Essential Question: Why do civilizations rise and fall?

Global Studies Unit Two

Ancient World- Civilizations and Religions (4000 BCE- 500 CE) A study of the Ancient Civilizations of Asia, Africa and Europe.

Essential Question: Why do civilizations rise and fall?

Topic: Early Human

Aim: How can we learn about the past by studying artifacts?

Do Now: If we were to create a time capsule for 2010, what objects would we include?

Vocabulary-Artifact- a manmade objectHomo Sapiens- human speciesFossil- remains of a plant or animal that has been excavatedNomad- person of a group with no permanent home but move from

place to placeMigration- movement of people or animals from one place to another

Early Human NotesI. We learn about the past through anthropology (study of

how people live), archaeology (study of artifacts), records and documents and paleontology (study of fossils).

II. Early humans migrated to all corners of the earth in search of food because they were nomadic

III. Donald Johanson and his colleagues believe that Lucy’s species is the common ancestor of modern humans because she walked upright on two legs, and is the mother of all humankind.

Aim: How did Early Human Life Develop and Survive?

Do Now: Examine picture “The Paleolithic Period” and answer the three questions in your notebook

Early Human Society

I. East Africa was the birthplace of humanityII. Homo-Sapiens

A. Human beings as we know it first appeared between 400,000 and 200,000 years ago

B. Humans had several important advantages over other animals

1. Superior intelligence2. The Use of hands to make tools3. The ability to communicate through speech

C. Earliest human societies were hunter-gatherers1. Hunting, fishing, gathering wild plants, fires, canoes, spears with piece of stone or bone

D. Stone Age Culture1. Made stone tools, clay pottery, domesticate dogs

E. Human activity- humans spent most time in search of food and eventually migrating to different areas of the world.

Aim: How did early humans survive?

Vocabulary:Revolution: Quick, drastic changeI. Early humans

A. Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age, Cro-Magnon, Neanderthals) 30,000-10,000 BC

1. hunter-gatherers2. Nomadic- people who move from place to place3. Used stone tools (flints)4. Religious beliefs based on concepts found in nature

B. Neolithic Revolution 6,000- 3,000 BC1. agriculture develops- people grow crops and herd animals2. villages begin to form3. population grows4. early government and economic systems develop because of personal property5. gender roles develop6. social classes emergea) warriors- village had to be protectedb) priests- conducted religious rituals to protect crops

Aim: What factors help a civilization to grow?

I. Civilization- a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elementsRead p. 30,31.1. cities2. well organized central government3. complex religions4. job specializations5. social classes6. art and architecture7. public works8. writing

II. Early civilizations developed around rivers.a. Tigris and Euphrates Rivers- Sumerians

(Mesopotamia) b. Nile River- Egyptc. Indus River Valley- Indiad. Yellow River Valley- China

III. Why did rivers (geographic feature) allow civilizations to develop?1. Drink, transportation, fertile soil (silt/fertilizer), washing, irrigation (water crops)

IV. Early people were animists or polytheists which helped them to understand the natural worlda. Animism- belief that spirits are present in animals, plants and other natural objectsb. Polytheism- belief in many gods

Aim: How did geography encourage the rise of civilization in Mesopotamia?

Do Now: Examine mapWhat two major rivers flow through the Fertile Crescent?What are some advantages of Sumer’s location?Which cities were found in the Sumerian section of Mesopotamia?

I. Mesopotamia- Sumerian Civilization- Middle EastA. History

1. City states developed because of marshy, swampy land which separated people. They included a city, farms and surrounding villages.2. City states fought against each other until Sargon united them for 55 years starting in 2360 BC 3. The Sumerian civilization died with Sargon4. Hammurabi invaded and ruled the empire from 1792-1750 BC5. Hammurabi names his empire Babylonia and the capital Babylon. The entire area is called Mesopotamia.

B. Economics1. Traditional economy based on agriculture,

surplus (extra goods) made it possible to tradeC. Government

1. King was considered an agent of god (monarchy)2. Hammurabi developed one of the first written law codes in the world (Hammurabi’s Codes)

Accomplishments• What do you think this is?• What might this be used for?

• What do you think this is?• What might it be used for?

D. Accomplishments of the Sumerian civilization

1. Cuneiform- system of writing2. Ziggurats- pyramid shape temples3. Wheel4. Sail5. Plow6. Basic algebra/geometry7. Epic of Gilgamesh8. Ironworking, wheeled vehicles, astronomy

http://video.kids.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/kids/people-places-kids/iraq-mesopotamia-kids.html

Aim: How was justice determined in Mesopotamia?

I. Hammurabi’s Code of LawA. 1790 BC, King Hammurabi wrote the world’s largest collection of

laws onto stone pillars in the center of townB. Legal Principles of Hammurabi

1. Established the principle “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” as a method to punish lawbreakers.

2. Punishments were based on social class of lawbreakersa. Wealthy citizens paid fines, commoners were physically punished

C. Impact of Hammurabi’s Code1. All modern justice systems are based upon a written set of laws

2. Death penalty is based largely up on the principle of “an eye for an eye”