ESTHER KIOBEL v. ROYAL DUTCH PETROLEUM

7/30/2019 ESTHER KIOBEL v. ROYAL DUTCH PETROLEUM

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RHQJL D[TCM ^KTRHLK[F CH., KT JL.

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H@ URAT HI CKRTAHRJRA TH TMK[@ATKD STJTKS CH[RT HIJ ^KJLS

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BRAKI HI TMK CHCJ&CHLJ CHF^J@Q J@DJRCMKR DJ@AKLS FADLJ@D CHF^J@Q JS

JFACA C[RAJK A@ S[^^HRT HIRKS^H@DK@TSXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

GRASTA@ LA@SLKQFQLKSCh{`skl hi Rkchrd

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Ch{`skl ihr Jfaca C{rajk
http://www.americanbar.org/publications/preview_home.html


2/38

&a&

TJBLK HI CH@TK@TS

^jek

A@TKRKST HIJFACA C[RAJK................................ :

S[FFJRQ HI JRE[FK@T ....................................:

JRE[FK@T...............................................................9

A. Tmk Ljcg hi Ch`sk`s{s ihr K}tk`daè

A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju Stjt{s th

Chr~hrjtah`s Stkfs a` ^jrt irhf

Ch`ckr`s Tmjt Dhaè Sh Uall

Chf~rhfask tmk Shykrkae`tq hi @jtah`s.........9

J. Rkcheàaè Chr~hrjtah`s js

S{bokcts hi A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju As

^krckaykd th Chf~rhfask StjtkShykrkae`tq ................................................. 5

B. Jcck~tj`ck hi Chr~hrjtah`s js

A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju S{bokcts Dhks

@ht Ihllhu irhf tmk Ijct tmjt Shfk

A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju @hrfs Mjyk Bkk`

Dkkfkd th Ba`d A`dayad{jls..................... :;

C. Chr~hrjtah`s Rktja` j Yatjl j`d

K}~j`daè Rhlk a` Uhrgaè uatm

@jtah`s j`d Htmkr Ch`stat{k`caks th

Af~rhyk Elhbjl M{fj` Raemts

Ch`datah`s ................................................. :9


3/38

&aa&

TJBLK HI CH@TK@TS Ch`ta`{kd

^jek

AA. [`dkr Dhfkstac Sk~jrjtah` hi ^hukrs

^ra`ca~lks, Chèrkss, @ht tmk Ch{rts,F{st K}krcask J`q A``hyjtayk

Ljufjgaè J{tmhratq a` Crkjtaè

Dhfkstac Rkfkdaks Jrasaè irhf

A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju..........................................2>

AAA. Tmk H`lq Rklkyj`t Chèrkssah`jl

E{adj`ck irhf tmk TY^J ^rkcl{dks

Chr~hrjtk Lajbalatq......................................... 29

CH@CL[SAH@ ......................................................... 21


4/38

aaa

TJBLK HI J[TMHRATAKS

^jek

CJSKS

Jldj`jy. Dkl Fh`tk Irksm ^rhd{ck, A`c.,

4:9 I.3d :242 -CJ:: 2>>;!,

jiie 3>; I. S{~~. 2d :2=; -S.D. Ilj. 2>>3!....... ::

Bhuhthy. Cmkyrh` Chr~.,

92: I.3d :::9 -CJ1 2>:>!..................................2=

Ck`trjl Bj`g hi Dk`ykr, @.J. y. Iarst A`tkrstjtk

Bj`g hi Dk`ykr, @.J.,

;:: [.S. :94 -:114! ................................ 25, 2=, 21

Catq hi Smkrrall y. H`kadj A`daj` @jtah`,

;44 [.S. :15 -2>>;! ............................................22

Cla`th` y. Catq hi @ku Qhrg,

;24 [.S. 4:5 -:11=! ............................................2=

Dhk Ay. [`hcjl Chr~.,

31; I.3d 132 -CJ1 2>>2!,

yjcjtkd, 31; I.3d 15= -CJ1 2>>3!..................... :2

Dhk y.K}}h` Fhbal Chr~.,

9;4 I.3d :: -CJDC 2>::! ............................ :2, 2:

Dhk y.@kstl, S.J.,

54= I. S{~~. 2d :>;5 -C.D. Cjl. 2>:>!,

j~~kjl ~k`da`e,

@h. :>&;9531 -CJ1! .............................. 9, 5, :2, :5

Ialjrtaej y.^k`j&Arjlj,

93> I.2d =59 -CJ2 :1=>!....................................24

Ilhfhy. Iarksth`k @jt{rjl R{bbkr Ch., LLC,943 I.3d :>:3 -CJ5 2>::!..................................2;


5/38

ay

TJBLK HI J[TMHRATAKS Ch`ta`{kd

^jek

Ohm` Rhk Ay.Bradeksth`k Chr~.,

412 I. S{~~. 2d 1== -S.D. A`d. 2>>5!.................:1

Fhrj y.@ku Qhrg,

;24 I.3d :=3 -CJ2 2>>=!....................................24

Sjrka y.Rah Ta`th, ^LC,

;;> I.3d =22 -CJ1 2>>=!....................................25

Shsj y.Jlyjrkz&Fjcmja`,

;42 [.S. 912 -2>>4! ....................................~jssaf

Tkl&Hrk` y.Labqj` Jrjb Rk~{blac,

529 I.2d 554 -CJDC :1=4! -Kdujrds, O.! .........:;

Tmk @{r`bkre Trajl,

9 I.R.D. 91 -A`tl Falatjrq Trab. :149!...............2:

[`atkd Stjtks y.Faddlkth`,

23: I.3d :2>5 -CJ1 2>>>!..................................25

Uauj y.Rhqjl D{tcm ^ktrhlk{f Ch.,

229 I.3d == -CJ2 2>>>!......................................:2

STJT[TKS J@D R[LKS

: [.S.C. :................................................................25

2= [.S.C. :3;>.......................................................... :

2= [.S.C. :3;>, `htk, 2-j! ............................. 29, 25

[.S. Ch`st., Jrt. A, =, Cl. :>...............................4, 23


6/38

y


^jek

A@TKR@JTAH@JL FJTKRAJLS

J Rks~h`sk bq tmk A tkr`jtah`jl Hrej asjtah`

hi Kf~lhqkrs th tmk M{fj` Raemts Ujtcm

Rk~hrtJ Strjèk Cjsk? Yahljtah`s hi

Uhrgkrs Irkkdhf hi Jsshcajtah` a` tmk

[àtkd Stjtks bq K{rh~kj` F{lta`jtah`jl

Chr~hrjtah`s, J S~kcajl Kdatah` hi tmk

A`tkr`jtah`jl Ljbh{r j`d Shcajl ^hlacq

Rkyaku -Fjq 2>::!.............................................:=

Ch`stat{tah` hi tmk A`tkr`jtah`jl Ljbh{r

Hrejàjtah`, 92 Stjt. 34=;, Jrtaclk 3-:!

TAJS @h. :=9=, :; [[email protected]. 3;..........................:5

Ch`yk`tah` Jeja`st Thrt{rk j`d Htmkr Cr{kl,

A`m{fj` hr Dkerjdaè Trkjtfk`t hr

^{àsmfk`t, Dkc. :>, :1=4, S. Trkjtq Dhc.

@h :>>&2> -:1==!, :49; [[email protected]. =;, jrt. 2 .......29

Ch`yk`tah` @h. :3=, Ch`ckràè Faàf{f Jek

ihr Kf~lhqfk`t, jrt. :, O{`k 29, :153..............:=

Ch`yk`tah` @h. :=2, Ch`ckràè tmk

^rhmabatah` j`d Affkdajtk Jctah` ihr tmk

Klafa`jtah` hi tmk Uhrst Ihrfs hi Cmald

Ljbh{r, jrts. 9 ) 5-:!, O{`k :5, :111................ :=

Ch`yk`tah` h` tmk ^rkyk`tah` j`d ^{àsmfk`t

hi tmk Crafk hi Ek`hcadk, jrt. Y, Dkc. 1,

:14=, 5= [[email protected]. 255, :>2 Stjt. 3>4; ..............22


7/38

ya


^jek

SKCH@DJRQJ[TMHRATAKS

Jrt, Dh``j K. ) Aehr A. L{gjsm{g,^jrtaca~j ts a` A`tkr`jtah`jl Lkejl

Rkljtah`s, rk~ra`tkd aÀ`tkr`jtah`jl Lju?

Cljssac j`d Ch`tkf~hrjrq Rkjdaès :;;

-Cmjrlhttk G{ ) ^j{l I. Dakml, kds. :11=!.. :>, :4

Bhcjr, Bjrbjrj J.,Jyk`{ks ihr Darkct

^jrtaca~jtah` hi Trj`s`jtah`jlChr~hrjtah`s a` A`tkr`jtah`jl

K`yarh`fk tjl @kehtajtah`s,

3 @.Q.[. K`ytl. L.O. : -:114! .............................:5

Brhu`lak, Aj`,^ra`ca~lks hi ^{blac

A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju -5tm kd. 2>>=!......................... =

Cjssksk, J`thàh,A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju a` j

Dayadkd Uhrld -:1=9!.........................................:4

Cmjr`kq, Oh`jtmj` A., Trj`s`jtah`jl

Chr~hrjtah`s j`d Dkyklh~aè ^{blacA`tkr`jtah`jl Lju,

:1=3 D{gk L.O. 54= ................................ :>, :=, :1

C{llk`, Mhllq, Tmk Rhlk hi A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju a`

tmk Klafa`jtah` hi Cmald Ljbhr

-Ghà`glaogk 2>>5!........................................ :5, :=

Djfrhscm, Lhra I., kt jl., A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju?

Cjsks j`d Fjtkrajls -4tm kd. 2>>:!...................:>


8/38

yaa


^jek

Dmhhek, L{cak` O.,J Fhdkst ^rh~hsjl thJfk`d tmk Jlak` Thrt Stjt{tk th ^rhyadk

E{adj`ck th Trj`s`jtah`jl Chr~hrjtah`s,

:3 [.C. Djyas O. A`tl L. ) ^hlq ::1 -2>>5! :2, :3

D{r{aebh, Kfkgj, Chr~hrjtk Jcch{`tjbalatq

j`d Lajbalatq ihr A`tkr`jtah`jl M{fj`Raemts Jb{sks? Rkck`t Cmjèks j`d

Rkc{rraè Cmjllkèks,

9 @u. [. O. A`tl M{f. Rts. 222 -2>>=!..........1, :3

Irakdfj``, Uhliejè, Tmk Cmjèaè

Dafk`sah`s hi A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju,

92 Chl{f. L. Rky. ::45 -:192!...........................::

Ojcgsh`, Rhbkrt M.,O{stack Ojcgsh`s Ia`jlRk~hrt th tmk rksadk`t Ch`ckr aè tmk

@{r`bkre Ujr Crafks Trajl, rk~ra`tkd a`

2> Tkf~. L.Z. 33= -:149!..................................:;

Glkii`kr, Oj`` G., Tmk Af~jct hi

Chf~lkfk`tjratq h` @jtah`jlAf~lkfk`tjtah` hi S{bstj`tayk

A`tkr`jtah`jl Crafa`jl Lju,

: O. A`t%l Craf. O{st. =9 -2>>3!...........................22

G{, O{laj` E., Tmk C{rah{s Cjsk hi Chr~hrjtkLajbalatq [`dkr tmk Jlak` Thrt Stjt{tk? J

Iljukd Sqstkf hi O{dacajl Ljufjgaè,

;: Yj. O. A`tl L. 3;3 -2>:>! .................................5

Fjcglkf, ^jtracg, Chr~hrjtk Jcch{`tjbalatq[`dkr A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju? Tmk Fase{adkd

Z{kst ihr [àykrsjl O{rasdactah`,5 A`tl L. Ihr{f D{ Drhat A tl 2=: -2>>;! .. :>, :=


9/38

yaaa


^jek

F{r~mq, Skj` D., Tjgaè F{lta`jtah`jlChr~hrjtk Chdks hi Ch`d{ct th tmk @k}t

Lkykl, 43 Chl{f. O. Trj`s`jtl L. 3=1

-2>>;! ..................................................................:5

Hgkgk, Cmras @., Ch`trhykrsajl S{bokcts hi

Ch`tkf~hrjrq A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju? J`K}jfa`jtah` hi tmk @ku K tataks hi

