change in organic carbon stocks in mineral soils:

Annual loss of carbon from drained organic soils:

c

cOrganic EFAL

SOC0 soil organic C-stock, last year of an inventory period SOC0-T soil organic C-stock, beginning of an inventory period T number of year over inventory period D default time period for transition to equilibrium (20 yrs) EF emission factor for climate type c

A.3.2 Tier 1 Method for C-Stock Changes (mineral soil)

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 5 10 15 20

Years after Conversion

Soil O

rganic

C-S

tock (

)t

C h

a-1

linear

progressive

C-Stock0-T

C-Stock0

Under Tier 1 it is assumed that in an undisturbed environment the C-stocks of mineral soils reach an equilibrium. The environmental conditions are defined by the factors • land use (FLU), • management (FMG) and • input (FI). When a factor changes a new level of C-stock equilibrium is reached after 20 years with a constant annual rate of change.

B.1 Default Reference Soil Organic C-Stock: CREF

CREF not defined

HAC LAC VulcanicSandy WetlandSpodic

Boreal

Coldtemperate

Warmtemperate

Tropical

dry

dry

dry

moist

moist

wet

montaine

moist

68

50

95

38

88

38

65

44

88

33

85

24

63

35

47

60

63

10

34

71

19

34

31

39

66

34

117

115

20

20

130

70

80

50

70

130

80

146

87

88

86

after: Table 2.3 2006 IPCC Guidelines for NGHG Inventories

Climate

Region

Soil

TypeThe values for the Default Reference Soil Organic C-stock (CREF) are defined by a cross-tabulation of Climate Region X Soil Type.

B.1b Default Reference Soil Organic C-Stock: CREF

HAC LAC VulcanicSandy WetlandSpodic

Boreal

Coldtemperate

Warmtemperate

Tropical

dry

dry

dry

moist

moist

wet

montaine

moist

68

50

95

38

88

38

65

44

88

33

85

24

63

35

47

60

63

10

34

71

19

34

31

39

66

34

117

115

20

20

130

70

80

50

70

130

80

146

87

88

86

Climate

Region

Soil

Type

High-activity

clay

Cold temperate

moist

95 t C ha-1

}

X

Example:

The values for the Default Reference Soil Organic C-stock (CREF) are defined by a cross-tabulation of Climate Region X Soil Type. CREF value for a “Cold temperate, moist” climate for a “High-activity Clay” soil is set to 95 t C ha-1.

B.2 Modifying Land Use Factors FLU, FMG and FI

Land Use System Factor = FLUS F * F * FLU MG I

FLU Long-term cultivated

- Low

- Medium

- High, no manure

- High, with manure

FLU Long-term cultivated

- Full tillage

- Reduced tillage

- No tillage

FMG Improved

- Medium

- High

- Improved

- Nominal/non-deg.

- Mod. degraded

- Sev. degraded

Grassland

Cropland

- Long-term cultivated

- Wetland rice (paddy)

- Perennial / tree crop

- Set-aside (< 20 yrs)

extensively managed

rangelands and savannahs,

intensively managed

continuous pasture,

hay land

FI Inputs FMG Management FLU Land Use

Defa

ult S

OC-S

tock

t C ha-1 t C ha-1

+

-

Syste

m S

OC-S

tock

B.2.1 Grazing Land Management FLUS

Factor type

after: Table 6.2 2006 IPCC Guidelines for NGHG Inventories

Gra

zin

g

Lan

d

FI Inputs FMG Management FLU Land Use

Boreal

Coldtemperate

Warmtemperate

Tropical

dry

dry

dry

moist

moist

wet

montaine

moist

Climate

Region

Im

prove

Mo

derate

ly

deg

rad

ed

Severely

deg

rad

ed

No

min

al /

non

deg

r.

Med

ium

Hig

h

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.17

1.17

1.17

1.16

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.97

0.97

0.97

0.96

The land use management factors influencing the Default Reference Soil Organic C-stocks are defined for each Climate Region. For GM the factor Input (FI) is only applicable where a the management FMG defines an improved grazing land.

Factor type

Gra

zin

g

Lan

d

FI Inputs FMG Management FLU Land Use

Boreal

Coldtemperate

Warmtemperate

Tropical

dry

dry

dry

moist

moist

wet

montaine

moist

Climate

Region

Im

pro

ve

Mo

dera

tely

deg

rad

ed

Severe

ly

deg

rad

ed

No

min

al /

non

deg

r.

