Épsilon Épsilon Volume 1 Issue 12 Article 7 2009-06-01 Estabilización físico-química de un suelo, una metodología de Estabilización físico-química de un suelo, una metodología de laboratorio para su evaluación, caso Cd. Hermosillo, Sonora, laboratorio para su evaluación, caso Cd. Hermosillo, Sonora, México México Israel Miranda Pasos University of Sonora, [email protected]Salvador Aguayo-Salinas Universidad de Sonora, [email protected]Jesús Leobardo Valenzuela García University of Sonora, [email protected]Jorge Ramírez Hernández Autonomous University of Baja California, [email protected]Juan Arcadio Saíz Hernández University of Sonora, [email protected]Follow this and additional works at: https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/ep Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Industrial Engineering Commons Citación recomendada Citación recomendada Miranda Pasos, Israel; Aguayo-Salinas, Salvador; Valenzuela García, Jesús Leobardo; Ramírez Hernández, Jorge; and Saíz Hernández, Juan Arcadio (2009) "Estabilización físico-química de un suelo, una metodología de laboratorio para su evaluación, caso Cd. Hermosillo, Sonora, México," Épsilon: Iss. 12 , Article 7. Disponible en: This Artículos de investigación is brought to you for free and open access by the Revistas descontinuadas at Ciencia Unisalle. It has been accepted for inclusion in Épsilon by an authorized editor of Ciencia Unisalle. For more information, please contact [email protected].
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Épsilon Épsilon
Volume 1 Issue 12 Article 7
2009-06-01
Estabilización físico-química de un suelo, una metodología de Estabilización físico-química de un suelo, una metodología de
laboratorio para su evaluación, caso Cd. Hermosillo, Sonora, laboratorio para su evaluación, caso Cd. Hermosillo, Sonora,
Follow this and additional works at: https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/ep
Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Industrial
Engineering Commons
Citación recomendada Citación recomendada Miranda Pasos, Israel; Aguayo-Salinas, Salvador; Valenzuela García, Jesús Leobardo; Ramírez Hernández, Jorge; and Saíz Hernández, Juan Arcadio (2009) "Estabilización físico-química de un suelo, una metodología de laboratorio para su evaluación, caso Cd. Hermosillo, Sonora, México," Épsilon: Iss. 12 , Article 7. Disponible en:
This Artículos de investigación is brought to you for free and open access by the Revistas descontinuadas at Ciencia Unisalle. It has been accepted for inclusion in Épsilon by an authorized editor of Ciencia Unisalle. For more information, please contact [email protected].
Physicochemical stabilization of soil, a lab methodology for its evaluation, case Cd. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Israel Miranda Pasos* / Salvador Aguayo Salinas** Jesús Leobardo Valenzuela García*** / Jorge Ramírez Hernández****
Juan Arcadio Saíz Hernández*****
* Department of Civil Engineering and Mines, University of Sonora. Blvd. Luis Encinas and Blvd. Rosales, Hermosillo, Sonora. Correo electrónico: [email protected]
** Department of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Sonora. Blvd. Luis Encinas and Blvd. Rosales. Hermosillo, Sonora. Correo electrónico: [email protected]
*** Department of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Sonora. Blvd. Luis Encinas and Blvd. Rosales. Hermosillo, Sonora.
**** Institute of Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Blvd. Benito Juárez and calle de la Normal S/N. Mexicali Baja California.
***** Department of Civil Engineering and Mines, University of Sonora. Blvd. Luis Encinas and Blvd. Rosales, Hermosillo, Sonora.
abstract
In cities in development air pollution by dust, due
to the lack of paved streets, is an ongoing problem.
Although there are advanced technological products
directed to mitigate this problem, in most of the
cases their acquisition is not economically feasible.
This research propounds a methodology to evaluate
common regional products to be implemented as soil
stabilizers. Some of these products are: hydrous lime,
natural zeolite, calcium lignosulfonate and lime. The
evaluation is carried out by means of the strength
parameters to direct load and saturation-immersion
test. The latter one with the aim of evaluating if
mixture is liable to be easily weaken by humidity
as the ground critical condition. In the particular
case of the named products, the mixture of hydrous
lime and zeolite (natural zeolitic tuff) showed a
better behavior when combined with studied ground
which was classified as sand with fine argillaceous
slime.
The evaluating methods include the soil
characterization by means of traditional ground
mechanics test in addition with instrumental
techniques like: x-ray diffraction, electronic
microscopy of sweeping and petrography, as well as
ground mineralogical characterization techniques.
The aim of these techniques incorporation is to get a
more precise soil characterization as well as a better
understanding of the physicochemical stabilization
behavior.
Keywords: methodology, techniques, weak, com-
pression, saturation.
Revista Épsilon N.º 12: 91-104 / enero - junio de 2009
Fecha de envío: 13 de julio de 2008.
Fecha de aceptación: 7 de noviembre de 2008.
