Establishment of Pakistan

ESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTAN:

Week sixth

Reaction of congress:

Congress always looked for opportunities to create problems for the newly-born State of Pakistan.

The Indian leaders had accepted the partition in the hope of undoing it soon and re-establishing their hegemony over the whole of the sub-continent.

The congress leader did their utmost to damage Pakistan.

Due to these conspiracies and mischieves,by the congress leaders,Pakistan had face great difficulties.

Initial difficulties of pakistan:Influx of refugees and accommodation problems: The arrival of refugees created problem for both

the countries but the issue was more serious in state of Pakistan.

Pakistan did not have sufficient resources to provide food, shelter and medical aid to the growing no of refugees.

Quaid-e-Azam moved his headquarter to Lahore to give special attention to this problem.

Quaid-e-Azam relief fund was also created in which rich people were asked to donate. Temporary relief camps were also established.

Communal violence:

Communal violence reached to its height after the announcement of Radcliff Award.

Hindus were angry over the division of the Subcontinent whereas Sikhs were unhappy over the loss of their religious places.

The riots were started by Sikhs and Rashtriyaswan Sevak Sangh (RSS), the militant Hindu organization.

The sources of government were much limited but government helped them and established a department to solve the problems of the refugees.

Division of financial assets: India wanted to hold all the assets of united

India. Pakistan had demanded the suitable right &

legal share in those assets. At the time of division there was cash balance

of 4 billion rupees in the reserve Bank of India which was to be divided between India and Pakistan in the ratio of 17 to India and 5 to Pakistan.

Pakistan was to receive 750 million rupees, which was in initially delayed by the Indian Government.

After the protest of Pakistan, India agreed to pay 200 million rupees.

Division of financial assets: As the war between India and Pakistan had

started on the issue of Kashmir India again stopped the rest of the amount.

After the protest from Pakistan and the threat of hunger strike by Gandhi, Nehru was forced to pay another 500 million rupees.

However the remaining 50 million rupees are still not paid.

The money was Pakistan's rightful share. India deliberately withholds it because they hoped that Pakistan would become bankrupt

Lack of government machinery: After existence of Pakistan our country face the

problem of lack of governmental Machinery. Neither there were working people, nor were offices.

Pakistan was suffering from the lack of able and experienced management. Doctors, engineers, civil servants, technicians.

majority of the refugees that arrived in Pakistan were peasant and unskilled and they were inexperience for the jobs.

The Indian government adopted delaying tactics in transferring the government servants and official record which aggravated the situation.

Division of military assets:

It was announced that Indian army would divided in ratio 65 to 35.

it was with reference of the communal balance present in the British Indian Army.

Field Martial Auchinleck was appointed as in charge of the distribution of military assets.

Whatever Pakistan received was nothing but scrap and out of order machines, broken weapons, unserviceable artillery and aircraft.

There were 16 ordnance factories and all were located in India. Pakistan was given 60 million rupees towards its share in the ordnance factories.

Pakistan did not receive the due share of the military assets till now.

Radcliffe award:

Some members of Bengal and Punjab voted for partition of their respective provinces.

separate commissions were set for the demarcation of boundaries. with Cyril Radcliffe a British lawyer as the joint chairman of the both commissions.

The League and the Congress nominated two High Court judges.

The members of Punjab Boundary Commission were Din Muhammad and Muhammad Munir on behalf of Pakistan and Mehr Chand Mahajan and Tej Singh on behalf of India.

Partition of Bengal:

while members of Bengal Boundary Commission were Abu Saleh and S.A. Rahman on behalf of Pakistan and C.C Biswas and B.K. Mukherji on behalf of India.

in Bengal Calcutta was the capital of the province. Although the Muslims formed only a quarter of the population of Calcutta.

a large section of its population consisted scheduled castes that were allied with the Muslim League.

Partition of Bengal:

The city of Calcutta, the capital of the province, was the biggest industrial, commerce and educational centre.

The entire development of Calcutta was based on the toil of Muslim peasantry of Bengal.

East Bengal produced most of the raw material which had to be sent to Calcutta because all factories and mills were in Calcutta.

Eventually, Calcutta was awarded to India ignoring the claim of the Muslim.

Partition of Punjab

a number of Muslim majority areas to India. In Gurdaspur district two contiguous Muslim majority Tehsils of Gurdaspur and Batala were given to India.

along with Pathankot tehsil to provide a link between India and the Stat of Jammu and Kashmir.

The Muslim majority tehsil Ajnala in the Amritsar district was also handed over to India.

In Jullundur district the Muslim majority areas of Zira and Ferozepur in the Ferozepur distirct, were also given to India.

Canal water dispute:

Most of the river flowing in Pakistan have their origin in India.

The Indus Waters dispute, like the Kashmir war, had its origin in the Radcliffe Awards

the award of Ferozpur and Zira to India resulted in the Canal Waters dispute.

The Radcliffe Award gave India the Ferozpur Headworks that controlled the Sutlej River as well as the Madopur Headworks controlling the River Ravi.

In 1948,india stopped water supply to Pakistani canals to damage the Pakistani agriculture.

