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Essentials of Physical Anthropology

by Clark Spencer Larsen

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Chapter 10

Early Hominid Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity

Clark Spencer Larsen

Chapter Opener Essentials of Physical Anthropology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2013, W.W. Norton & Company

Chapter Opener Essentials of Physical Anthropology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2013, W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 10.1 Mary and Louis Leakey Essentials of Physical Anthropology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2013, W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 10.2 Geologic Strata at Olduvai

Essentials of Physical Anthropology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2013, W.W. Norton & Company


Figure 10.3 Seven Steps of Bipedality


Figure 10.4 Nonhoning vs. Honing Chewing


Figure 10.5a Canine Wear


Figure 10.5b Canine Wear


Figure 10.6 Masticatory Muscles


Figure 10.7a Enamel Thickness


Figure 10.7b Enamel Thickness


Figure 10.8 Four Key Differences


Figure 10.9 East African Tree Cover



Figure 10.10 African Hominids


Figure 10.11 Sahelanthropus tchadensis




Figure 10.12 Orrorin tugenensis


Figure 10.13 Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia



Figure 10.14 Ardipithecus kadabba


Figure 10.15 Cover of Science Magazine


Figure 10.16 From Discovery to Understanding: Ardipithecus of Aramis


Figure 10.17 Origins of Bipedalism


Figure 10.18 Foot Phalanges


Sahelanthropus tchadensis


Ardipithecus kadabba


Orrorin tugenensis


Ardipithecus radius


Figure 10.19 Hominid Phylogenies


Table 10.1 The Earliest Hominids Evolve


Figure 10.20 Australopithecus anamensis


Figure 10.21a Australopithecus afarensis


Figure 10.21b Australopithecus afarensis


Figure 10.21c Australopithecus afarensis




Figure 10.22 Finger and Toe Curvature


Figure 10.23 Australopithecus afarensis Cranium


Figure 10.24 Australopithecus (Kenyanthropus) platyops



Figure 10.25 Hominid Lineages


Figure 10.26 Australopithecus garhi


Figure 10.27a Tool Use and A. garhi


Figure 10.27b Tool Use and A. garhi


Figure 10.27c Tool Use and A. garhi




Figure 10.28 Oldest Stone Tools


Figure 10.29a Robust Australopithecines


Figure 10.29b Robust Australopithecines


Figure 10.30 Taung, South Africa


Figure 10.31 Australopithecus africanus


Figure 10.32 Australopithecus robustus


Figure 10.33 Australopithecus sediba


Australopithecus anamensis


Australopithecus platyops


Australopithecus afarensis


Australopithecus africanus


Australopithecus garhi


Australopithecus boisei


Australopithecus aethiopicus


Australopithecus robustus


Australopithecus sediba


Table 10.2 Trends from Late Australopithecine to Early Homo

Essentials of Physical Anthropology

by Clark Spencer Larsen

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