A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju j`d Tmkar Trkjtq&

Fjgaè Cj~jcatq -:154!....................................... =

: H~~k`mkafs A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju 33 -Sar

Rhbkrt Ok`àès ) Sar Jrtm{r Ujtts kds.,

1tm kd. :119!................................................... 5, 2:

St. Ghrhuac, Fjrkg, Tmk ^rhblkf hi tmk

A`tkr`jtah`jl ^krsh`jlatq hi A`dayad{jls,

;> Jf. O. A`tl L. ;33 -:1;9! ................................=

Tjbhrq, Fjlj, Tmk Lkejl ^krsh`jlatq hi tmk

^jlkstaàj` J{th`hfq ..........................................=

Tafbkre, Saef{`d,A`tkr`jtah`jl Chfba`ksj`d @jtah`jl Shykrkae`s? J St{dq a`

Chìlact hi Ljus j`d Fkcmjàsfs,

1; [. ^j. L. Rky. ;5; -:145! ................................1

Yz{k, Cjrlhs F.,Darkct ys. A`darkct

Hblaejtah`s hi Chr~hrjtah`s [`dkr

A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju,

43 Chl{f. O. Trj`s`jtl L. 125 -2>>;!..... 1, ::, :4


10/38

A@TKRKST HIJFACA C[RAJK:

Jfac{s C{rajk Tmk Chcj&Chlj Chf~j`q as j [àtkdStjtks&bjskd chr~hrjtah` uatm s{bstj`tajl hykrskjsh~krjtah`s. At mjs bkk` s{kd a` f{lta~lk jctah`s a`tmk [àtkd Stjtks ch{rts {`dkr tmk Jlak` ThrtStjt{tk, 2= [.S.C. :3;> -JTS!, a` ch``kctah` uatm

yjrah{s js~kcts hi ats hykrskjs h~krjtah`s. Jfac{sC{rajk Jrcmkr Djàkls Fadlj`d Chf~j`q as j [àtkdStjtks&bjskd chr~hrjtah` umhsk jiialajtks dh b{sa`ksshykrskjs. At mjs bkk` s{kd a` h`k JTS jctah` rkljtaè

th tmk jctayataks hi j` jiialajtk a` Ukst Jiracj. Jfacamjyk j strhè a`tkrkst a` cljraiqaè tmk lju h` tmkk}tk`t th umacm chr~hrjtah`s jrk dkkfkd th ~hsskssa`tkr`jtah`jl lju raemts j`d hblaejtah`s.

S[FFJRQ HIJRE[FK@T

Jfaca hiikr tmrkk s~kcaiac ~ha`ts ihr tmk Ch{rtsch`sadkrjtah` a` kyjl{jtaè tmk chr~hrjtk lajbalatqass{k ~rksk`tkd a` tmas cjsk.

Iarst, a` rkyakuaè tmk Skch`d Carc{ats ch`cl{sah`

tmjt tmkrk as `h ch`sk`s{s jfhè `jtah`s rkejrdaètmk k}tk`sah` hi a`tkr`jtah`jl m{fj` raemts `hrfs thjrtaiacajl k`tataks s{cm js chr~hrjtah`s, at as af~hrtj`tth ch`sadkr h`k af~hrtj`t skt hi rkjsh`s umq tmasass{k rkfja`s ch`trhykrsajl a` tmk a`tkr`jtah`jlchff{àtqa` jddatah` th rkjsh`s tmjt mjyk bkk`dhc{fk`tkd klskumkrk. Skk aìrj jt 5, `.2. Tmk ljcghi ch`sk`s{s h` tmk ass{k stkfs a` ~jrt irhf jrkl{ctj`ck uatma` tmk a`tkr`jtah`jl chff{àtq th

: @h ch{`skl ihr j ~jrtq j{tmhrkd tmas braki a` umhlk hr ~jrt, `hr

dad j`q ~krsh` hr k`tatq, htmkr tmj` jfaca hr tmkar ch{`skl, fjgkj fh`ktjrq ch`trab{tah` th tmk ~rk~jrjtah` hr s{bfassah` hi tmas

braki. Jll ch{`skl hi rkchrd mjyk ch`sk`tkd th tmas ialaè.


11/38

2

klkyjtk jrtaiacajl k`tataks s{cm js chr~hrjtah`s th tmkstjt{s hi a`tkr`jtah`jl ~krsh`s hr s{bokctsjstjt{s tmjt faemt bk yakukd `ht h`lq js af~hsaèa`tkr`jtah`jl lju hblaejtah`s {~h` s{cm k`tataks, b{tjlsh js af~lqaè j erj`t hi shfk ~hukr ihr tmkf thchf~lq uatm tmhsk hblaejtah`s bq tjgaè jctah`suatma` tmk tkrrathrq hi tmk mhst `jtah` th kìhrck tmhsk`ku hblaejtah`s. S{cm j ~rh~hskd klkyjtah` hi tmkchr~hrjtah`s rhlk mjs tmk ~htk`tajl th aìraèk h` tmktkrrathrajl j`d ~hlatacjl shykrkae`tq hi tmk mhst `jtah`.Fj`q `jtah`sks~kcajllq sfjllkr j`d ~hlatacjllq

ukjgkr `jtah`sjrk ujrq hi j`q cmjèk a` lju tmjtuh{ld dk~{tak f{lta`jtah`jl chr~hrjtah`s uatm tmkhblaejtah`, j`d mk`ck, af~lacatlq, tmk j{tmhratq, th~hlack chf~laj`ck uatm s{~~hskd a`tkr`jtah`jl ljuhblaejtah`s uatma` tmk mhst `jtah`s a` umacm tmkqh~krjtk. J rkljtkd ch`ckr` as tmjt klkyjtaèf{lta`jtah`jl chr~hrjtah`s th tmk stjt{s hia`tkr`jtah`jl ~krsh`s hr s{bokcts faemt af~lqckrtja` ~hlatacjl raemts, a`cl{daè tmk raemt th~jrtaca~jtk a` tmk ~rhckss hi fjgaè a`tkr`jtah`jlljuj rhlk tmjt as yakukd js {`dkrfaàè tmk

shykrkae` ~rkrhejtayk hi `jtah`s.Tmksk ch`ckr`s mjyk `ht jrask` a` tmk sjfk ujq a`

tmk `jrrhu rjèk hi cjtkehraks umkrk a`dayad{jlsmjyk bkk` ih{`d cj~jblk hi yahljtaè a`tkr`jtah`jllju. Fhst s{cm cjtkehraks a`yhlyk a`dayad{jls jctaè{`dkr chlhr hi stjtk lju hr kèjeaè a` ckrtja` tq~kshi jcts tmjt, bq tmkar `jt{rk, jrk dkkfkd h{tsadk tmkrkjlf hi j`q h`k `jtah`, s{cm js ~arjcq hr tkrrhrasf.Tmkq tmkrkihrk dh `ht ~rksk`t tmk sjfk stjtkshykrkae`tq ch`ckr`s js mjs tmk ass{k hi a`tkr`jtah`jllju stjt{s ihr chr~hrjtk k`tataks.


12/38

3

At jlsh as cratacjl th `htk tmjt, jltmh{em chr~hrjtah`sjrk `ht s{bokcts hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju, tmkq stall ~ljqj` af~hrtj`t rhlk a` af~rhyaè elhbjl m{fj` raemtsch`datah`s. F{lta`jtah`jl chr~hrjtah`s mjyk bkchfka`crkjsaèlq kèjekd a` ~rhd{ctayk chllkctaykjctayataks uatm `jtah`s, `h`&ehykr`fk`tjlhrejàjtah`s j`d htmkr ch`stat{k`caks th smj~k j`djdyj`ck a`tkr`jtah`jl lju th af~rhyk elhbjl shcajlj`d k`yarh`fk`tjl ch`datah`s. Tmjt kiihrt uallch`ta`{k kyk` ai chr~hrjtah`s jrk `ht dkkfkds{bokcts hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju.

Skch`d, at as `ht tmk cjsk, js ^ktatah`krs j`d shfk hitmkar jfaca jsskrt, tmjt chr~hrjtk lajbalatq {`dkr tmk

JTS as ehykr`kd bq dhfkstac lju a` tmk sk`sk tmjttmk [àtkd Stjtks ch{rts, mjyaè adk`taiakd jà`tkr`jtah`jl lju `hrf, fjq saf~lq smj~k j cj{sk hijctah` tmjt dktkrfa`ks umjt cjtkehraks hi dkik`dj`tsjrk chykrkd bq tmjt `hrfhr, js h`k jfac{s bl{`tlq~{ts at, th jct js tmk jek`tWsV hi tmk [àtkd Stjtksihr ~{r~hsks hi crkjtaè j`q j~~rh~rajtk cj{sks hijctah`. Br. hiJfac{s C{rajk @jya âlljq, Tmk [àtkd@jtah`s Maem Chffassah`kr Ihr M{fj` Raemts A`

S{~~hrt hi ^ktatah`krs jt 3. Js j` aàtajl fjttkr, jsRks~h`dk`ts mjyk smhu`, tmk ass{k hi umh fjq bklajblk as `ht h`k hi rkfkdq th bk dkcadkd {`dkrdhfkstac lju jt jll7 rjtmkr, at rkljtks th tmk sch~k his{bstj`tayk lajbalatq ihr tmk cljafkd a`tkr`jtah`jl`hrf. Skk Rks~h`dk`ts Br. jt :5&29. B{t kyk` aitmjt ukrk `ht tmk cjskhr ai tmk jek`tWsV hi tmk[àtkd Stjtks jre{fk`t ch{ld bk rkjd th fkj` tmjtch{rts fjq eh bkqh`d tmk rkz{arkfk`ts hia`tkr`jtah`jl lju a` af~lkfk`taè j dhfkstac cj{skhi jctah`tmk jre{fk`t as iljukd. Jltmh{em tmk

jre{fk`t mjs rhhts a` tmk trjdatah`jl a`tkr`jtah`jllju str{ct{rk, {`dkr umacm a`tkr`jtah`jl lju dkia`ks


13/38

4

ckrtja` `hrfs b{t lkjyks at th a`dayad{jl `jtah`s tha`chr~hrjtk tmkf a`th tmkar dhfkstac ljus, tmk ilju aàts j~~lacjtah` mkrk as mhu at trj`sljtks a`th h{r hu`tra~jrtatk sqstkf hi ehykr`fk`t. Kyk` umkà`tkr`jtah`jl lju fj`djtks tmjt `jtah`s kìhrck tmk`hrf dhfkstacjllq, tmjt dhfkstac af~lkfk`tjtah` askiikctkd tmrh{em tmk ljufjgaè bhdq uatma` kjcm`jtah``hrfjllq, kjcm ch{`trqs lkeasljt{rk. Uatma`h{r @jtah`s tra~jrtatk sqstkf hi ehykr`fk`t,Chèrkss as tmk lkeasljtayk bhdq cmjrekd uatmkiikctaè tmjt af~lkfk`tjtah`, js k}~rksskd a` ats

~hukr th dkia`k j`d ~{àsm . . . Hiik`cks jeja`st tmkLju hi @jtah`s. [.S. Ch`st., Jrt. A, =, Cl. :>.Tm{s, js tmas Ch{rt rkcheàkd a` Shsj y. Jlyjrkz&

Fjcmja`, ;42 [.S. 912, 525&2= -2>>4!, umkrka`tkr`jtah`jl lju cjlls ihr dhfkstac af~lkfk`tjtah`,`hrfjllq at as Chèrkss tmjt as cjllkd {~h` th ~krihrftmjt rhlk.

Tmk o{dacajl rhlk, bq ch`trjst, as f{cm `jrrhukr. Jstmas Ch{rt k}~lja`kd a`Shsj, h`lq `hrfs tmjt jrk sh{àykrsjllq jerkkd {~h` j`d ukll dkia`kd tmjt tmkqjlrkjdq jrk {`dkrsthhd th eayk rask th a`tkr`jtah`jl

lju hblaejtah`s fjq bk af~hrtkd a`th dhfkstacikdkrjl chffh` lju j`d kìhrckd bq tmk ch{rts. ;42[.S. jt 525. Ikdkrjl chffh` lju dhks `ht saf~lqaf~hrt jbstrjct `hrfs j`d tmk` jllhu tmk ch{rts thfjgk `ku cj{sks hi jctah` b{t rjtmkr af~hrts h`lqtmhsk uatm j ~htk`tajl ihr ~krsh`jl lajbalatq jt tmktafk, ad. jt 524, fkjàè `hrfs tmjt jlrkjdq jrk{`dkrsthhd th hblaejtk kjcm `jtah` th ~rhyadk j cayalrkfkdqs{cm tmjt -:! tmk [àtkd Stjtks uh{ld bk

yakukd js rkfass a` `ht rkcheàaè j rkfkdq a` h{rch{rts7 j`d -2! ch{rts cj` kìhrck tmkf uatmh{t

kèjeaè a` tmk kssk`tajllq lkeasljtayk tjsg hidkia`WaèV tmk lju hi `jtah`s js trj`sljtkd a`th h{r


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dhfkstac lju, hr brkjgaè a``hyjtayk `ku erh{`d a`tmk jrkj hi ~rayjtk a`tkr`jtah`jl lju raemts hi jctah`bkihrk s{cm cljafs jrk rkcheàkd bq htmkr `jtah`s.