How the dispute settle:

As being an agricultural county where rainfall is scanty and agriculture is greatly depending on irrigation by canal and rivers.

Stopping the flow of water by India caused heavy economic loss for Pakistan. Some time even Pakistan forced to purchase water from India.

. Immediately after the Tribunal was wound up in April 1948, the Indian Government actually cut off the flow of water to Pakistan.

However on 9th September ,1960 on agreement called "Indus Basin Treaty" was signed between the two countries.

Accession of princely states:

At the time of partition there were 462 princely states in subcontinent that cover 1/3 of Indian Territory and 1/4 of its population.

Rulers of these princely states were given option by the British government to join either of the two newly born states or remain independent.

states were advised to consider geographical location and religious trends of their respective states before accession to the either country.

State of Hyderabad:

Hyderabad was one of the richest Hindu Majority state but muslim ruler Nizam who decided to remain independent Surrounded by Indian Territory.

being Muslim he had desire to accede with Pakistan if ever need arose.

On September 13, 1948 just two days after the death of Quaid-e-Azam Indian forces entered in Hyderabad and occupied it forcibly.

Pakistan submitted a complaint in UNO against the illegal action of India which is still pending.

State of Junagarh:

Junagarh was a small maritime state, 300 miles down the coast from Karachi.

It was ruled by a Muslim ruler which the majority of population comprised Hindu and non-Muslim residents.

The Muslim ruler of Manavadar, a smaller state contiguous to junagarh, also acceded to Pakistan.

The accession of junagarh and Manavadar were accepted by the Government of Pakistan and the Indian Government was accordingly informed.

Accession to India:

The Government of India was, bent upon settling the matter by force.

The blockade and raids had created such chaotic conditions in Junagarh by the end of October, 1947 that the Muslim ruler had to leave hurriedly for Karachi with his family.

India assumed control of the entire state. The Government of Pakistan strongly protested on illegal occupation of Junagarh by Indian army and urged the Indian Government to withdraw its forces.

India paid no heed and held a referendum after two months under the supervision of its armed forces.

Kashmir issue:

At the time of partition the only rail and road communication between India and Kashmir was possible through the district of Gurdaspur.

if Radcliff had only awarded the Hindu majority sub-district of Pathankot to India still it would not have had access to the state of Kashmir.

by assigning two Muslim majority sub-district of Batala and Gurdaspur Radcliff provided India a link with Kashmir.

In 1948 India entered its forces in Kashmir through Gurdaspur and annexed the state to India.

Kashmir's war:

Then reorganization of the Pakistan Army was still underway then the Kashmir War was thrust on it.

Within Kashmir, the state forces had started a massacare of Muslim in Poonch.

The Pakistan Army did not have the resources to halt their advance.

These Muslims had relatives in the tribal areas of Pakistan who invaded Kashmir hoping to rescue their relatives.

Kashmir's war:

The Government of India made the plea that it entered Kashmir because the Maharaja had signed an Instrument of Accession to India.

Nehru promised the people of Kashmir and the whole world that the fate of Kashmir would not be decided by the accession, but by a free and impartial plebiscite of the people of Jammu and Kashmir.

India has since break a promise and this is one of two issues which still beset Pakistan-India relations.

Economic issues:

Pakistan consisted of those areas which are economically backward.

Areas are producers of raw material but related processing industries were located else where.

Pakistan was divided into two parts and they have no geographical links also.

Before the partition Hindus have monopoly in every field of life.

The inadequate system of transportation and communication an area. Amd also have no develop seaport.

Economic issues:

The state bank of Pakistan was established on 1st July with order of quaid-i-azam.

A development board was setup in 1948 which was to do planning for industrial development.

In 1948a policy was devised for the industrial development.

The government of Pakistan made agriculture corporation for agriculture development.

Government of Pakistan gave its first budget in 1948-1949.it was a balanced budget.

Language issue:

Immediately after the establishment of Pakistan language controversy was started.

when the members of the Constituent Assembly belonged to East Pakistan demanded that instead of Urdu, Bengali should be made national language of Pakistan.

Liaqat Ali Khan then the Prime Minister of Pakistan refused to accept the demand, which created resentment among East Pakistan.

Refusal of the demand ultimately transformed into a political movement.

It exploded latter after the death of Quaid-e-Azam.

Political problem:

Issue of provincialism was the most alarming issue for the stability.

The linguistic agitation added fuel to fire. Geographical alienation was also the source of

lack of unity. As the capital was also in west pakistan.

The monopoly of west Pakistan also strengthen the idea that east Pakistan was being ignored.

This idea grow by time and finally led to the separation of the east Bengal.

Tehrik-i-khatam-e-nabuvat:

Pakistan is achieved on the basis of Islamic ideology.

There is a complete agreement of the Muslims that qadianis are out of the fold of Islam.

the tahrik-i-khatam-e-nabuvat was launched in 1952 to crub the influence of qadianis influence.

In 1954 agitation was started by the people of punjab.and martial law was proclaimed in lahore.

The qadiani movement did not extinguished an d continued with the time.