Essential Question: What impact did the Europeans have on the development of the New World? Standards: 8.C.1.1 Explain how influences from Africa, Europe,

When Two Worlds Collide: European Exploration of the New World

Essential Question: What impact did the Europeans have on the development of the New World?

Standards:8.C.1.1 Explain how influences from Africa, Europe, and the Americas impacted North Carolina and the United States (e.g. Columbian Exchange, slavery and the decline of the American Indian populations). 8.C.1.3 Summarize the contributions of particular groups to the development of North Carolina and the United States (e.g. women, religious groups, and ethnic sectors such as American Indians, African Americans, and European immigrants). 8.H.1.3 Use primary and secondary sources to interpret various historical perspectives. 8.H.3.1 Explain how migration and immigration contributed to the development of North Carolina and the United States from colonization to contemporary times (e.g. westward movement, African slavery, Trail of Tears, the Great Migration and Ellis and Angel Island).

Two Truths and a Lie

1. Christopher Columbus did not discover the Americas

2. The Europeans used biological warfare against the Native Americans

3. The Roanoke Colony was the first settlement in North Carolina

The Explorers

Setting the Stage for Exploration

1. Renaissance Attitudes

2. Protestant Reformation/Counter-Reformation -Period of religious turmoil and persecution in Europe

3. Powerful Monarchs Established in England, France, Spain, and Portugal

4. Technological Innovations-Compass-Better Sails-Sextant: device that measure angel of a celestial body to

the horizon to allow for more accurate positioning when navigating

-Astrolabes: device that helped sailors determine their latitude at sea

-More Accurate Maps

The Three G’s God

-Christians believed it was their duty to spread their religion to the pagan people of the newly discovered lands

-People wanted to escape persecution in Europe and sought a land where they could freely practice their religion

Glory-Monarchs of Europe were in competition with each other. They encouraged exploration to expanded their empires and gain more power-Monarchs offered glory and wealthy to explorers who claimed new territories for them

Gold (Goods)-Thanks largely in part to the travels of Marco Polo, Europeans greatly desired spices, silks, and other goods that were imported from Asia. The explorers hoped to find a sea route.-Gold was discovered in South America by the Spanish

Western Hemisphere (New World)

Eastern Hemisphere(Old World)

Was Columbus Actually the One Who “Discovered” the Americas?

The Vikings• Around 1000 AD the

Vikings, under the command of Leif Eriksson, were the first Europeans to set foot in North America.

• It is believed that the discovery of the new world was a complete accident

• The Vikings set up a settlement on the northern tip of the island of Newfoundland in order to collect valuable timber, but it was abandoned after the first winter

L'Anse aux Meadows

Christopher Columbus• In 1492, with the backing of King

Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, Columbus sailed west with a small crew in search of a western sea route to Asia.

• After 10 weeks, the crew sighted land near the Bahamas and continued to sail around Cuba and Haiti. Columbus mistook these lands for the island of Japan and mainland China and referred to the natives as “Indians”.

• Columbus returned to Spain as a hero

• It was not until a venture by the explore Amerigo Vespucci that Europeans realized the land discovered by Columbus was not the outskirts of Asia, but instead a whole new land. This spawned a race between the main powers in Europe to conquer and colonize the New World.

Giovanni da Verrazano• Verrazano was an Italian explore

who worked for the French king searching for a shorter water route to Asia

• Verrazano and his crew explored the Atlantic coast line from Newfoundland to the Carolinas in 1524

• They had contact with the native people of the Carolinas (either the Waccamaw or Cape Fear tribes)

• Like, Columbus Verrazano thought he had reached Asia. He called the Pamlico Sound the “sea of Verrazano” and showed it extending from Cape Hatteras to California

Jacques Cartier • French explorer famous for

claiming what is now Canada for the French

• Cartier had been commissioned by the French king to find a northwest passage to Asia.