Jltmh{em a`tkr`jtah`jl lju jllhus `jtah`s th ehbkqh`d a`tkr`jtah`jl lju hblaejtah`s th crkjtk j`ddkia`k `ku dhfkstac cj{sks hi jctah` j`d rkfkdaks ihrkfkreaè a`tkr`jtah`jl lju `hrfs, h{r dhfkstacsk~jrjtah` hi ~hukrs ~ra`ca~lks dactjtk tmjt j`q s{cma``hyjtayk ljufjgaè ~hukr bk k}krcaskd bqChèrkss, `ht bq tmk ch{rts.

Tmard, j`d clhsklq rkljtkd th tmk ~ha`t jbh{t

Chèrkssah`jl ~rafjcq a` tmk jrkj hi af~lkfk`taèa`tkr`jtah`jl lju, as tmk saeàiacj`ck hi Chèrksssfhst ~rhfa`k`t jctah` a` tmas jrkj sa`ck tmk ~jssjekhi tmk JTS j`d tmk rkljtkd a`tkr`jtah`jl lju stjt{tkstmjt jcchf~jàkd at`jfklq, tmk Thrt{rk Yactaf^rhtkctah` Jct, 2= [.S.C. :3;> `htk -TY^J!. Shsjfjdk clkjr tmjt, a` kyjl{jtaè ~rh~hskd a`tkr`jtah`jllju `hrfs ihr ~htk`tajl kìhrckfk`t tmrh{em ikdkrjlchffh` lju, ch{rts f{st lhhg th rklkyj`tChèrkssah`jl e{adj`ck a` tmk ihrf hi rkljtkd hrj`jlheh{s lkeasljtah`. Mkrk, tmk TY^J as darkctlq

j`jlheh{s, a` tmjt at chdaiaks tuh s~kcaiac cj{sks hijctah` tmjt mjd bkk` rkcheàkd js a`tkr`jtah`jl lju`hrfs. Cratacjllq, tmk tk}t hi tmk TY^J jcchf~lasmkstmas rks{lt bq crkjtaè j darkct cj{sk hi jctah` h`lq bqj` a`dayad{jl jeja`st j`htmkr a`dayad{jl, j`d `htjeja`st jrtaiacajl k`tataks s{cm js chr~hrjtah`sjàss{k c{rrk`tlq ~rksk`tkd th tmk Ch{rt a`Fhmjfjd y.

^jlkstaàj` J{tmhratq, @h. ::&==. At saf~lq cj``ht bksjad tmjt dkclaàè th k}tk`d a`tkr`jtah`jl lju `hrfsuh{ld yahljtk [àtkd Stjtks ~hlacq umk` Chèrkssatskli fjdk tmk ykrq sjfk cmhack uatm rks~kct th tmk

h`lq tuh a`tkr`jtah`jl lju crafks ihr umacm at cmhska` tmk TY^J th crkjtk j dhfkstac rkfkdq.


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JRE[FK@T

A. Tmk Ljcg hi Ch`sk`s{s ihr K}tk`daèA`tkr`jtah`jl Lju Stjt{s th Chr~hrjtah`sStkfs a` ^jrt irhf Ch`ckr`s Tmjt Dhaè ShUall Chf~rhfask tmk Shykrkae`tq hi@jtah`s

@{fkrh{s sh{rcks, a`cl{daè tmk Skch`d Carc{ats~j`kl h~aàh` bklhu, mjyk dhc{fk`tkd tmk ljcg hich`sk`s{s jfhè `jtah`s ihr j` k}tk`sah` hia`tkr`jtah`jl lju stjt{s th chr~hrjtah`s. Skk ^kt.

J~~. jt J:4, J957 skk jlshDhk y.@kstl, S.J., 54= I.S{~~. 2d :>;5 -C.D. Cjl. 2>:>!, j~~kjl ~k`daè, @h.:>&;9531 -CJ1!. Js tmksk sh{rcks j`d htmkrs mjykdhc{fk`tkd, a`tkr`jtah`jl lju ~rkckdk`ts ihrs{bokctaè jrtaiacajl k`tataks s{cm js chr~hrjtah`s thtmk stract{rks hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju jrk yart{jllq`h`k}astk`tth tmk ~ha`t umkrk tmk dhfa`j`t tmkfka` ijyhr hi s{cm lajbalatq as tmjt ch{rts f{st lhhg thdhfkstac lju, `ht a`tkr`jtah`jl lju, th dkcadk umh aschykrkd bq a`tkr`jtah`jl `hrfs -j ~ha`t jddrksskd a`Skctah` AA, bklhu!. A`dkkd, hi jll tmk rklkyj`t

a`tkr`jtah`jl lju sh{rcks irhf umacm JTS ~lja`taiismjyk trakd th drju tmkar s{bstj`tayk m{fj` raemts`hrfsa`cl{daè tmk @{rkfbkre trajls, tmk jd mhctrab{`jls ihr tmk ihrfkr Q{ehsljyaj j`d Ruj`dj, j`dtmk Rhfk Stjt{tk`ht j saèlk h`k hi tmksk sh{rcksk}tk`ds tmk a`tkr`jtah`jl lju hblaejtah`s k}~rksskdtmkrka` th chr~hrjtah`s, `hr as tmkrk j`q htmkrkyadk`ck hi j ch`sk`s{s jfhè `jtah`s tmjt s{cm j`k}tk`sah` uh{ld bk j~~rh~rajtk.

Tmk ass{k tmjt jfaca uall jddrkss mkrk as umq tmas as

tmk cjsk. Shfk hi tmk rkjsh`s stkf irhfdasjerkkfk`ts hykr umktmkr chr~hrjtah`s cj` ihrf


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crafa`jl a`tk`t hr umjt ihrfs hi jrtaiacajl k`tataks jrkkyk` rkcheàkdass{ks tmjt mjyk bkk` dkscrabkdklskumkrk.2 B{t a` jddatah` th tmksk dasjerkkfk`ts,tmkrk mjs bkk` j lhèstj`daè rkl{ctj`ck uatma` tmka`tkr`jtah`jl chff{àtq th klkyjtk chr~hrjtah`s thtmk lkykl hi s{bokcts hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju, s{cm tmjttmkq uh{ld bk darkctlq bh{`d bq a`tkr`jtah`jl lju~ra`ca~lks. Js dktjalkd bklhu, rkcheàtah` hi jà`tkr`jtah`jl lju d{tq h` tmk ~jrt hi chr~hrjtah`s th~hlack chf~laj`ck bq j mhst `jtah` uatma` tmjtch{`trqhitk` tmrh{em lajbalatq ihr jadaè j`d

jbkttaè s{cm yahljtah`sas skk` js af~lqaè tmk~hukr th kìhrck tmjt hblaejtah`. S{cm j ~hukr~htk`tajllq ch{ld {`dkrfa`k tmk mhst `jtah`sshykrkae` ~rkrhejtayks~jrtac{ljrlq ats dhfkstackìhrckfk`t j`d ~hlack ~hukr. Fj`q `jtah`s,ks~kcajllq sfjllkr `jtah`s, rksast tmas rks{lt j`dh~~hsk tmk klkyjtah` hi f{lta`jtah`jl chr~hrjtah`s thtmk stjt{s hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju s{bokcts.

J. Rkcheàzaè Chr~hrjtah`s js S{bokctshi A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju As ^krckaykd th

Chf~rhfask Stjtk Shykrkae`tqJ` a`tkr`jtah`jl ~krsh` as h`k umh ~hsskssks lkejl

~krsh`jlatq a` a`tkr`jtah`jl lju, fkjàè h`k umh asj s{bokct hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju sh js atskli th kòhqraemts, d{taks hr ~hukrs kstjblasmkd a` a`tkr`jtah`jllju. : H~~k`mkafs A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju 33, jt ::1-Sar Rhbkrt Ok`àès ) Sar Jrtm{r Ujtts kds., 1tm kd.

2Skk, k.e., Rks~h`dk`ts Br. jt 25 `.:;7 O{laj` E. G{, Tmk

C{rah{s Cjsk hi Chr~hrjtk Lajbalatq [`dkr tmk Jlak` Thrt

Stjt{tk? J Iljukd Sqstkf hi O{dacajl Ljufjgaè, ;: Yj. O. A`tlL. 3;3 -2>:>!7@kstl, 54= I. S{~~. 2d jt ::4> ) `.91. Jfaca uall

`ht rktrjck tmksk ~ha`ts a` tmas braki.


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:112!. H`ck j erh{~ hr k`tatq as dkkfkd jà`tkr`jtah`jl ~krsh` hr j s{bokct hi a`tkr`jtah`jllju, at `hrfjllq jcz{arks `ht h`lq a`tkr`jtah`jl ljuhblaejtah`s, b{t tmk ~hukr j`d raemts masthracjllqjsshcajtkd uatm `jtah`s. Skk Aj` Brhu`lak,^ra`ca~lkshi ^{blac A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju ;5&;= -5tm kd. 2>>=! -js{bokct hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju as j` k`tatq cj~jblk hi~hsskssaè bhtm raemts j`d d{taks j`d mjyaè tmkcj~jcatq th fja`tja` ats raemts bq braèaèa`tkr`jtah`jl cljafs! -cataè Rk~jrjtah`s ihr Aò{raksS{iikrkd a` tmk Skryack hi tmk [àtkd @jtah`s,

Jdyashrq H~aàh`, :141 A.C.O. :54, :51 -J~r. ::!!7 skkjlsh Cmras @. Hgkgk, Ch`trhykrsajl S{bokcts hiCh`tkf~hrjrq A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju? J` K}jfa`jtah` hitmk @ku K`tataks hi A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju j`d TmkarTrkjtq&Fjgaè Cj~jcatq :1 -:154! -kssk`tajljttrab{tks hi j s{bokct hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju a`cl{dkbhtm raemts j`d d{taks jga` th tmhsk jcchrdkd thshykrkae`s!7 Fjlj Tjbhrq, Tmk Lkejl ^krsh`jlatq hitmk ^jlkstaàj` J{th`hfq, a`@ku ^hlatacjl K`tataks a`

^{blac j`d ^rayjtk A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju? Uatm S~kcajlRkikrk`ck th tmk ^jlksta`k K`tatq :31, :31 -:111!

-Umk` j` k`tatq as j lkejl ~krsh`jlatq a` tmk ch`tk}thi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju, at as j s{bokct hi a`tkr`jtah`jllju. Tmkrkbq at mjs cj~jcatq -j! th k`tkr a`th lkejlrkljtah`s7 j`d -b! th mjyk lkejl raemts j`d d{taks.!.

H`k hi tmk cratacjl jttrab{tks tmjt jttk`ds stjt{s jsj s{bokct hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju as tmk ~hukr th cjrrqh{t j`q a`tkr`jtah`jl lju hblaejtah`s tmjt fjq bkaf~hskd. Masthracjllq, tmk lju hi `jtah`s j~~lakdshlklq th `jtah`s. Skk Fjrkg St. Ghrhuac, Tmk

^rhblkf hi tmk A`tkr`jtah`jl ^krsh`jlatq hiA`dayad{jls, ;> Jf. O. A`tl L. ;33, ;39 -:1;9!. [`dkr

tmas cljssac fhdkl, h`lq stjtks ~hsskss lkejl~krsh`jlatqtm{s, h`lq stjtks mjyk ~hukrs j`d


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hblaejtah`s {`dkr a`tkr`jtah`jl lju7 tmk ~rafjrqr{lks hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju jrk shlklq jddrksskd thstjtks7 j`d h`lq stjtks a`c{r lkejl rks~h`sabalatq ihrbrkjcmaè tmkf. Cjrlhs F. Yz{k, Darkct ys.