92 / Israel Miranda Pasos / Salvador Aguayo Salinas / Jesús Leobardo Valenzuela García / Jorge Ramírez Hernández / Juan Arcadio Saíz Hernández
Revista Épsilon N.º 12 / enero - junio de 2009
estabiLización físico-química de un sueLo, una metodoLogía de Labora-torio para su evaLuación, caso cd. hermosiLLo, sonora, méxico
resumen
En la actualidad, en las ciudades en desarrollo, la
contaminación debida al polvo por falta de pavimen-
to vial es un problema. Existen productos de tecnolo-
gía avanzada encaminados a mitigar este problema;
sin embargo, la adquisición de ellos, en la mayoría
de los casos, no es factible económicamente.
La presente investigación propone una metodología
con el fin de evaluar productos regionales comunes
para su aplicación como estabilizadores de suelo:
cal hidratada, zeolita natural, lignosulfonato de cal-
cio y cal viva. La evaluación se realiza mediante los
parámetros de resistencia a carga directa y prueba
de saturación-inmersión; esta última con el fin de
evaluar si la mezcla es susceptible de ser fácilmen-
te deleznable a la humedad como condición crítica
de un suelo. En el caso particular de los productos
señalados, la mezcla de cal hidratada-zeolita (toba
zeolítica natural) presentó mejor comportamiento
en combinación con el suelo en estudio, clasificado
como arena con finos limo arcilloso.
Los métodos para la evaluación incluyen la caracte-
rización del suelo mediante pruebas y ensayos tra-
dicionales de mecánica de suelos y, adicionalmente,
por medio de técnicas instrumentales, difracción de
rayos X, microscopia electrónica de barrido y petro-
grafía, así como técnicas de caracterización minera-
lógica de suelos. La incorporación de éstas está enca-
minada a una caracterización más precisa del suelo,
Physicochemical stabilization of soil, a lab methodology for its evaluation, case Cd. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico / 101
Revista Épsilon N.º 12 / enero - junio de 2009
experimentaL resuLts vaLidation
Results of the simple compression were statistically
validated applying the multiple regression analysis.
The regression equation (prediction model) and the
respective values of R² for each design of mixture in
their different combinations were calculated to ob-
tain the coefficient statistical of multiple determina-
tions R2 and evaluate the relation between the intro-
duced variables and their interaction (Montgomery,
2006). Values obtained show that experimentation
results are reliable (table 4).
Table 4. Summary of results of the multiple linear regression analysis and the regression variance
Mix
Value of R2
0 < R2 < 1 Observations
7 days 14 days 28 days Better R2
Double 0.8918 0.8839 0.6438 A 7 y 14 Days
Double-Triple 0.8202 0.7370 0.6889 A 7 Days
Cuadruple 0.7472 0.7258 0.6237 A 7 Days
Regarding to reality, prediction models at 7 and 14
days show acceptable values for R2, this is, we ex-
pected values of about 73 to 89% of the real value.
Double and double-triple mixtures presented less
variation in the prediction model, for 7 and 14 days.
The values of R2 at 28 days are lower; nevertheless,
among them there is uniformity so the models are
suitable.
saturation test
Soil-lime hydrous-zeolite is the mixture that showed
an excellent behaviour before saturation and load
capacity (table 5). Mixtures like soil-lime hydrous-
calcium lignosulfonate and soil-lime hydrous-zeo-
lite-calcium kept their shape stable; however, their
load capacity reduced down below the expected
mean values regarding the core or blank (table 6).
Mixtures like soil-lime, soil-zeolite, soil-calcium lig-
nosulfonate and soil-zeolite-calcium lignosulfonate
presented instability to keep the shape before humi-
dity, showing easiness to become crumbly.
interaction anaLysis
According to a mineralogical analysis, kaolinita pre-
sent in the soil resulted to be little sensitive to lime
(Rosell et al., 2007) as well to the rest of the han-
dled products, reason why the mixtures of soil plus
hydrous lime, soil plus zeolite and soil plus calcium
lignosulfonate did not significantly improve their
load capacity.
The mixture of soil-lime hydrous-zeolite corresponds
to the one with the better behaviour with regards to
the two tests carried out. The reaction of silex and
zeolite alumina as acid components with lime is
present in this mixture. This reaction is considered
for exchanging; nevertheless, it has been found that
calcium silicates and hydrous aluminates with well
defined crystalline structure, and not a calcified zeo-
lite, are formed in a long term (Rosell et al., 2007).
In triple mixtures, calcium lignosulfonate is obser-
ved as a product that absorbs and holds water. This
102 / Israel Miranda Pasos / Salvador Aguayo Salinas / Jesús Leobardo Valenzuela García / Jorge Ramírez Hernández / Juan Arcadio Saíz Hernández
Revista Épsilon N.º 12 / enero - junio de 2009
property influenced the reduction of interaction bet-
ween the hydrous lime and the zeolite, this is why it
is showed as the inhibitor agent of the reaction bet-
ween the hydrous lime and the zeolite.
concLusion
From the mixtures that were carried out, the mixture
based on soil-lime hydrous-zeolite showed the better
behaviour before the simple compression assay and
the proof of saturation-immersion. This mixture in
its different combinations presented good physical
mechanical and chemical stability. Physical mecha-
nical because of the loading capacity presented abo-
ve the mean of the blank, and chemical by showing
an excellent behavior to be crumbly at the presence
of humidity and its increase of the load capacity.