• His first expedition in 1534 explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence near Newfoundland

• His second voyage took him up the St. Lawrence river where he founded the city of Montreal

Hernán Cortés

• One of the most famous, controversial of the Spanish Conquistadors

• In 1518, Cortés led a company of 500 men against the Aztec Empire on the Yucatan Peninsula. They marched on the city of Tenochtitlan and destroyed the city, thus claiming much of present day Mexico for the Spanish in 1521.

Hernando de Soto• After helping defeat the Incas

in South America, De Soto led an expedition of six-hundred Spanish soldiers that explored the southeastern United States in 1539.

• The traveled up to present day North Carolina mountains from Florida in search of gold at the fabled city of Cibola

• De Soto was hated by the native people for demanding favors from tribal leaders and stealing at will

Juan Pardo• Pardo led the Spanish army

on a expedition from the coast of present day South Carolina through the mountains of North Carolina in search of gold and a route to Mexico in 1569.

• They set up camps throughout the region: one in the foothills near Morganton, one at Guatari (Salisbury), and another near Lincolnton. Fort San Juan, near Marion, was the first European settlement in NC.

The English• The English did not get fully

involved in exploration until the reign of Queen Elizabeth I

• In 1578, two half-brothers Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh planed expeditions to find the Northwest Passage for England

• These were the first English attempts at settlement in the New World; though John Cabot had previous explored and claimed regions of Canada for Henry VII in 1497.

The First Raleigh Expedition

• July 13, 1584 the expedition sights the North Carolina shoreline near Roanoke and claimed the land for Queen Elizabeth

• After six weeks of exploring they returned to England with notes, samples of plants, and two natives named Manteo and Wanchese

• Queen Elizabeth was so pleased she agreed to let them call the land “Virginia”

The Lane Colony• Raleigh’s second expedition

to Roanoke was led by Ralph Lane

• Scientist Thomas Harriot and artist John White accompanied the expedition to gather information

• The soldiers built a fort and spent their time searching for gold. Soon the lack of success and food shortages caused the soldiers to fight among themselves and quarrel with the natives

• The colony was abandoned when Francis Drake arrived just ahead of hurricane

The Lost Colony

• Raleigh’s third expedition included women and children and was headed by John White

• White’s pregnant daughter accompanied him and her daughter, Virginia Dare, became the first English child born in the New World

• Plagued by food shortages once again, White returned to England for supplies. When he returned, the colonist had vanished

Interactions Between

Europeans and the Natives

Questions to Consider

1. How did Verrazano describe the natives? What was their dress like? How did they live? What religion did they practice? Did he seem to think they were intelligent?

2. Did Verrazano and his men have a peaceful relationship with the natives?

3. What might Verrazano’s motives for interaction with the natives be?

The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange was coined to describe the worldwide redistribution of food, plants, animals, and diseases that resulted from the initial contacts between Europeans and Natives.

Food/Animals ExchangedNew World

Old World

Diseases

Europe to the Americas

• measles • chicken pox • smallpox • yellow fever • Malaria• influenza (flu)• common cold

The Americas To Europe

• Syphilis• Hepatitis• Polio• Tuberculosis

What Was the Effect of the Columbian Exchange?

1. Both hemispheres were introduced to new foods and animals that changed entire societies.

a. Potatoes and corn became major food sources for Europeans allowing populations to increase greatly.

b. The introduction of pigs, cows, and horses gave new food sources and provided Native Americans with domesticated animals. Previously only dogs, llamas, alpacas, turkeys, and guinea pigs had been domesticated. The horse was especially important. It transformed the lives of the Plains Indians but allowing them to more easily hunt buffalo.

2. The diseases the Europeans brought with them killed up to 90% of the Native Americans in the New World. European conquest of the Native Americans was made easy by the effect disease had on the Natives.

a. Some Europeans even gave the Natives blankets containing the Smallpox virus to infect them.

b. Africans began to be imported to the Americas to serve as slaves because so many Native Americans died they could no longer be used as slaves.