A`darkct Hblaejtah`s hi Chr~hrjtah`s [`dkrA`tkr`jtah`jl Lju, 43 Chl{f. O. Trj`s`jtl L. 125,132&33 -2>>;!. A`tkr`jtah`jl lju tm{s af~hskshblaejtah`s {~h` stjtksa`cl{daè d{taks th kstjblasmfkcmjàsfs ihr k`s{raè chf~laj`ck uatma`tkr`jtah`jl lju stract{rks bq tmkar `jtah`jls hrhtmkrs uatma` tmkar tkrrathraksj`d tmk stjtks

af~lkfk`t tmhsk fkcmjàsfs dhfkstacjllq tmrh{emtmkar lkeasljtayk hr k}kc{tayk ~hukrs. A` htmkr uhrds,j `jtah` fjq {`dkrtjgk hr bk hblaekd th kìhrcka`tkr`jtah`jl `hrfs uatma` ats tkrrathrq, j`d fjq dhsh uatma` ats hu` ehykr`fk`tjl str{ct{rk j`duatmh{t tmrkjt th ats hu` shykrkae`tq.

K}tk`sah` hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju stjt{s th htmkrch`stat{k`caks lhè mjs bkk` ch`trhykrsajl uatma` tmkchff{àtq hi `jtah`s bkcj{sk at tmrkjtk`s th jltkrtmas bjlj`ck. J ~rkyjlk`t ch`ckr` as tmjt k}tk`daèa`tkr`jtah`jl lju stjt{s, a`cl{daè hblaejtah`s, th

s{cm k`tataks faemt `kckssjralq af~lq afb{aè tmkfuatm ~hlatacjl raemts `hrfjllq rkskrykd ihr `jtah`ss{cm js raemts th ~jrtaca~jtk a` smj~aè trkjtaks j`dhtmkr a`tkr`jtah`jl lju a`str{fk`ts. Skk, k.e.,Saef{`d Tafbkre, A`tkr`jtah`jl Chfba`ks j`d

@jtah`jl Shykrkae`s? J St{dq a` Chìlact hi Ljus j`dFkcmjàsfs, 1; [. ^j. L. Rky. ;5;, 9:: -:145! -A`jddatah` th af~hsaè hblaejtah`s, `hrfs, j`d `kejtaykrkstractah`s h` chr~hrjtah`s, tmk erj`t hi j cmjrtkrch{ld jlsh skryk th chìkr h` tmk Wf{lta`jtah`jlchr~hrjtah`V lkejl stj`daè j`d s~kcaiac ~hsatayk

raemts {`dkr a`tkr`jtah`jl lju!7 skk jlsh KfkgjD{r{aebh, Chr~hrjtk Jcch{`tjbalatq j`d Lajbalatq ihr


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A`tkr`jtah`jl M{fj` Raemts Jb{sks? Rkck`t Cmjèksj`d Rkc{rraè Cmjllkèks, 9 @u. [. O. A`tl M{f.Rts. 222, 259 -2>>=! -j lheacjl chf~h`k`t hi lkejl~krsh`jlatq ihr chr~hrjtah`s as tmk k`dhufk`t his{bstj`tayk raemts j`d ~rhckd{rjl cj~jcatq th braècljafs bkihrk a`tkr`jtah`jl hrej`s7 a` htmkr uhrds,tmkrk as j raemts klkfk`t th tmk kz{jtah`!7^jtracgFjcglkf, Chr~hrjtk Jcch{`tjbalatq [`dkr

A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju? Tmk Fase{adkd Z{kst ihr[àykrsjl O{rasdactah`, 5 A`tl L. Ihr{f D{ Drhat A`tl2=:, 2== -2>>;! -WUVatm a`tkr`jtah`jl chr~hrjtk

hblaejtah`s chfk a`tkr`jtah`jl chr~hrjtk raemts.!7Lhra I. Djfrhscm, kt jl., A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju? Cjsksj`d Fjtkrajls 42: -4tm kd. 2>>:! -ai chr~hrjtah`s jrkek`krjllq s{bokct th hblaejtah`s hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju,tmk`, lagk stjtks, tmkq jlsh uh{ld kòhq raemts {`dkra`tkr`jtah`jl lju!.

Tmksk ch`ckr`s mjyk i{klkd j rkl{ctj`ck uatma` tmka`tkr`jtah`jl chff{àtq th k}tk`d a`tkr`jtah`jl ljustjt{s th chr~hrjtah`s~rkcasklq bkcj{sk s{cm j`k}tk`sah` mjs tmk ~htk`tajl th {`dkrfa`k tmkshykrkae` ~rkrhejtayk hi `jtah`s a` tmk a`tkr`jtah`jl

jrk`j, j`d a` ~jrtac{ljr bkcj{sk at faemt bk skk` jssmaitaè tmk elhbjl bjlj`ck jeja`st `jtah`&stjtksj`d a` ijyhr hi f{lta`jtah`jl chr~hrjtah`s a` ujqstmjt stjtks ch`sadkr th bk {`dksarjblk. SkkOh`jtmj` A. Cmjr`kq, Trj`s`jtah`jl Chr~hrjtah`sj`d Dkyklh~aè ^{blac A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju, :1=3 D{gkL.O. 54=, 5;3, 553. A`dkkd, WjVs rkejrdstrj`s`jtah`jl k`tkr~rasks, stjtks mjyk jlfhst{àykrsjllq jerkkd tmjt tmkar stjt{s smh{ld `ht bk{~erjdkd. Dh``j K. Jrt ) Aehr A. L{gjsm{g,

^jrtaca~j`ts a` A`tkr`jtah`jl Lkejl Rkljtah`s,

rk~ra`tkd a` A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju? Cljssac j`dCh`tkf~hrjrq Rkjdaès :;;, :95&9= -Cmjrlhttk G{ )


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^j{l I. Dakml, kds. :11=!7 skk jlsh UhliejèIrakdfj``, Tmk Cmjèaè Dafk`sah`s hiA`tkr`jtah`jl Lju, 92 Chl{f. L. Rky. ::45, ::;1-:192! -dkscrabaè ch`ckr` hykr j`q strkètmkàè hitmk rhlk hi tmk ~rayjtk chr~hrjtah` a` ~{blac hr z{jsa&~{blac a`tkr`jtah`jl lkejl ~rhckssks!.

@ht s{r~rasaèlq, ch`ckr`s jbh{t stjtk shykrkae`tqjrk kyk` fhrk jc{tk umk` tmk ~krckaykd tmrkjt as th j`jtah`s shykrkae` ~hukr uatma` ats hu` tkrrathrq.Umkrkjs {`dkr tmk cljssac fhdkl hi a`tkr`jtah`jllju, ch`trhl hykr dhfkstac chf~laj`ck uatm

a`tkr`jtah`jl lkejl d{taks uh{ld rkst k}cl{sayklq uatmstjtks, tmk af~hsatah` hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lkejlhblaejtah`s darkctlq h` chr~hrjtah`s mjs bkk` yakukdjs daskf~hukrWaèV stjtks bq rkfhyaè tmk ~hukrtmkq c{rrk`tlq kòhq th ch`trhl tmkar catak`schf~laj`ck uatm a`tkr`jtah`jl lju. Yz{k, 43Chl{f. O. Trj`s`jtl L. jt 1;=.

J tjèablk fjàikstjtah` hi tmas ch`ckr` asall{strjtkd bq cljafs tmjt mjyk bkk` rjaskd a`lataejtah` {`dkr tmk JTS. A` skykrjl s{cm cjsks,

~lja`taiis mjyk ~rkfaskd lajbalatq h` tmk tmkhrq tmjttmk dkik`dj`ts ijalkd th tjgk stk~s th k`s{rk tmjt mhstehykr`fk`ts j`d lhcjl rksadk`ts j`d k`tataks a`ch{`traks umkrk tmkq dh b{sa`kss ukrk chf~lqaèuatm jllkekd a`tkr`jtah`jl lju `hrfs. A` shfk cjsks,~lja`taiis mjyk cmjrekd chr~hrjtah`s uatm jadaè j`djbkttaè yahljtah`s hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju jllkekdlqchffattkd bq ~hlack hr falatjrq ihrcks cjllkd {~h` thjddrkss j skc{ratq sat{jtah` jiikctaè tmkchr~hrjtah`.3 A` tmk jerac{lt{rjl j`d rktjal rkjlfs,

3

Skk, k.e., Jldj`j y. Dkl Fh`tk Irksm ^rhd{ck, A`c., 4:9 I.3d:242 -CJ:: 2>>;!, jiie 3>; I. S{~~. 2d :2=; -S.D. Ilj. 2>>3!

-cljafs hi thrt{rk, cr{kl, a`m{fj` j`d dkerjdaè trkjtfk`t hr


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dkik`dj`ts mjyk bkk` s{kd h` tmkhraks hi jadaè j`djbkttaè ~rayjtk s{~~lakrs umh jllkekdlq yahljtka`tkr`jtah`jl ljbhr ch`yk`tah`s. Skk,k.e.,@kstl, 54=I. S{~~. 2d jt :>9;&99. Af~hsaè s{cm hblaejtah`s h`chr~hrjtah`s `kckssjralq uh{ld rkz{arkj`d tm{skf~hukrtmhsk k`tataks th k}krcask ch`trhl hykrs{cm shykrkae`s hr htmkruask s{iikr tmkch`skz{k`cks. L{cak` O. Dmhhek,J Fhdkst ^rh~hsjlth Jfk`d tmk Jlak` Thrt Stjt{tk th ^rhyadk E{adj`ckth Trj`s`jtah`jl Chr~hrjtah`s, :3 [.C. Djyas O. A`tlL. ) ^hlq ::1, :34 -2>>5!.4 Tmk ch`ckr` mjs bkk`

~{àsmfk`t, jrbatrjrq dktk`tah` j`d crafks jeja`st m{fjàtqjrasaè irhf jbd{ctah` hi {àh` hiiacajls bq ~jrjfalatjraks jt jbj`j`j ~lj`tjtah` h~krjtkd bq Bj`dke{j, j umhllq hu`kd

s{bsadajrq hi Dkl Fh`tk, a` Fhrjlks, E{jtkfjlj!7 Uauj y.RhqjlD{tcm ^ktrhlk{f Ch., 229 I.3d ==, :>: -CJ2 2>>>! -cljafs bq

~hlatacjl jctayasts jllkeaè af~rash`fk`t, thrt{rk j`d k}kc{tah`bq tmk @aekraj` ehykr`fk`t jllkekdlq jt tmk a`staejtah` hi Rhqjl

D{tcm ^ktrhlk{f Chf~j`q, Smkll Trj`s~hrt j`d TrjdaèChf~j`q j`d tmkar umhllq hu`kd s{bsadajrq Smkll ^ktrhlk{f

Dkyklh~fk`t Chf~j`q hi @aekraj!7 Dhk y. K}}h` Fhbal Chr~.,9;4 I.3d ::, 4>&4: -CJDC 2>::! -cljafs bq yalljekrs hi

k}trjo{dacajl gallaè, thrt{rk j`d crafks jeja`st m{fjàtqjrasaè irhf jctah`s hi tmk A`dh`ksaj` falatjrq tmjt ujs

skc{raè tmk jrkj jrh{`d K}}h`Fhbals `jt{rjl ejs ijcalatq a`Jckm, A`dh`ksaj!7 Dhk A y. [`hcjl Chr~., 31; I.3d 132 -CJ12>>2!, yjcjtkd, 31; I.3d 15= -CJ1 2>>3! -cljafs bq yalljekrs

jllkeaè a`tkr`jtah`jl lju yahljtah`s bq Fqj`fjr falatjrq umhukrk skc{raè tmk jrkj a` Fqj`fjr a` umacm j ejs ~a~kla`k a`

umacm [`hcjl ujs j` a`darkct a`yksthr ujs bkaè ch`str{ctkd!.

4Jfaca dh `ht a`tk`d th s{eekst tmjt chr~hrjtah`s cj` hr smh{ldmjyk tmk ~hukr th ch`trhl lhcjl ehykr`fk`ts hr htmkr

ch`stat{k`caks uatma` j mhst ch{`trqf{cm lkss tmjt tmkqsmh{ld bk mkld lajblk js tmh{em tmkq mjd s{cm ~hukr. Rjtmkr,

jfaca fkrklq skkg th dkscrabk j ch`ckr` tmjt j~~kjrs th mjyk

i{klkd tmk ljcg hi ch`sk`s{s h` klkyjtaè chr~hrjtah`s th tmkstjt{s hi s{bokcts hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju.