Med

ium

Hig

h

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.17

1.17

1.17

1.16

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.97

0.97

0.97

0.96

FLUS(0-T)

FLUS(0)

D_C-STOCK

1.00

1.00

(0.95 1.00)

1.00

0.95

95.0 -4.75

1.00

1.00 1.00

0.95

t C ha-1

=

=

=

=

=

=

*

*

- *

[*

[*

]

]

over 20 yrs

Management FMG changes from “nominal” to “moderately degraded” (the factor FI is not applicable). The change in C-stock over 20 years amounts to a loss of 4.75 t C ha-1, equivalent to an emission of 0.87 t CO2 ha-1yr-1.

Example:

B.2.1b Grazing Land Management FLUS

B.2.2 Cropland Management FLUS

Factor type

after: Table 5.5 2006 IPCC Guidelines for NGHG Inventories

FI Inputs FMG Management FLU Land Use

Boreal

Coldtemperate

Warmtemperate

Tropical

dry

dry

dry

moist

moist

wet

montaine

moist

Climate

Region

Fu

ll

till

age

Lon

g-t

erm

cu

ltiv

ate

d

Lo

w

No

ti

llag

e

Perenn

ial

tree c

rop

Hig

h, n

o

man

ure

Set-

asid

e

(>

20

yrs

)

Hig

h,

wit

h

man

ure

Redu

ced

tillage

Pad

dy

rice

Mediu

m

0.80

0.80

0.69

0.80

0.69

0.58

0.48

0.48

0.64

0.93

0.93

0.82

0.93

0.82

0.93

0.82

0.82

0.88

0.95

0.95

0.92

0.95

0.92

0.95

0.92

0.92

0.94

1.04

1.04

1.11

1.04

1.11

1.04

1.11

1.11

1.08

1.37

1.37

1.44

1.37

1.44

1.37

1.44

1.44

1.41

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.02

1.02

1.08

1.02

1.08

1.09

1.15

1.15

1.09

1.10

1.10

1.15

1.10

1.15

1.17

1.22

1.22

1.16

The land use management factors are defined for the for sub-categories for each Climate Region. For GM the factors Input (FI) and management (FMG) only apply where the land use is “long-term cultivated”.

Land use category FLU changes from “long-term cultivated” to “set-aside”. For “set-aside” management and input factors are not applicable. The change in C-stock over 20 years amounts to an increase of 22.2 t C ha-1, equivalent to a removal of 4.01 t CO2 ha-1yr-1.

Factor type FI Inputs FMG Management FLU Land Use

Boreal

Coldtemperate

Warmtemperate

Tropical

dry

dry

dry

moist

moist

wet

montaine

moist

Climate

Region

Fu

ll

till

age

Lon

g-t

erm

cu

ltiv

ate

d

Lo

w

No

ti

llag

e

Perenn

ial

tree c

rop

Hig

h, n

o

man

ure

Set-

asid

e

(>

20

yrs

)

Hig

h,

wit

h

man

ure

Redu

ced

tillage

Pad

dy

rice

Mediu

m

0.80

0.80

0.69

0.80

0.69

0.58

0.48

0.48

0.64

0.93

0.93

0.82

0.93

0.82

0.93

0.82

0.82

0.88

0.95

0.95

0.92

0.95

0.92

0.95

0.92

0.92

0.94

1.04

1.04

1.11

1.04

1.11

1.04

1.11

1.11

1.08

1.37

1.37

1.44

1.37

1.44

1.37

1.44

1.44

1.41

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.02

1.02

1.08

1.02

1.08

1.09

1.15

1.15

1.09

1.10

1.10

1.15

1.10

1.15

1.17

1.22

1.22

1.16

FLUS(0-T)

FLUS(0)

D_C-STOCK

0.69

1.00

(1.00 0.77)

1.00

95.0 + 22.2

1.11 0.77

1.00

t C ha-1

=

=

=

=

=

=

*

- *

*

over 20 yrs

Example:

B.2.2b Cropland Management FLUS

C. Constant and Modifying Factors

Constant Conditions

• Soil type

• Climate Region

• Default Reference Soil Organic C-stocks (CREF)

Modifying Factors

• Land use category (FLU)

• Management (FMG) practice applied, which influences level of C-stocks

• Input (FI) level of mineral and organic fertilizer application and organic amendments

