Essential Question: – What were the significant causes & effects of the War of 1812? Reading Quiz Chapter 11
Jan 14, 2016
Essential Question:–What were the significant causes & effects of the War of 1812?
Reading Quiz Chapter 11
The War of 1812
History Channel Video: MadisonHistory Channel Video: Madison
Renewed Conflict with England & France
Renewed Conflict OverseasIn 1803, England & France
resumed their war & violated US neutrality rights:– both England & France
blockaded Europe to all trade by neutral countries & seized ships
– British impressed ~9,000 sailorsAfter a failed diplomatic mission,
Jefferson refused to declare war on either England or France
A war would be too expensive & destroy his plans for a small gov’t
Embargo Divides the NationIn 1807, Jefferson approved an
embargo that prohibited US merchants from trading with England or France
The embargo was unsuccessful:–It was widely unpopular &
damaged the NE economy– Did not hurt England or France– Required huge gov’t oversight &
an army to suppress smuggling
James Madison & the War of 1812
The War of 1812In 1808, James Madison was
elected PresidentMadison’s 1st foreign policy
decision was to repeal the ineffective embargo in favor of the Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act– The US will resume trade with
England & France if each promises to stop seizing US ships & respect US neutrality
Madison eagerly reopened English trade
…but England continued to seize US ships
Congress replaced this act with Macon’s Bill #2Macon’s Bill #2 & offered exclusive trade to whichever nation respected US neutrality 1st
…but this did not work either
The War of 1812By 1810, “War Hawks” in
Congress demanded a declaration of war with England…Madison gave in on June 1, 1812
The US goal for the War of 1812War of 1812: –US is too weak to beat England–So attack British Canada & force
England to respect US rights
War of 1812Americans were unprepared for a
war with England:– Congress refused to raise
wartime taxes– The US army was small & state
militias were inadequate – The small US gov’t was
incapable of waging & directing a full-scale war
War of 1812: The Early CourseUS army did not fare well against
the better-trained British troopsDid slightly better at sea (bulk of
British navy still fighting Napoleon)In 1814, the British took the
offensive in a 3-pronged attack:–Canada (not successful)–Chesapeake (successful)–New Orleans (irrelevant)
The War of 1812
The War of 1812: War’s EndCanadaCanada—British turned back at
Plattsburg on Lake Champlain; gave up on Canadian offensive
ChesapeakeChesapeake—undefended; British burned Washington, DC & lay siege to Baltimore
New OrleansNew Orleans—British & Americans engaged after a treaty was drawn up; attack thwarted by Andrew Jackson (a national hero)
Battle of New OrleansJohnny Horton
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VL7XS_8qgXM
Hartford ConventionFederalists convened in Dec 1814
to propose changes to the US Constitution:–No more 3/5 compromise–Limit president to one term–2/3 majority vote needed to
declare war, pass commercial laws, & admit new states
End of War of 1812 made Hartford Convention appear disloyal
The War of 1812 is still going on!!
The Federalists never recovered
Treaty of Ghent Ends the WarDemands at the Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent:
–British shared rights to the Mississippi River & a buffer state for Indians in the NW
–US wanted impressment to end & a formal respect of trade rights
These problems were not addressed, yet the Senate unanimously ratified the treaty
The US claimed success in a “2nd war of independence”
Politics After the War of 1812
Video: Era of Good Feelings
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zz3OTh0ncjU
Politics After the War of 1812After 1812, the Republicans
dominated politics & begin adopting “Federalist” legislation:–Henry Clay proposed “American American
SystemSystem” of high protective tariffs for industry & agriculture
–Congress approved a protective tariffs to limit the importing of British manufactured goods
–Congress approved a 2nd Bank of the US to regulate money
Who else are you going to vote for?
The Republicans were had no accountability to the people
Monroe as PresidentJames Monroe was elected
president in 1816 & 1820–Sought to promote an “Era of Era of
Good FeelingsGood Feelings”–Wanted to promote America’s
power in the world1st challenge was Depression of
1819; Monroe left this challenge to Congress because that leadership was not expected of him
Sought national harmony & avoided controversy
Missouri CompromiseIn 1817, Missouri applied for
statehood as a slave state & revealed US sectional rivalries:–North resented Southern control
of presidency & its 3/5-inflated representation in House of Reps
–South feared a Northern conspiracy to end all slavery
–Equality had been maintained by alternating admission of “free” & “slave” states added to the US
Population was growing more rapidly in North, so House of
Reps favored Northerners
NY rep Tallmadge wanted Missouri only if its state constitution provided for
the gradual elimination of slavery
Missouri Compromise (1820)Missouri Compromise (1820):
–Missouri admitted as slave state–Maine (which broke from Mass)
admitted as free state–Slavery was banned elsewhere
in Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36°30'
Missouri controversy exposed deep rift between North & South
Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821
John Marshall & the Supreme Court
John Marshall (Chief Justice, 1801-1835) used the position to strengthen the national gov’t: –Believed the Constitution exists
to protect individuals from gov’t interference
–Marshall used Supreme Court decisions to limit the powers of the states
John Marshall & the Supreme Court–Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819):Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819):
gov’t cannot interfere with contracts between private parties
–McCullough v. Maryland (1819):McCullough v. Maryland (1819): Congress possesses powers not explicitly stated in Constitution; Congressional laws are supreme to decisions made by the states
–Gibbons v. Odgen (1824):Gibbons v. Odgen (1824): interstate commerce is power reserved for national gov’t
The Monroe DoctrineHow was the US to respond when
Latin America broke from Spain?–US supported the new republics–European powers disliked these
liberal rebellions & were tempted to re-conquer them
Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine (1823) warned European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere & US will not interfere in Europe
The US will protect Latin American independence
The US will act independently & will protect its sphere of influence