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:3

tmjt rkz{araè chr~hrjtah`s th fhàthr j`d ~rkyk`tjb{sks bq ~hlack hr falatjrq ihrcks hr ~rayjtk ~jrtaksuatma` tmk mhst `jtah` uh{ld ijalWV th rkcheàk`jtah`jl shykrkae`tq j`d tmk stjtks {ltafjtkrks~h`sabalatq ihr jctah`s hcc{rraè uatma` atsbhrdkrs. Ad. At uh{ld dksae`jtk trj`s`jtah`jlchr~hrjtah`s js tmk e{jrj`thrs hi tmk m{fj` raemtscrkdk`tajls hi tmkar shykrkae` mhsts, tmkrkbqdafaàsmaè tmk stjtks hu` shykrkae` j{tmhratq thch`trhl ats falatjrq j`d ~hlack ihrcks. Ad.

Tmk jltkr`jtayks th jllhuaè j chr~hrjtah` shfk

fkjs{rk hi ~hukr th kìhrck j`q a`tkr`jtah`jl ljuhblaejtah`s af~hskd {~h` at jrk jlsh skk` js a`tr{saykhi stjtk shykrkae` a`tkrksts, jltmh{em a` daiikrk`tujqs. Iarst, tmk chr~hrjtah` ch{ld bk jllhukd th jyhadlajbalatq bq af~hrtaè ats hu` skc{ratq ihrcks. Tmash~tah` uh{ld chf~rhfask tmk ~rkrhejtayk hi tmk mhst`jtah` th ch`trhl jll k}krcasks hi ~hlack ~hukr uatmaàts tkrrathrq, j`d lagklq uh{ld `ht bk jllhukd bq tmkmhst `jtah`. Skch`d, tmk chr~hrjtah` ch{ld saf~lqihrkeh dhaè b{sa`kss a` tmk mhst `jtah`j` h~tah`tmjt dk~rayks tmk mhst `jtah` hi tmk kch`hfac bk`kiat

hi tmk chr~hrjtah`s ~rksk`ck, j`d jlsh {`dkrfa`kstmk shykrkae`s ~rkrhejtayk th cmhhsk th jllhu tmkchr~hrjtah` th bk ~rksk`t, s{bokct th tmk `jtah`s hu`lhcjl ljus.

Ihr jll hi tmksk rkjsh`s, stjtks jrk uadklq bklakykdth bk rkl{ctj`t th smjrk tmkar ~rayalkekd ~hsatah` uatm,hr qakld shfk hi tmkar shykrkae` ~hukrs th,chr~hrjtah`s jt tmk a`tkr`jtah`jl lkykl. D{r{aebh, 9@u. [. O. A`tl M{f. Rts. jt 252. Tmas ch`ckr` as skk`th bk ks~kcajllq jc{tk jfhè shcajlast ch{`traks j`d

~hlatacjllq ukjgkr ch{`traks. Js h`k scmhljr dkscrabkdtmas ~mk`hfk`h`?


23/38

:4

Shcajlast ch{`traks jrk ~hlatacjllqh~~hskd th Wf{lta`jtah`jl chr~hrjtah`sVj`d tmk fjohratq hi dkyklh~aè ch{`traksjrk s{s~acah{s hi tmkar ~hukr7 bhtmerh{~s uall `kykr jllhu tmkf th ~ljq j`j{th`hfh{s rhlk a` a`tkr`jtah`jl jiijars.Kyk` Ukstkr` ch{`traks jrk rkl{ctj`t therj`t tmkf a`tkr`jtah`jl stj`daè7 tmkq~rkikr th gkk~ tmkf {`dkr tmkarch`trhlhi ch{rsk, th tmk k}tk`t tmjttmas as ~hssablk.

J`thàh Cjssksk, A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju a` j DayadkdUhrld :>3 -:1=9!7 skk jlsh Jrt ) L{gjsm{g, s{~rj,jt :9=&91, :53 -`htaè tmjt jlfhst jll rklkyj`t~jrtaks mjyk h~~hskd a`tkr`jtah`jl ~krsh`jlatq ihrtrj`s`jtah`jl chr~hrjtah`s j`d tmjt fhst stjtks,dkyklh~aè ch{`traks a` ~jrtac{ljr, jrk lagklq th yakus{cm j dkyklh~fk`t js hykr&kf~hukraèchr~hrjtah`s!.

A` s{f, tmk af~hsatah` hi darkct a`tkr`jtah`jl lkejlhblaejtah`s h` ~rayjtk chr~hrjtah`s as skk` th

rk~rksk`t j saeàiacj`t daskf~hukraè hi stjtks, j`djs s{cm, uh{ld bk j i{`djfk`tjl cmjèk tmjt stjtksjrk lagklq th rksast strhèlq. Yz{k, 43 Chl{f. O.Trj`s`jtl L. jt 1;>. Tmksk ~krckaykd ch`ckr`s hykrtmk af~jct h` stjtk shykrkae`tq fjgk {`dkrstj`djblktmk ljcg hi a`tkr`jtah`jl ch`sk`s{s bkma`d fjgaèchr~hrjtah`s s{bokcts hi a`tkr`jtah`jl ljuj`dchìarf tmk chrrkct`kss hi tmk Skch`d Carc{atsch`cl{sah` h` tmas ~ha`t.


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:;

B.Jcck~tj`ck hi Chr~hrjtah`s jsA`tkr`jtah`jl Lju S{bokcts Dhks @htIhllhu irhf tmk Ijct tmjt ShfkA`tkr`jtah`jl Lju @hrfs Mjyk Bkk`Dkkfkd th Ba`d A`dayad{jls

Tmjt a`dayad{jl ~krsh`s fjq bk crafa`jllq lajblk{`dkr a`tkr`jtah`jl lju a` shfk carc{fstj`cksjlhèstj`daè k}ck~tah` th tmk cljssac fhdklas `hta`ch`sastk`t uatm tmk ch`ckr`s jbh{t jcchrdaèa`tkr`jtah`jl lju stjt{s th chr~hrjtah`s. Hykr tafk,j`d ~jrtac{ljrlq a` tmk ch`tk}t hi tmk @{rkfbkre

trajls, a`tkr`jtah`jl `hrfs ukrk rkcheàkd thj{tmhrak crafa`jl lajbalatq {`dkr shfk carc{fstj`cksihr a`dayad{jls k}krcasaè stjtk ~hukr, j`d, a` shfk`jrrhu a`stj`cks, th `h`&stjtk a`dayad{jls. SkkRhbkrt M. Ojcgsh`, O{stack Ojcgsh`s Ia`jl Rk~hrt thtmk ^rksadk`t Ch`ckràè tmk @{r`bkre Ujr CrafksTrajl, rk~ra`tkd a` 2> Tkf~. L.Z. 33=, 342 -:149!7 skkjlshTkl&Hrk` y.Labqj` Jrjb Rk~{blac, 529 I.2d 554,512 -CJDC :1=4! -Kdujrds, O.! -a`dayad{jls mjykbkk` s{bokcts hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju umkrk tmk stjtksjrk tmk jcthrs, j`d tmk a`dayad{jls jrk hiiacajls

jctaè {`dkr chlhr hi stjtk lju.!. Tmksk k}tk`sah`s hia`tkr`jtah`jl lju a`th tmk jrkj hi ~krsh`jlrks~h`sabalatq jrk `ht yakukd js ~htk`tajllq{`dkrfaàè `jtah`jl shykrkae` a`tkrksts a` tmk sjfkujq js jrk ~rh~hsjls th k}tk`d a`tkr`jtah`jl ljustjt{s th chr~hrjtk k`tataks. Fj`q hi tmk ~rkckdk`tsihr a`dayad{jl lajbalatq a`yhlyk cjsks umkrk tmka`dayad{jl, a` shfk ijsmah`, ujs k}krcasaè shykrkae`~hukr, a`cl{daè ~hukrs traeekrkd bq tmk ljus hi ujr7tmksk cjsks cj` bk yakukd js j` k}tk`sah` hishykrkae` rks~h`sabalatq {`dkr kyk` tmk cljssac

a`tkr`jtah`jl lju fhdkl. Ojcgsh`, 2> Tkf~. L.Z. jt342. J`d tmk iku cjtkehraks hi `h`&stjtk a`dayad{jl


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:9

lajbalatq jrask ljreklq a` ch`tk}ts umkrk `h stjtksshykrkae`tq as af~lacjtkd, s{cm js ~arjcq j`dtkrrhrasf, hr umkrk tmk af~hsatah` hi lajbalatq ihr jeayk` hiik`sk as j i{`ctah` hi tmk [àtkd Stjtks hu`shykrkae` hblaejtah`s ihr kyk`ts hcc{rraè uatma` atstkrrathrq, s{cm js umkrk j` hiik`sk h` j` jfbjssjdhras a`yhlykd. Tmksk cjtkehraks hi a`dayad{jl lajbalatqcj` bk rkch`calkd uatm tmk cljssac fhdkl hia`tkr`jtah`jl lju j`d dh `ht rjask tmk sjfkshykrkae`tq&bjskd ch`ckr`s js jrk ~rksk`tkd bq~rh~hsjls th jcchrd a`tkr`jtah`jl lju stjt{s th

f{lta`jtah`jl chr~hrjtah`s.

C. Chr~hrjtah`s Rktja` j Yatjl j`dK}~j`daè Rhlk a` Uhrgaè uatm @jtah`sj`d Htmkr Ch`stat{k`caks th Af~rhykElhbjl M{fj` Raemts Ch`datah`s

Tmjt f{lta`jtah`jl chr~hrjtah`s jrk `ht s{bokctshi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju dhks `ht dafaàsm tmkaraf~hrtj`t rhlk a` af~rhyaè m{fj` raemts ch`datah`sa` ch{`traks umkrk tmkq h~krjtk hr uhrlduadk.Chr~hrjtah`s mjyk chfk th ~ljq j yatjl rhlk a` mkl~aè

th smj~k j`d jdyj`ck a`tkr`jtah`jl lju, js ukll js aùhrgaè uatm `jtah`s, `h`&ehykr`fk`tjlhrejàjtah`s, ljbhr erh{~s, j`d kjcm htmkr thaf~rhyk j`d cljraiq tmk s{bstj`ck hi a`tkr`jtah`jllju j`d th k`mj`ck af~lkfk`tjtah` j`d kìhrckfk`tbq `jtah`s. F{lta`jtah`jl chr~hrjtah`s thdjq uhrgclhsklq uatm stjtks j`d cayal shcaktq th jddrkssaf~hrtj`t elhbjl cmjllkèks, a`cl{daè s{stja`jblkdkyklh~fk`t, ljbhr stj`djrds, clafjtk cmjèk, k`kreqch`skryjtah`, j`d tmk fj`jekfk`t hi rksh{rcks.Fj`q chr~hrjtah`s mjyk a`tkerjtkd tmksk shcajl j`d

k`yarh`fk`tjl ch`ckr`s a`th tmkar b{sa`kss


26/38

:5

h~krjtah`s j`d tmkar a`tkrjctah`s uatm a`tkr`jtah`jllju stjgkmhldkrs.

Tmksk kiihrtsk}~rksskd tmrh{em chllkctayk jctah`jt tmk a`tkr`jtah`jl lkykl, js ukll js tmrh{em tmkdkyklh~fk`t j`d ~rhf{lejtah` hi a`tkr`jl j`da`d{strq Chdks hi Ch`d{ct tmjt ~rhfhtk yhl{`tjrqkiihrts th af~rhyk m{fj` raemts ch`datah`s a` mhst`jtah`smjyk bkk` uadklq j~~lj{dkd tmrh{emh{t tmka`tkr`jtah`jl chff{àtq. Skk,k.e., Mhllq C{llk`, Tmk

Rhlk hi A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju a` tmk Klafa`jtah` hi CmaldLjbhr 22;&;: -Ghà`glaogk 2>>5!7 @kstl, 54=

I. S{~~. 2d jt ::31 `.957 skk ek`krjllq Skj` D.F{r~mq, Tjgaè F{lta`jtah`jl Chr~hrjtk Chdks hiCh`d{ct th tmk @k}t Lkykl, 43 Chl{f. O. Trj`s`jtl L.3=1, 4:3&24 -2>>;!7 Bjrbjrj J. Bhcjr, Jyk`{ks ihr

Darkct ^jrtaca~jtah` hi Trj`s`jtah`jl Chr~hrjtah`s aÀ`tkr`jtah`jl K`yarh`fk tjl @kehtajtah`s, 3 @.Q.[.K`ytl. L.O. :, 5 -:114! -`htaè tmjt fj`q T@Cs,a`tkr`jtah`jl trjdk j`d b{sa`kss hrejàjtah`s mjyk aàtajtkd dasc{ssah` j`d jctah` h` elhbjlk`yarh`fk`tjl ass{ks!.