The saturation-humidity processes works like a ca-
talyst checking this way the puzzolanity reaction
between the hydrous-zeolite lime and the cationic
exchange with the soil. This reaction is proved by
the increase in the loading capacity at direct com-
pression after being submitted in saturation for more
than 28 days.
Because of its behavior, the mixture soil-lime
hydrous-zeolite reaches such stabilization degree
that makes it more resist to abrasion than natural
soil, which results in a lower releasing of particles
into the environment.
Results of the instrumental techniques show the pre-
sence of kaolin as fine element in the soil coming
from the weathering of feldspar quartz grain, which
is little sensitive to lime, confirming with results the
low loading capacity of the soil-lime hydrous mixtu-
re and its null capacity to saturation. In regards with
zeolite, it contains heulandite, followed by clinopti-
lolite, at 67.5% and 32.5% respectively, being these
minerals which react with the lime and the soil. This
interaction appears when presenting better loading
capacity and excellent behaviour to saturation.
Although at present time techniques like mineralo-
gical instrumental analysis, x rays diffraction, sweep
electronic microscopy and petrography are not used
as established procedures in the area of soil mecha-
nics, the incorporation of these techniques as soil
characterization techniques allow the better unders-
tanding of the soil’s behavior, as is shown in this
case.
Finally, a methodology at lab level is suggested in or-
der to evaluate the physic-mechanical and chemical
stabilization of a soil.
acknoWLedgments to
Dr. Francisco Brown Bojórquez, Department of Poly-
mers, University of Sonora.
Geologist, Abraham Mendoza Cordova, Department
of Geology, University of Sonora.
M. Sc. Elizabeth Araux, Department of Civil and Mi-
nes, University of Sonora.
M. I. Carlos Anaya Eredias, Department of Industrial
Engineering, University of Sonora.
Dr. Agustin Gómez Álvarez, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Sonora.
Dr. Dagoberto Burgos Flowers, Department of Civil
and Mines, University of Sonora.
For their valuable cooperation in the realization of
the research.
Physicochemical stabilization of soil, a lab methodology for its evaluation, case Cd. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico / 103
Revista Épsilon N.º 12 / enero - junio de 2009
Table 5. Summary of behavior of saturation tests and strength to soil combinations loads plus the
product(s)
Combination Values scale
Observations
LoadingCapacitycompression dry condition (oven dried 24 hours at 110o C ± 5 o C)
Soil
Product Null Little Good Excellent
Soil XCrumbling during the first minutes and disintegration before 24 hours
Null
Lime XCrumbling during the first minutes and disintegration before 24 hours
Null
Zeolite XCrumbling during the first minutes and disintegration before 24 hours
Null
Calcium Lignosulfo-nate X
Crumbling during the first minutes and disintegration before 24 hours
Null
Lime-Zeolite X
Specimens null disintegra-tion, strength to scratching when pressing with the finger, compression hard-ness kept.
The loading capacity in-creased after saturation (see table No. 2).
Lime-Calcium Ligno-sulfonate X
Crumbling and disintegra-tion in combinations lower than 8%, little strength to scratching with the finger and softening to contact during the 60 days.
Down below to the one ob-tained before saturation.
Zeolite-Calcium Lig-nosulfonate X
Crumbling and specimens disintegration during the first minutes.
Null
Lime-Zeolite-Calcium Lignosulfonate X
Did not present crumbling or disintegration during the 60 days of saturation, in the opposite presented softening to contact.
Down below to the one ob-tained before saturation.
Scale of assessment: NULL: Until 24 hours of saturation, LITTLE: between 24 hours and 7 days, GOOD: between 7 and 14 days,
EXCELLENT: more than 14 days.
Table 6. Failure load comparison before and after saturation test
Combination Key
Failure load 28 days
(no saturation)(kg)
Failure load 60 days
(saturation-dry)(kg)
Difference (kg) Increase of loading capacity after saturation (%)
Soil - lime - Zeolite
ICZ02% 1922.93 609.28 -1313.65 -68
ICZ04% 2208.15 4,283.69 2075.54 93
ICZ06% 2793.06 5,424.00 2630.94 94
ICZ08% 3082.97 5,700.00 2617.03 84
ICZ10% 3174.61 9,150.00 5975.39 188
(-) = Decrease of loading capacity.
ICZ = Identification of soil-lime hydrous-zeolite mixture, followed by the quantity of product, weight percentage.
104 / Israel Miranda Pasos / Salvador Aguayo Salinas / Jesús Leobardo Valenzuela García / Jorge Ramírez Hernández / Juan Arcadio Saíz Hernández
Revista Épsilon N.º 12 / enero - junio de 2009
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