C.1 Constant Conditions

* 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

No

IF

THEN

ELSE

Yes

No

IF

THEN

ELSE

Yes

Default Reference Soil Organic C-Sstocks (SOC )REF

t C ha-1 in 0-30 cm depth

Decision Tree*

SpatialLayer

SoilData

ClimateData

IPCC Tier 1 Method for Defining Default Reference Soil Organic Carbon Stocks

Soil Type

Climate Region

SOCREF

Fig

ure

3A.5

.4Fig

ure

3A.5

.2

Table 2.3* Spatial Layer

HAC LAC VulcanicSandy WetlandSpodic

Boreal

Coldtemperate

Warmtemperate

Tropical

dry

dry

dry

moist

moist

wet

montaine

moist

68

50

95

38

88

38

65

44

88

33

85

24

63

35

47

60

63

10

34

71

19

34

31

39

66

34

117

115

20

20

130

70

80

50

70

130

80

146

87

88

86

Climate

Region

Soil

Type

C.1.1 Classification Scheme Soil Type

Low

Activity

Clay Soils

Sand > 70%

and

Clay < 8%

Gleysol

Sandy

Soils

Andosol

Podzol

Wetland

Soils

Volcanic

Soils

Spodic

Soils

Albeluvisol, Alisols,

Calcisols, Cambisols,

Chernozems, Gypsisols,

Kastanozems, Leptosols,

Luvisols, Phaeozems,

Regosols, Solonetz,

Umbrisols, Vertisols

High

Activity

Clay Soils

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Acrisols

Anthrosols

Fluvisols

Ferralsols

Greyzems

Lixisols

Nitisols

Podzoluvisols

Planosols

Plinthosols

Solonchaks

(Arenosols)

StartDecision tree for assigning mineral soils to IPCC Soil Type category from World Reference Base for Soil Resources nomenclature. Organic soils are identified separately. The category “Wetland soils” only concerns minerals on wetland. After: Figure 3A.5.4, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

C.1.1 Spatial Layer Soil Type

IPCC Soil TypeOrganic

Sandy Soils

Wetland Soils

Volcanic Soils

Spodic Soils

High Activity Clay Soils

Low Activity Clay Soils

Soil types from mapped typologies of European Soil Database and Harmonized World Soil Database*. Mapping procedure uses ancillary data to assign all soil typological information to 1km grid.

*WEB_Link: http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ESDB_Archive/ESDB_Data_Distribution/derived_data.html

Classification according to Figure 3A.5.4, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

C.1.2 Classification Scheme Climate Region

Decision tree for classifying climate regions from parameters of climatic conditions: MAT Annual Mean Daily Temperature TAP Total Annual Precipitation PET Total Annual Pot. evapo-transpiration MMT Mean Monthly Temperature After: Figure 3A.5.2, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

10 <

MAT

<= 18

0 <

MAT <=10

MMT <= 10

all months

MAP > PET

Boreal Dry

TAP > PET

Warm

Temperate

Dry

Cool

Temperate

Dry

Polar Dry

Boreal

Moist

Warm

Temperate

Moist

Cool

Temperate

Moist

Polar Moist

Elevation >

1000m

TAP >

2000mm

1000mm

< TAP <=

2000mm

Tropical

Dry

TAP > PET

TAP > PET

MAT > 18

and < 7 days

frost/year

Tropical

Montane

Tropical

Wet

Tropical

Moist

yes

no

no

no

no

no

no

no

no

no

no

no

yes

yes yes yes

yes

yes yes

yes yes

yes

C.1.2 Spatial Layer Climate Regions

IPCC Climate

RegionTropical WetTropical MoistTropical DryTropical MontaneWarm Temp. MoistWarm Temp. DryCool Temp. MoistCool Temp. DryBoreal MoistBoreal DryPolar MoistPolar Dry

Climate Regions from WorldClim* data 1960–1990. 30 arc second data projected to a 1 km grid. Note: Presently available version covers 1950-2000. Data were downloaded 04.01.2006.

*WEB_Link: http://www.worldclim.org/current

Classification according to Figure 3A.5.2, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

Default

C-Stock ( )t C ha-1

< 20

20 - 40

40 - 60

60 - 80

80 - 100

100 - 120

> 120

Cross-product of Soil Types X Climate Region layers. For combinations without a default reference value the average SOC stock for the soil type under a Climate Region is used. 1km grid spacing, ETRS-LAEA projection.

Classification according to Table 2.3, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

C.1.3 Spatial Layer SOCREF

System of practices on land used for livestock production aimed at manipulating the amount and type of vegetation and livestock produced. Generally has vegetation dominated by perennial grasses*.

* from: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Chapter 6

Rangeland

Savannahext. managed

Special Case:

grazed

woodlands

-> Forest

Managedpart of pastoral system

Pasturecontinuous,

intens. managed

Multi-annual

Fodder Crops

alfalfa, clover,

etc.

Hay landmeadows,

fodder

Grazing Land (land use)

continuous herbaceous cover where the primary

land use is grazing

Unmanaged

Natural

Grasslandnot managed

occasional grazing by

livestock, game

Moors and

heatlandbush, shrub

Not grassland as land cover type.