Tmk uhrgaès hi tmk A`tkr`jtah`jl Ljbh{rHrejàjtah` -ALH! all{strjtk mhu chr~hrjtah`s~jrtaca~jtk a` af~rhyaè a`tkr`jtah`jl stj`djrds,uatmh{t bkchfaè s{bokcts hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju hrjss{faè a`tkr`jtah`jl lkejl raemts j`d hblaejtah`s.Tmk ALH as j s~kcajlakd jek`cq hi tmk [àtkd @jtah`stmjt as rks~h`sablk ihr drjitaè j`d hykrskkaètrkjtaks ehykràè a`tkr`jtah`jl ljbhr stj`djrds,rkikrrkd th js ALH Ch`yk`tah`s. At h~krjtks {`dkr jtra~jrtatk sqstkf a` umacm tmk Chìkrk`ck dklkejtahìrhf kjcm stjtk ~jrtq as chf~raskd hi tuh ehykr`fk`t

rk~rksk`tjtayks, j ljbhr rk~rksk`tjtayk, j`d j`kf~lhqkr rk~rksk`tjtayk. Skk Jrtaclk 3-:! hi tmk


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Ch`stat{tah` hi tmk A`tkr`jtah`jl Ljbh{rHrejàjtah`, 92 Stjt. 34=;, TAJS @h. :=9=, :;[[email protected]. 3;7 Cmjr`kq, :1=3 D{gk L.O. jt 55= `.54.

Jltmh{em tmk ALH Ch`yk`tah`s jddrkss af~hrtj ta`tkr`jtah`jl ass{ks a`yhlyaè chr~hrjtk ch`d{ct j`dm{fj` raemts, j`d a`yhlyk k}tk`sayk chr~hrjtkkèjekfk`t uatm ljbhr, `h`&ehykr`fk`tjlhrejàjtah`s, j`d Fkfbkr `jtah`s, tmk Ch`yk`tah`sjrk ch`sastk`t a` ba`daè h`lq `jtah`s, umacm{`dkrtjgk th ~rhf{lejtk j`d kìhrck lhcjl ljbhrchdks, b{t `ht af~hsaè j`q a`tkr`jtah`jl lju

hblaejtah`s darkctlq h` `h`&stjtk k`tataks s{cm jschr~hrjtk kf~lhqkrs. Skk,k.e., C{llk`, s{~rj, jt 22;.Tmk ALH stj`djrds tm{s k}ast th e{adk j`d aìl{k`ckehykr`fk`ts a` tmk ihrf{ljtah` hi `jtah`jl lju j`d~rjctack. Skk J Rks~h`sk bq tmk A`tkr`jtah`jlHrejàsjtah` hi Kf~lhqkrs th tmk M{fj` RaemtsUjtcm Rk~hrtJ Strjèk Cjsk? Yahljtah`s hiUhrgkrs Irkkdhf hi Jsshcajtah` a` tmk [àtkd Stjtksbq K{rh~kj` F{lta`jtah`jl Chr~hrjtah`s,J S~kcajlKdatah` hi tmk A`tkr`jtah`jl Ljbh{r j`d Shcajl ^hlacqRkyaku ; -Fjq 2>::!. Tmkq dh `ht crkjtk hblaejtah`s

tmjt darkctlq j~~lq th kf~lhqkrs, b{t rjtmkr kstjblasmj irjfkuhrg ihr tmk dkyklh~fk`t hi dhfkstac ljus.

Ad.7 skk jlsh Fjcglkf, 5 A`tl L. Ihr{f D{ Drhat A`tljt 2=2 -A`tkr`jtah`jl ljbh{r stj`djrds ~rhf{lejtkdbq tmk ALH hblaejtk stjtks th k`s{rk tmjt chr~hrjtah`sh~krjtaè uatma` tmkar o{rasdactah` rks~kct tmk raemtshi uhrgkrs, b{t tmkq dh `ht mhld chr~hrjtah`s darkctlqjcch{`tjblk.!.;

;

Skk jlsh Ch`yk`tah` @h. :3=, Ch`ckràè Faàf{f Jek ihrKf~lhqfk`t, jrt. :, O{`k 29, :1537 Ch`yk`tah` @h. :=2,

Ch`ckràè tmk ^rhmabatah` j`d Affkdajtk Jctah` ihr tmk


28/38

:1

Tmas str{ct{rk as ch`sastk`t uatm tmk trjdatah`jltmkhrq hi ~{blac a`tkr`jtah`jl lju, a` umacma`tkr`jtah`jl lju ba`ds `jtah`s. Cmjr`kq, :1=3 D{gkL.O. jt 5;2&;3. Fkfbkr `jtah`s chf~lq bq k`jctaèj`d kìhrcaè dhfkstac ljus rkilkctaè tmka`tkr`jtah`jl ljbhr stj`djrds hi tmk ALH, j`dchr~hrjtah`s j`d {àh`s chffat th rks~kct j`dchf~lq uatm tmhsk lhcjl ljus.9 A` jddatah`, jltmh{emchr~hrjtk kf~lhqkrs jrk `ht darkctlq bh{`d bq tmkCh`yk`tah`s, tmkq jrk af~hrtj`t ~jrtaca~j`ts a` tmkardkyklh~fk`t. Tmas str{ct{rk jllhus chr~hrjtah`s th

bk ~rhd{ctayk ~jrtaca~j`ts uatm htmkr ~ljqkrs h` tmka`tkr`jtah`jl stjek, umalk bkaè sk`satayk th tmkshykrkae`tq ch`ckr`s tmjt uh{ld bk rjaskd bqkf~hukraè ~rayjtk k`tataks th k}krcask a`tkr`jtah`jllju kìhrckfk`t j{tmhratq umalk h~krjtaè uatma` jmhst `jtah`.

Klafa`jtah` hi tmk Uhrst Ihrfs hi Cmald Ljbh{r, jrts. 9 ) 5-:!,

O{`k :5, :111.

9 Tmas as `ht th sjq tmjt ALH stj`djrds jrk sh dkiaàtk, ch`crktk,

j`d {àykrsjllq jcck~tkd jfhè `jtah`s tmjt tmkq uh{ld

ch`stat{tk ba`daè a`tkr`jtah`jl `hrfs {`dkr tmk JTSj

ch`cl{sah` tmjt ckrtja`lq ch{ld `ht bk drju` uatm rks~kct th

tmhsk ALH dhc{fk`ts tmjt mjyk `ht bkk` rjtaiakd bq tmk [àtkd

Stjtks. Skk Shsj, ;42 [.S. jt 53; -[.@. chyk`j`t dad `ht atskli

crkjtk hblaejtah`s kìhrckjblk a` tmk ikdkrjl ch{rts umkrk at as

`ht skli&k}kc{taè!7 Ohm` Rhk A y. Bradeksth`k Chr~., 412 I.

S{~~. 2d 1==, :>:; -S.D. A`d. 2>>5! -At uh{ld bk hdd a`dkkd ai j

[àtkd Stjtks ch{rt ukrk th trkjt js {àykrsjl j`d ba`daè a`

htmkr `jtah`s j` a`tkr`jtah`jl WALHV ch`yk`tah` tmjt tmk [àtkd

Stjtks ehykr`fk`t mjs dkcla`kd th rjtaiq atskli.!. Js

Rks~h`dk`ts dkfh`strjtk, Shsj rkz{arks tmjt tmk a`tkr`jtah`jllju a`z{arq bk ch`d{ctkd h` j `hrf&bq&`hrf bjsas. Skk

Rks~h`dk`ts Br. jt 24&29.


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2>

AA.

[`dkr Dhfkstac Sk~jrjtah` hi ^hukrs^ra`ca~lks, Chèrkss, @ht tmk Ch{rts, F{stK}krcask J`q A``hyjtayk Ljufjgaè

J{tmhratq a` Crkjtaè Dhfkstac RkfkdaksJrasaè irhf A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju

^ktatah`krs j`d skykrjl hi tmkar jfaca jre{k tmjtdhfkstac lju ehykr`s umktmkr tmkrk smh{ld bk jcj{sk hi jctah` jeja`st chr~hrjtah`s ihr a`tkr`jtah`jlm{fj` raemts `hrfskssk`tajllq, tmjt dhfkstac ljufjq dkcadk umh as s{bokct th ~jrtac{ljr

a`tkr`jtah`jl lju `hrfs, kyk` tmh{em a`tkr`jtah`jllju dkia`ks umjt ch`d{ct as chykrkd bq tmhsk `hrfs.Ihr k}jf~lk, tmk jfac{s braki ialkd a` s{~~hrt hi^ktatah`krs bq tmk [.@. Maem Chffassah`kr ihrM{fj` Raemts, ch`tk`ds tmjt a`tkr`jtah`jl lju`kckssjralq rklaks h` dhfkstac lkejl fkcmjàsfs thk`s{rk tmk kiikctayk ~rhtkctah` hi m{fj` raemts7 tmjta`tkr`jtah`jl lju tm{s hblaejtks Stjtks th ~rhyadk j`kiikctayk rkfkdq ihr yactafs hi m{fj` raemts

yahljtah`s7 j`d tmjt WiVrhf tmk ~krs~kctayk hia`tkr`jtah`jl lju, jctah` bq j Stjtks maemkst ch{rt as

kz{ayjlk`t th jctah` bq tmk Stjtks lkeasljtayk hrk}kc{tayk hrej`s? jll jrk kz{jllq jcts hi tmk stjtk.Br. hiJfac{sC{rajk @jya âlljq, Tmk [àtkd @jtah`sMaem Chffassah`kr Ihr M{fj` Raemts A` S{~~hrt hi^ktatah`krs jt 3&4. A` tmk Maem Chffassah`krs yaku,umk` tmas Ch{rt dkcadks tmas cjsk, tmk Ch{rt asjctaè js j` jek`t hi tmk [àtkd Stjtks th k}kc{tkhrrki{sk th k}kc{tktmk `jtah`s a`tkr`jtah`jl lkejlhblaejtah` th ~rhfhtk m{fj` raemts. Ad. jt 3.^ktatah`krs j`d tmk [àtkd Stjtks hiikr j safaljr


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yaku5

js dad O{dek Lkyjl a` mas ch`c{rraè h~aàh`bklhu, ^kt. J~~. J=5, j`d tmk D.C. Carc{at ~j`klfjohratq a` Dhk y. K}}h` Fhbal Chr~., 9;4 I.3d ::,4:&43 -CJDC 2>::!.

Kyk` ai a`tkr`jtah`jl lju dad lkjyk at th a`dayad{jl`jtah`s th dkcadk umjt cljssks hi dkik`dj`ts jrkchykrkd bq j rkcheàkd a`tkr`jtah`jl lju `hrfumacm at dhks `ht, skkShsj, ;42 [.S. jt 532 ) `.2>=

5 ^ktatah`krs hiikr j yjrajtah` h` tmas jre{fk`t, ch`tk`daè tmjt

a` af~lkfk`taè a`tkr`jtah`jl lju a`th h{r dhfkstac lju, tmk

Iarst Chèrkss klkctkd o{dacajllq crkjtkd chffh` lju thrt

rkfkdaks th kìhrck tmk lju hi `jtah`s. ^ktatah`krs Br. jt 35.

Tmk [àtkd Stjtks hiikrs j tmard ykrsah`tmjt a`tkr`jtah`jl lju

smh{ld aìhrf j ch{rts dkcasah` umktmkr th rkcheàk, j`d mhu

th dkia`k, j ikdkrjl chffh` lju cj{sk hi jctah` th kìhrck j lju&

hi&`jtah`s yahljtah` hi tmk shrt dkkfkd ~htk`tajllq jctah`jblk

{`dkr Shsj. Br. ihr tmk [àtkd Stjtks js Jfac{s C{rajk

S{~~hrtaè ^ktatah`krs jt 25&2= -kf~mjsas jddkd!.

= Kyk` j~jrt irhf Shsjs ihht`htk 2>, ^ktatah`krs cmhack hi lju

jre{fk`t as iljukd. Shsj dkscrabks j `jrrhu cljss hi `hrfs tmjt

fjq bk rkcheàkd tmrh{em j o{dacajllq crkjtkd cj{sk hi jctah`

uatmh{t Chèrkssah`jl e{adj`ck, rkz{araè tmjt tmkq bk jerkkd

{~h` uatm j maem lkykl hi dkiaàtk`kss, ckrtja`tq, j`d

{àykrsjlatq jfhè cayalakd `jtah`stmjt as, tmjt tmkq jlrkjdq

bk i{llq ihrfkd js j fjttkr hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju. ;42 [.S. jt

532. J lheacjl j`d `kckssjrq ~jrt hi umktmkr ch`d{ct yahljtks

s{cm j i{llq ihrfkd a`tkr`jtah`jl lju `hrf as umktmkr tmk `hrf

kyk` k}tk`ds th tmk ~jrtac{ljr tq~k hr cjtkehrq hi dkik`dj`t jt

ass{ktmjt as, a` a`tkr`jtah`jl lju ~jrlj`ck, umktmkr tmjt

dkik`dj`t as j s{bokct hi tmk a`tkr`jtah`jl lju `hrf a`

z{kstah`. Skk H~~k`mkafs A`tkr`jtah`jl Lju, s{~rj, jt :2>

-Tmk ch`ck~t hi a`tkr`jtah`jl ~krsh` as . . . dkraykd irhf

a`tkr`jtah`jl lju.!7 Tmk @{r`bkre Trajl, 9 I.R.D. 91, ::> -A`tl

Falatjrq Trab. :149! -WAV`tkr`jtah`jl lju af~hsks d{taks j`d

lajbalataks {~h` a`dayad{jls js ukll js {~h` stjtks.!. ^ktatah`krsfascmjrjctkrak tmas a`z{arq js h`k hi rkfkdq, ^ktatah`krs Br. jt

35, b{t tmk sch~k hi lajbalatq as jlujqs j s{bstj`tayk ass{k. Skk


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tmjt stall uh{ld `ht fkj`, js ^ktatah`krs jfaca jre{k,tmjt [àtkd Stjtks ch{rts fjq jct js tmk jek`tWsV hitmk [àtkd Stjtks th smj~k dhfkstac lju cj{sks hijctah` th af~lkfk`t j`q a`tkr`jtah`jl `hrf bqdkcadaè umh fjq bk chykrkd.

Ek`krjllq, umk` a`tkr`jtah`jl lju crkjtks j `hrf,j`d kyk` umk` at fj`djtks tmjt `jtah`s kìhrck tmk`hrf dhfkstacjllq, tmk dhfkstac af~lkfk`tjtah` askiikctkd tmrh{em tmk ljufjgaè bhdq uatma` kjcm`jtah``hrfjllq, kjcm ch{`trqs lkeasljt{rk. Skk,

k.e., Oj`` G. Glkii`kr, Tmk Af~jct hi

Chf~lkfk`tjratq h` @jtah`jl Af~lkfk`tjtah` hiS{bstj`tayk A`tkr`jtah`jl Crafa`jl Lju, : O. A`t%lCraf. O{st. =9, == -2>>3! -stjtks tq~acjllq rks~h`d thchf~lkfk`tjratq bq jdh~taè af~lkfk`taèlkeasljtah` th ~krfat dhfkstac ~{àsmfk`t hia`tkr`jtah`jl lju crafks!7 Ch`yk`tah` h` tmk^rkyk`tah` j`d ^{àsmfk`t hi tmk Crafk hi Ek`hcadk,jrt. Y, Dkc. 1, :14=, 5= [[email protected]. 255, :>2 Stjt. 3>4;-Tmk Ch`trjctaè ^jrtaks {`dkrtjgk th k`jct, a`jcchrdj`ck uatm tmkar rks~kctayk Ch`stat{tah`s, tmk`kckssjrq lkeasljtah` th eayk kiikct th tmk ~rhyasah`s hi

tmk ~rksk`t Ch`yk`tah`, j`d, a` ~jrtac{ljr, th ~rhyadkkiikctayk ~k`jltaks ihr ~krsh`s e{altq hi ek`hcadk hrj`q hi tmk htmkr jcts k`{fkrjtkd a` jrtaclk AAA.!.1

Rks~h`dk`ts Br. jt :5&297 Catq hi Smkrrall y. H`kadj A`daj`

@jtah`, ;44 [.S. :15, 2:3 -2>>;! -Tmk s{bstj`tayk z{kstah`s

umktmkr tmk ~lja`taii mjs j`q raemt hr tmk dkik`dj`t mjs j`q

d{tq, j`d ai sh umjt at as, jrk ykrq daiikrk`t z{kstah`s irhf tmk

rkfkdajl z{kstah`s umktmkr tmas rkfkdq hr tmjt as ~rkikrrkd,

j`d umjt tmk fkjs{rk hi tmk rkfkdq as. -z{htaè D. Dhbbs, Tmk

Lju hi Rkfkdaks :.2, ~.3 -:153!!!.

1

A` ijct, tmk [.@. Maem Chffassah`kr ihr M{fj` Raemtsch`ckdks tmjt WjVll fjohr a`tkr`jtah`jl m{fj` raemts trkjtaks

rkz{ark Stjtks th tjgk tmk `kckssjrq stk~sch`sastk`t uatm tmkar


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Uatma` h{r @jtah`s tra~jrtatk sqstkf hi ehykr`fk`t,Chèrkss as tmk lkeasljtayk bhdq cmjrekd uatmkiikctaè tmjt af~lkfk`tjtah`, js k}~rksskd a` ats~hukr th dkia`k j`d ~{àsm . . . Hiik`cks jeja`st tmkLju hi @jtah`s. [.S. Ch`st., Jrt. A, =, Cl. :>.Tm{s, js tmas Ch{rt rkcheàkd a` Shsj, umkrka`tkr`jtah`jl lju cjlls ihr dhfkstac af~lkfk`tjtah`,`hrfjllq at as Chèrkss tmjt as cjllkd {~h` th ~krihrftmjt rhlk. ;42 [.S. jt ;25. Jltmh{em at fjq bk tr{k,js tmk [àtkd Stjtks jre{ks, tmjt masthracjllq tmkch{rts hi tmk yjrah{s `jtah`s ukrk a`yhlykd a`

smj~aè a`tkr`jtah`jl lju, skk Br. ihr [àtkd Stjtksjt 3:, tmk Ch`stat{tah` kstjblasmks Chèrkss js h{r@jtah`s ljufjgaè bhdq ihr `ku `hrfs hia`tkr`jtah`jl lju. ;42 [.S. jt 525&2=. Tmas as~jrtac{ljrlq sh a` tmk ~hst&Krak irjfkuhrg, a` umacmtmk ljufjgaè i{`ctah` jt tmk ikdkrjl lkykl mjssmaitkd saeàiacj`tlq thujrd tmk lkeasljtayk brj`cmj~ha`t tmjt iae{rkd ~rhfa`k`tlq a` Shsjs iayk rkjsh`sihr cj{tah` a` jdj~taè tmk lju hi `jtah`s th ~rayjtkraemts. Ad. jt 52;&2=.

Bq ch`trjst, tmk rhlk hi ch{rts {`dkr tmk irjfkuhrg

dkscrabkd a` Shsj as saeàiacj`tlq `jrrhukr? jbsk`tChèrkssah`jl jctah`, ch{rts fjq rkcheàk chffh`lju jctah`s h`lq ihr tmk `jrrhu cljss hi `hrfs tmjtjlrkjdq jrk rkcheàkd jt a`tkr`jtah`jl lju uatm s{cmj maem lkykl hi dkiaàtk`kss, ckrtja`tq, j`d{àykrsjlatq jfhè `jtah`s s{cm tmjt tmk [àtkdStjtks uh{ld bk yakukd js rkfass a` `ht rkcheàaè

dhfkstac lkejl sqstkfs j`d uatm tmk ~rhyasah`s hi tmjt s~kcaiac

trkjtqth jdh~t tmk fkjs{rks `kckssjrq th eayk kiikct th tmk

raemts rkcheàkd a` tmk ~jrtac{ljr trkjtq. Br. hiJfac{s C{rajk@jya âlljq, Tmk [àtkd @jtah`s Maem Chffassah`kr Ihr

M{fj` Raemts A` S{~~hrt hi ^ktatah`krs jt 39 -kf~mjsas jddkd!.


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s{cm cljafs j`d ~rhyadaè cayal rkdrkss. Skk ad. jt52=. A`dkkd, tmk JTS ujs k`jctkd th i{liall h{r`jtah`s hblaejtah`s {`dkr a`tkr`jtah`jl lju bkcj{skj ~rayjtk rkfkdq ujs tmh{emt `kckssjrq ihrda~lhfjtac hiik`sks {`dkr tmk lju hi `jtah`s. Ad. jt524. Tmk Ch{rt ch`cl{dkd irhf tmas masthrq tmjt tmk

JTS as bkst rkjd js mjyaè bkk` k`jctkd h` tmk{`dkrstj`daè tmjt tmk chffh` lju uh{ld ~rhyadk jcj{sk hi jctah` ihr tmk fhdkst `{fbkr hia`tkr`jtah`jl lju yahljtah`s uatm j ~htk`tajl ihr

~krsh`jl lajbalatq jt tmk tafka.k., tmhsk uatm tmk

sjfk a`tkr`jtah`jl lju k}~kctjtah` hi cayal rkdrksstmjt j~~lakd th da~lhfjtac hiik`sks. Ad. -kf~mjsasjddkd!7 skk jlsh ad. jt 5:; -a`tk`dkd sch~k a`cl{dkd

yahljtah`s jdfattaè hi j o{dacajl rkfkdq j`d jt tmksjfk tafk tmrkjtkàè skrah{s ch`skz{k`cks aà`tkr`jtah`jl jiijars!.

[`dkr tmas irjfkuhrg, a` dktkrfaàè tmk k}astk`ckhi j` jctah`jblk `hrf, ch{rts f{st ch`sadkr `ht h`lqumktmkr a`tkr`jtah`jl lju {àykrsjllq ch`dkf`s j~rjctack, b{t jlsh umktmkr tmk {`dkrlqaè `hrf as h`kihr umacm `jtah`s uh{ld k}~kct h`k j`htmkr th

~rhyadk j cayal rkfkdq. Ad. jt 5247 skk jlshFhrj y.@ku Qhrg, ;24 I.3d :=3, 2>=&>1 -CJ2 2>>=! -rki{saèth rkcheàk JTS cljaf ihr hiiacajl dktk`tah` hi jihrkae` s{s~kct a` yahljtah` hi tmk Yak``j Ch`yk`tah`,umkrk `h`k hi tmk Stjtks&~jrtaks th tmk Ch`yk`tah`,WuVatm h`k ~hssablk k}ck~tah`, rkcheàk s{cm j thrta` tmkar dhfkstac lju j`d tm{s at cj``ht bk sjadtmjt tmk thrt ~rh~hskd mjs jttja`kd tmk stjt{s hi jba`daè c{sthfjrq `hrf!7 Ialjrtaej y. ^k`j&Arjlj,93> I.2d =59, ==3, ==5 -CJ2 :1=>! -ia`daè {àykrsjljcchrd ihr a`tkr`jtah`jl `hrf jeja`st hiiacajl thrt{rk

umkrk a`tkr`jtah`jl lju k}~lacatlq ~rhyadks tmjt jll`jtah`s f{st jiihrd thrt{rk yactaf rkdrkss j`d


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chf~k`sjtah`7 `htaè tmjt JTS ujs fkj`t `ht thk}tk`d `ku raemts th jlak`s, b{t rjtmkr th jllhuch{rts th jdo{dacjtk raemts jlrkjdq rkcheàkd bqa`tkr`jtah`jl lju!.

Tmas rkjdaè hiShsj as ch`sastk`t uatm tmk ykrq

str{ct{rk hi a`tkr`jtah`jl lju tmjt ^ktatah`krs mjyk

trakd th a`yhgk{`dkr umacm, js `htkd jbhyk, `jtah`s

tq~acjllq af~lkfk`t `hrfs bq chdk hr lkeasljtah`. Js

^ktatah`krs tmkfsklyks dkscrabk tmas ~rhckss, fj`q

Stjtks mjyk ~jsskd dhfkstac stjt{tks af~hsaè

chr~hrjtk crafa`jl lajbalatq a` af~lkfk`taè tmkar

a`tkr`jtah`jl hblaejtah`s {`dkr tmk Rhfk Stjt{tk.