C.2.1 Grazing Land Management FLU

Multiple

improvements

Grazing

Land

Degraded

relative to native

Nominal /

Native

Severe

damage to

vegetation and

soil

Higher

productivity

relative to native

Moderately

degraded

Severly

degraded

Improved

Medium input

Improved

High input

yes

no

yes

no

no

no

yes

yes

Classification scheme for grazing land management system. Decision attributes are divided into two groups: Adapted from Figure 6.1, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

Increase C-input to soil > native

Degradation = C input to soil < native

C.2.2 Grazing Land Management FMG, FI

System of practices on land on which agricultural crops are grown and on land temporarily set-aside from crop production*.

Long-term Cultivated • Area that has been continuously managed for > 20 years, to

predominantly annual crops.

Wetland (paddy) rice • Long-term (>20 years) annual cropping of wetland (paddy rice).

Perennial / Tree crop • Trees & shrubs with herbaceous crops, orchards, vineyards and plantations,

except where these lands are Forest Land.

Set-aside • Land set at rest for one or several (<20) years before being cultivated again.

* from: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Chapter 5.1

C.3.1 Cropland Management FLU

Level and frequency of physical disturbance.

Full Tillage

• Substantial soil disturbance with full inversion and/or frequent (within year) tillage operations.

Reduced Tillage

• Primary and/or secondary tillage but with reduced soil disturbance (usually shallow and without full soil inversion). Normally leaves surface with >30% coverage by residues at planting.

No Tillage

• Direct seeding without primary tillage, with only minimal soil disturbance in the seeding zone.

C.3.2 Factors for Cropland Management FMG

C.3.3 Factors for Cropland Management FI

Simplified classification scheme for cropland management system “long-term cultivated”. Decision attributes are divided into three groups: Adapted from Figure 5.1, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

Annual

Crops

Medium

C input

Crop residues

removed or

burnt

Low

C input

Organic

amendments

Low residue

crops or rotation

with bare fallow

Medium

C input

Low

C input

Medium

C input

Low

C input

N-min fertiliser

or N-fixing crop

Organic

amendments

Medium

C input

Practice

increasing C

input by

enhancing

residues

High C input with organic

amendments

Practice

increasing C

input by

enhancing

residues

High C input without org.

amendments

Practice

increasing C

input above

low residue

varieties

yes

no

yes

no

no

no

yes

yes

yes yes

yes

no no

no no

yes

Fertilizer and amendments

Enhancing residues

Low residues

D.1 Parameters Defining GM Factors

Land Use

• Managed grassland, part of pastoral system.

Management

• Productivity relative to native productivity level overgrazing (grazing density) severe damage to vegetation severe soil erosion

• Improvements fertilisation species improvements irrigation

Input • Application of multiple improvements.

D.2 Parameters defining CM Factors

Land Use

• Perennial crops, rice, annual crops, set-aside, other managed land use.

Management • Level and frequency of physical soil disturbance (tillage).

Input • Residues

residue yield from crops (classification in low and high residue yield) use of residues (collection, burning)

• Practice increasing C-stock green manure, cover crops, vegetated fallow, irrigation, grass in crop

rotation, N-fixing crops

• Additions mineral fertiliser application rate manure application rate use of organic amendments

Corine Land Cover classes have been mapped to cropland and grazing land management categories. Classes of mixed land cover (use) can be attributed a share of a management category. Corine LC for 1990, 2000 and 2006, 100m grid spacing. Only CLC2000 with EU28 coverage.

Cropland and

Grazing Land

Long-term cultivatedPaddy rice

Permanent/tree cropsAgro-forestry

Grassland (Pasture)Other

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D.3.1 Land Use (FLU) from Spatial Land Cover

D.3.2 Management (FMG), Input (FI) from Statistics

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LPIS (see presentation Wim Devos)

• Spatially explicit transitions for land use system factors.

• The Land Parcel Identification System is a fundamental part of the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS)*.

More information:

Documents from Workshop "LPIS management and challenges“, 22-24.04.2014, Brussels, Belgium http://mars.jrc.ec.europa.eu/mars/News-Events/LPIS-2014-WS-Brussels/Agenda

Generic information http://marswiki.jrc.ec.europa.eu/wikicap/index.php/Main_Page

* from: http://marswiki.jrc.ec.europa.eu/wikicap/index.php/LPIS

D.3.3 Factors (FMG, FI) for Management Entity

Summary

Tier 1 Computations

• Changes in C-stocks as deviation from reference value according to land use category, management practice and input level.

• Default values provided for C-stock reference.

Status of Land Use System Factors • Default values provided for land use, management and input. • Data on factors restricted in detail (space & time).

Data for Parameters • Parameters specifying management and input factors are defined

qualitatively. • Historic conditions restricted to regional statistic and low-

resolution spatial data. • Potential for information on spatially explicit changes.