^kt. J~~. jt J41. J`d a`dkkd, `jtah`s jrk irkk th

k`jct j`d mjyk k`jctkd dhfkstac ljus tmjt eh bkqh`d

`hrfs rkcheàkd {`dkr a`tkr`jtah`jl lju. Skk

Rks~h`dk`ts Br. jt 22 `.1. B{t jltmh{em `h h`k

uh{ld dh{bt Chèrksss ~hukr th k`jct lkeasljtah` a`

tmas jrkj, Chèrkss mjs k`jctkd `h lju kstjblasmaè

crafa`jl hr cayal chr~hrjtk lajbalatq ihr j`q

a`tkr`jtah`jl `hrf. Rkejrdlkss hi tmk ~hssablk fkrat

hi crkjtaè s{cm lajbalatq, j`q a`tkr`jtah`jl lju&

dkiaàè hr jdyj`caè rhlk tmk [àtkd Stjtks fjqcmhhsk th jdh~t js j `jtah` f{st chfk irhf Chèrkss,

`ht irhf tmk O{dacajrq.:>

:> Tmk Skyk`tm Carc{at mjs s{rfaskd tmjt j `hrf hi chr~hrjtk

lajbalatq ch{ld k}ast kyk` ai chr~hrjtah`s `kykr mjyk bkk`

~{àsmkd {`dkr a`tkr`jtah`jl lju, rkjshàè tmjt WtVmkrk as

jlujqs j iarst tafk ihr lataejtah` th kìhrck j `hrf. Ilhfh y.

Iarksth`k @jt{rjl R{bbkr Ch., LLC, 943 I.3d :>:3, :>:5 -CJ5

2>::!. Tmjt fjq bk tr{k hi `hrfs a` tmk jbstrjct, `hrfs js tmkq

jrk crkjtkd a` htmkr lkejl sqstkfs, j`d `hrfs js tmkq jrk

af~lkfk`tkd a` tmk [àtkd Stjtks bq Chèrkss7 b{t js Shsj

fjgks clkjr, at as `ht tr{k hi tmk ~rh~kr i{`ctah` hi tmk ikdkrjlO{dacajrq {`dkr tmk JTS. Skk ;42 [.S. jt 52;&2=.


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AAA.Tmk H`lq Rklkyj`t Chèrkssah`jl E{adj`ckirhf tmk TY^J ^rkcl{dks Chr~hrjtkLajbalatq

^rksk`tlq bkihrk tmk Ch{rt a` Fhmjfjd as tmkz{kstah` umktmkr Chèrksss k`jctfk`t hi tmkTY^Jumacm af~hsks lajbalatq h` j` a`dayad{jlumh chffats thrt{rk hr k}trjo{dacajl gallaè {`dkrchlhr hi ihrkae` ljuk}tk`ds s{cm lajbalatq thjrtaiacajl k`tataks s{cm js chr~hrjtah`s. Jfaca bklakyktmk TY^J as rklkyj`t th tmk ~rksk`t cjsk ihr tuhrkjsh`s.

Iarst, tmk ~jssjek hi tmk TY^J all{strjtks tmk ~ha`ta` tmk ~rkckdaè skctah` tmjt Chèrkss as tmkj~~rh~rajtk bhdq th a`chr~hrjtk a`tkr`jtah`jlhblaejtah`s a`th h{r dhfkstac lju. ^rahr th tmk~jssjek hi tmk TY^J, tmk [àtkd Stjtks sae`kd tmkCh`yk`tah` Jeja`st Thrt{rk, umacm rkz{arkd kjcmsae`jthrq stjtk th k`s{rk a` ats lkejl sqstkf tmjt tmk

yactaf hi j` jct hi thrt{rk hbtja`s rkdrkss j`d mjs j`kìhrckjblk raemt th ijar j`d jdkz{jtk chf~k`sjtah`.Ch`yk`tah` Jeja`st Thrt{rk j`d Htmkr Cr{kl,

A`m{fj` hr Dkerjdaè Trkjtfk`t hr ^{àsmfk`t,Dkc. :>, :1=4, S. Trkjtq Dhc. @h :>>&2> -:1==!, :49;[[email protected]. =;, jrt. :4. Chèrkss af~lkfk`tkd tmasdarkctayk bq k`jctaè j lkeasljtayk cayal djfjeksrkfkdq ihr thrt{rk yactafs. TY^J 2-j!-:!&-2!-k}tk`daè lajbalatq th WjV` a`dayad{jl, umh, {`dkrjct{jl hr j~~jrk`t j{tmhratq, hr chlhr hi lju, hi j`qihrkae` `jtah` . . . s{bokcts j` a`dayad{jl th thrt{rk. . . hr . . . k}trjo{dacajl gallaè!. Tm{s, tmrh{em tmkTY^J Chèrkss`ht tmk O{dacajrqi{liallkd tmk[àtkd Stjtks {`dkrtjgaè th ~rhyadk j cayal rkfkdq

ihr thrt{rk yactafs. Tmas as ~rkcasklq tmk ~rhckss ihrtrj`sljtaè a`tkr`jtah`jl lju `hrfs a`th [.S. lju


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tmjt Shsj k`yasah`s? Chèrkss jctkd js tmkljufjgaè bhdq rks~h`sablk ihr crkjtaè j`d dkiaàètmk sch~k hi dhfkstac lkejl rkfkdaks ihr yahljtah`s hia`tkr`jtah`jl lju `hrfs.

Skch`d, a` ch`sadkraè tmk ~rjctacjl ch`skz{k`ckshi af~hsaè ikdkrjl chffh` lju d{taks, Shsj darkctsch{rts th lhhg ihr lkeasljtayk e{adj`ck bkihrkk}krcasaè a``hyjtayk j{tmhratq hykr s{bstj`tayk lju.;42 [.S. jt 529. Tmas as bkcj{sk Chèrkss jlujqsfjq sm{t tmk dhhr h` js~kcts hi tmk lju hi `jtah`s,k}~lacatlq, hr af~lacatlq bq trkjtaks hr stjt{tks tmjt

hcc{~q tmk iakld. Ad. jt 53:. Fhrkhykr, js tmas Ch{rtmjs lhè rkcheàkd, at uh{ld bk j`hfjlh{s ihr j

o{dacajllq crjitkd cj{sk hi jctah` th sukk~ bkqh`d tmkbh{`ds WChèrkssV dkla`kjtkd ihr chf~jrjblk k}~rksscj{sks hi jctah`. Ck`trjl Bj`g hi Dk`ykr, @.J. y.

Iarst A`tkrstjtk Bj`g hi Dk`ykr, @.J., ;:: [.S. :94,:=> -:114!.

At as tmkrkihrk maemlq saeàiacj`t tmjt Chèrksscmhsk `ht th rkcheàk chr~hrjtk lajbalatq a` tmkTY^Jtmk fhst j`jlheh{s jrkj a` umacm at mjs

lkeasljtkd. Js h`k ch{rt mjs `htkd, tmk TY^J ujsk`jctkd js j` k}tk`sah` hi tmk JTS j`d tm{s~rhyadks j {ski{l, chèrkssah`jllq&crjitkd tkf~ljtkth e{adk tmk Ch{rts chffh`&lju ~hukrs {`dkr tmk

JTS. Sjrka y. Rah Ta`th, ^LC, ;;> I.3d =22, =32-CJ1 2>>=!. Tmk TY^J bq ats tkrfs j~~laks h`lq tha`dayad{jls, `ht chr~hrjtah`s. Skk 2= [.S.C. :3;>,`htk, 2-j!. Tmk Dactah`jrq Jct dkia`ks ~krsh` tha`cl{dk chr~hrjtah`s, chf~jàks, jsshcajtah`s, iarfs,~jrt`krsma~s, shcaktaks, j`d oha`t sthcg chf~jàks, jsukll js a`dayad{jls -: [.S.C. : -kf~mjsas jddkd!!,

umacm af~laks tmjt tmk uhrds chr~hrjtah`s j`da`dayad{jls rkikr th daiikrk`t tmaès -[àtkd Stjtks


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2=

y.Faddlkth , 23: I.3d :2>5, :2:: -CJ1 2>>>!!. TmasCh{rt mjs k}~lja`kd tmjt jltmh{em tmk tkrf ~krsh`hrda`jralq a`cl{dks j chr~hrjtah`, tmk tkrfa`dayad{jl rkikrs h`lq th j saèlk m{fj` bkaè,{`lkss tmkrk as `h ~lj{sablk rkjsh` ihr eayaè tmktkrf a`dayad{jl ats hrda`jrq fkjàè j`d dhaè shuh{ld ~rhd{ck j` jbs{rd j`d {ò{st rks{lt umacmChèrkss ch{ld `ht mjyk a`tk`dkd. Cla`th` y. Catq hi

@ku Qhrg, ;24 [.S. 4:5, 42=&21 ) `.:3 -:11=!.Jss{faè tmk Ch{rt jerkks uatm tmk lhukr ch{rtdkcasah`s h` tmas s{bokct a` dkcadaè tmk Fhmjfjd

cjsk,::

tmjt ch`cl{sah` smh{ld bkjr saeàiacj`tlq {~h`tmk ~rh~kr a`tkr~rktjtah` hi tmk JTS jbsk`t i{rtmkrChèrkssah`jl jctah`.

Umk` Chèrkss mjs ~rhyadkd rklkyj`t e{adj`ck, tmkCh{rt f{st lhhg th tmjt e{adj`ck a` dktkrfaàè tmksch~k hi lajbalatq {`dkr tmk JTS. Skk Ck`trjl Bj`g hi

Dk`ykr, ;:: [.S. jt :=>. A` tmk TY^J, Chèrkssdkcla`kd k}~rksslq th af~hsk chr~hrjtk lajbalatq.[`dkr Shsj, a` ijsmahàè j ikdkrjl chffh` ljujctah` {`dkr tmk JTS tmas Ch{rt smh{ld mkkd s{cmlkeasljtayk e{adj`ck. ;42 [.S. jt 529.

Chèrksss ~hlacq cmhack rkilkctkd a` tmk TY^J jlsh`kejtks tmk jre{fk`ts hi ^ktatah`krs j`d tmkar jfacatmjt tmk Ch{rt f{st rkcheàk chr~hrjtk lajbalatqdks~atk tmk ljcg hi j` a`tkr`jtah`jl ch`sk`s{s aìjyhr hi s{cm lajbalatqbkcj{sk `ht dhaè sh uh{ld bka`ch`sastk`t uatm [àtkd Stjtks ~hlacq. Skk^ktatah`krs Br. jt 9>&9:. Tmk TY^J smhus tmjtChèrkss ch`cl{dkd k}jctlq tmk h~~hsatk. Bkcj{sk at

::Skk, k.e.,Bhuhth y. Cmkyrh` Chr~., 92: I.3d :::9, ::29 -CJ1

2>:>! -Uk jerkk uatm tmk dastract ch{rt tmjt Chèrksss {sk hitmk uhrd a`dayad{jl tmrh{emh{t tmk stjt{tk a`dacjtks tmjt at dad

`ht a`tk`d ihr tmk TY^J th j~~lq th chr~hrjtah`s.!.


38/38

21

uh{ld bk j`hfjlh{s ihr j o{dacajllq crjitkd cj{sk hijctah` th sukk~ bkqh`d tmk bh{`ds WChèrkssVdkla`kjtkd ihr chf~jrjblk k}~rkss cj{sks hi jctah`,Ck`trjl Bj`g hi Dk`ykr, ;:: [.S. jt :=>, a`ch`sadkraè tmk ~rjctacjl ch`skz{k`cks hi af~hsaèj ikdkrjl chffh` lju d{tq h` ~rayjtk k`tataks s{cm jschr~hrjtah`s {`dkr tmk JTS, tmas Ch{rt smh{ld lk`derkjt ukaemt th Chèrksss dkcasah` `ht th rkcheàkchr~hrjtk lajbalatq a` tmk TY^J.

CH@CL[SAH@

Ihr tmk rkjsh`s stjtkd jbhyk j`d a` tmkRks~h`dk`ts braki, tmk o{defk`t hi tmk Skch`dCarc{at smh{ld bk jiiarfkd.

Rks~kcti{llq s{bfattkd,

GRASTA@ LA@SLKQFQLKSCh{`skl hi Rkchrd

OH@JTMJ@ BLJYA@JJRH@ LKADKRFJ@FACMJKL FH@EJ@

F[@EKR,THLLKS )HLSH@ LL^;9>FASSAH@ STRKKT,25TM IL.SJ@ IRJ@CASCH,CJ 14:>;grasta`.fqlksNfth.chf-4:;!;:2&4>>>

ESTHER KIOBEL v. ROYAL DUTCH PETROLEUM

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